有机无机氮肥配施对莴苣土壤N2O排放的影响

采用静态箱–气相色谱法研究不同种类有机无机氮肥配合施用对盆栽莴苣土壤N_2O排放规律及排放量的影响。试验设置不施肥(CK)、不施氮肥(PK)、施纯化肥(NPK)、有机无机肥配施1(20%猪粪氮+80%化肥氮,NPKM1)、有机无机肥配施2(20%沼渣沼液氮+80%化肥氮,NPKM2)和有机无机肥配施3(20%猪粪堆肥氮+80%化肥氮,NPKM3)共6个处理。结果表明:莴苣生育期各处理施肥后土壤N_2O排放出现多个峰值,出峰时间和大小不一;累积排放量随着生育期的进程逐渐增加,处理间差异更为明显。莴苣生育期各处理土壤N_2O平均排放通量及累积排放量范围分别为0.10～0.25 mg/(m2·h)和1.37～3.42 kg/hm2,大小均表现为NPKNPKM2PKNPKM1NPKM3CK。土壤N_2O排放系数范围为0.13%～0.68%,大小表现为NPKNPKM2NPKM1NPKM3。与NPK处理相比,NPKM1、NPKM2和NPKM3处理莴苣土壤N_2O累积排放量均分别降低48.08%、25.75%和48.30%,产量分别增加48.66%、22.13%和53.76%。总之,施用纯化肥会促进菜地土壤N_2O的排放,而不同种类有机无机氮肥配施能有效减少N_2O排放且提高作物产量,以猪粪类配施效果最佳。因此,有机无机配施是菜地N_2O减排、降低蔬菜种植中氮素损失的重要途径。     

有机无机氮肥配施对土壤氮淋失及油麦菜生长的影响

利用网室盆栽试验,研究了相同施氮量不同有机无机氮配施比例：0∶4、1∶3、1∶1、3∶1和4∶0对油麦菜产量及土壤氮淋失的影响。结果表明,0∶4配比（单施无机氮肥）处理土壤渗虑液pH值最低,而总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮淋失量最高,分别为926.6、648.3和194.7mg;配施有机肥能够显著提高渗滤液pH值和增加油麦菜产量,同时降低土壤氮淋失量,且随有机肥配施量增加,土壤氮淋失量下降明显,而1∶1有机无机氮配比处理油麦菜产量最高;硝态氮是土壤主要的氮淋失形态;油麦菜移栽第5 d和第18 d是土壤总氮、硝态氮淋失高峰期,且无机氮肥追施能够增加总氮、硝态氮的淋失量;土壤铵态氮淋失量随油麦菜生长总体上呈下降趋势。从兼顾油麦菜产量和减轻氮对环境污染两个角度考虑,有机无机氮1∶1的用量配比较佳。     

长期有机无机氮肥配施对玉米-豇豆复种土壤团聚体碳含量和官能团分子结构的影响

通过设置无机氮肥（IF）、有机氮肥（OM）、有机无机氮肥配施（IF+OM）等3个不同氮肥处理,探究长期（9年）施用不同氮肥对玉米-豇豆复种系统中土壤有机碳组分含量及官能团的影响,揭示土壤有机碳的积累规律。采用物理分组方法测定轻组颗粒有机碳（fPOC）、微团聚体内颗粒有机碳（iPOC）、微团聚体内粉黏粒有机碳（iSOC）和非闭蓄态粉黏粒有机碳（fSOC）,并利用核磁共振波谱分析法测定土壤有机碳官能团结构。结果表明,与IF处理相比,OM和IF+OM处理显著提高土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）和几何平均直径（GMD）,且IF+OM处理下该作用更明显。相比IF处理,IF+OM处理明显提高了土壤有机碳、fPOC和iPOC的含量,但对iSOC和fSOC的含量无明显影响。与IF处理相比,IF+OM处理明显增加了烷基碳含量,但减少了芳香碳含量。路径分析表明,烷基碳/烷氧碳、疏水性、fPOC和iPOC碳含量与有机碳含量之间存在密切联系。总之,长期IF+OM有利于产量提高,增加fPOC和iPOC碳含量,优化了团聚体的结构,增强土壤稳定性,提高土壤碳固定,增加有机碳储量。     

有机无机配施下氮肥减施对红壤旱地花生产量及品质的影响

为明确有机无机配施下氮肥减施对红壤旱地花生产量及品质的影响,采用田间随机区组试验,设置单施化肥对照(CK0,N 135 kg·hm^-2,基施70%,花针期追施30%)、有机无机肥配施(CK1,N 135 kg·hm^-2,其中有机替代无机氮25%,基施无机氮45%,追施无机氮30%)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮15%(B15)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮30%(B30)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮45%(B45)、有机无机配施下基施化肥减氮15%+追施化肥减氮15%(B15T15)、有机无机配施下追施化肥减氮30%(T30)共7个处理,分析了有机无机肥配施和不同时期氮肥减施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、农艺性状、养分吸收及品质的影响。研究结果表明,与单施化肥(CK0)相比,有机无机肥配施处理(CK1,3 895 kg·hm^-2)增产22.4%,有机无机肥配施下减氮处理增产15.7%～28.0%;有机无机配施条件下,氮肥减施15%(B15)处理的花生产量最高,达到了4 073 kg·hm^-2,较CK1处理增产...     

有机无机磷肥配施对蔬菜地土壤磷素淋失的影响

利用土柱淋溶模拟实验研究化肥、有机肥以及有机无机P肥配施对蔬菜地土壤P素淋失的影响,结果表明,有机肥可明显提高土壤的有机P含量,促进土壤P素的淋失;在施P量相同的情况下,有机P肥所占的比例越大,淋出液总P、溶解总P、溶解有机P的浓度和累积淋失量就越高.在评价蔬菜地土壤P对水环境影响时,应把有机P作为评价指标.     

有机无机肥配施对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响

利用田间小区试验,研究了无机肥配施不同用量有机肥对菜地土壤氮素径流流失的影响.结果表明,施肥显著增加菜地土壤氮素径流流失量.单施无机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵态氮流失量均最高,分别为4.20,1.22,2.30kg/hm2.配施有机肥可降低不同形态氮流失量,且随有机肥配施量增加而显著降低.配施高量有机肥处理总氮、硝态氮和铵...     

等氮条件下长期有机无机配施对春玉米的氮素吸收利用和土壤无机氮的影响

【目的】研究等氮量投入条件下,长期使用不同有机物料替代无机肥的适宜比例对玉米氮养分累积、运移和氮肥利用效率和产量的影响,可以为吉林黑土区春玉米高效施肥,维持并提高土壤肥力提供理论依据。【方法】以国家(公主岭)黑土肥力与肥料效益长期定位试验为研究平台,玉米品种郑单958为供试作物,设5个不同处理,即:不施肥(CK)、氮肥(N)、氮磷钾化肥(NPK)、粪肥+NPK(MNPK)、秸秆还田+NPK(SNPK)。在玉米苗期、拔节期、大喇叭口期、抽丝期、灌浆期和成熟期采集地上部植株样品,分析玉米植株不同部位的氮含量和累积量以及运移比例,计算氮肥利用效率。【结果】在玉米各生育时期,MNPK处理氮素累积量均高于NPK和SNPK处理;拔节期至大喇叭口期氮素累积量为19.67~86.44 kg/hm2,其中MNPK氮素累积量达到86.44 kg/hm2,为氮素累积量增加最多、吸收速率最快的时期;在成熟期,MNPK、NPK、SNPK、N和CK处理植株氮素总累积量分别达到286.2、276.2、249.4、151.7和63.6 kg/hm2,SNPK处理氮素累积量略低于NPK处理,MNPK显著高于NPK和SNPK(P0.05)。MNPK、SNPK、NPK和N处理中,叶和茎鞘总氮素转移量分别为99.0、79.7、87.2和41.8 kg/hm2,总的转移氮素对籽粒的贡献率分别为51.0%、47.7%、47.2%和43.4%,以MNPK处理的总氮素转移量和转移氮素对籽粒贡献率最高,与其他处理差异显著。在各处理中,MNPK、NPK和SNPK三个处理的氮肥偏生产力(PFP)均大于60kg/kg,以MNPK最高,达到65.4 kg/kg。与化肥NPK处理比较,SNPK氮素偏生产力和收获指数差异不显著。MNPK处理土壤无机氮的含量在玉米整个生育期一直高于化肥NPK处理,并在玉米大喇叭口期达到最高,达到60.83 mg/kg,并与其他处理差异显著。【结论】长期有机无机配合施用,不仅能有效调节氮素积累和转运,还能提高氮肥利用效率。在适宜氮用量为165 kg/hm2时,以农家肥氮替代70%,或秸秆氮替代30%化肥氮素,既减少化肥氮投入,又增加了土壤供氮能力,因此,有机肥氮替代部分化肥氮是吉林省黑土区春玉米氮素管理的有效途径之一。     

有机无机配施比例对华北褐土冬小麦产量与氮肥利用率的影响

以保麦9号为试材,在氮磷钾用量一致的基础上,研究了有机无机氮配施比例对土壤有机质和养分含量、冬小麦产量和氮素利用率的影响。结果表明:施用无机氮和有机氮均能提高土壤有机质和养分含量,与对照相比,单施无机氮耕层土壤有机质增加1.7%,有机无机氮配施增加7.8%~11.2%,单施有机氮增加23.6%;土壤有效磷和速效钾变化趋势与有机质基本一致。施用无机氮和有机氮均可提高冬小麦的产量、蛋白质含量和氮肥利用率,以35%M和50%M处理最佳,小麦产量比对照增加2 292和2 419 kg/hm2,比单施无机氮增加656和783kg/hm2。相对于单施无机氮处理较高的小麦氮肥利用率(38.6%),35%M和50%M处理的氮素损失少,氮肥利用率高达47.9%和53.0%,高于单施化肥处理。说明在等氮量水平下,以35%和50%有机氮替代无机氮不但提高土壤有机质、养分含量、作物产量和氮肥利用率,还可减少氮素损失,可获得较高的经济和环境效益。     

有机无机肥配施对我国主要粮食作物产量和氮肥利用效率的影响

  【目的】  近年来,化肥的投入使我国作物单位面积产量的大幅提高,但是化肥的过量施用也导致了土壤及生态环境一系列的问题。此外,我国有机物料的种类与数量不断丰富,而循环利用率较低,因此,开展有机物料农田投入对作物增产和氮肥替代能力的研究十分重要。  【方法】  本研究基于文献查阅,收集并整理了我国三大粮食作物 (小麦、玉米、水稻) 在不同施肥处理 (不施肥对照、化肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施) 下的相关试验数据 (试验年限 ≤ 5),旨在比较不同施肥处理下三大粮食作物的产量差异,并明确化肥与有机无机肥配施处理下的氮肥用量及氮肥利用效率。  【结果】  化肥、有机肥和有机无机肥配施处理较对照分别增产58.7%、32.1%和61.8%;与化肥处理相比,有机肥处理的作物产量无显著变化,而有机无机肥配施处理显著提高作物产量 (7.4%),且不同的作物类型均表现出相似的规律。对同时设置对照、化肥、有机肥、有机无机肥配施4个处理的试验数据进行统计分析表明,4个处理的作物平均产量分别为4778、7000、6009和7422 kg/hm2。与对照相比,施肥显著提高了作物产量,化肥和有机无机肥配施处理间无显著性差异,但均显著高于有机肥处理。同时,研究发现不同处理的作物产量会受到作物类型、有机物料种类的影响。从氮肥施用总量分析,有机无机肥配施处理的化肥氮用量在小麦、玉米试验中与化肥处理基本相等,在水稻试验中则显著降低。总体来看,有机无机肥配施的氮肥偏生产力较化肥处理平均显著提高了32.5%,在小麦、玉米、水稻上,氮素偏生产力由化肥处理的35.0、45.2、42.8 kg/kg分别增加到有机无机肥配施处理的45.2、60.6、56.4 kg/kg。不同有机物料替代化肥提高氮肥偏生产力的潜力不同,秸秆还田、农家肥与化肥配施处理中,化肥氮用量未发生显著变化,而氮肥偏生产力显著提高9.4%、71.7%;配施堆肥的化肥氮用量也无显著降低,氮肥偏生产力较化肥处理没有明显提高;配施沼渣的处理中,氮肥用量显著降低,氮肥偏生产力显著提高 90.3%。  【结论】  综合我国历年田间试验中有机无机肥配施和化肥处理的结果,表明适宜的化学氮肥投入是保证我国小麦、玉米和水稻产量的重要措施。在当前我国土壤肥力条件下,在不减少化肥氮用量的前提下配施有机物料,可以进一步增加产量,提高土壤肥力。在总氮量不变的情况下,以有机物料替代部分化肥氮可以保证粮食产量不降低,且可提高氮肥偏生产力。在有机物料中,粪肥和沼渣替代部分化肥的效果较好,而配合秸秆还田应注意维持化肥氮素的投入量。     

有机无机不同用量配施对煤矿复垦土壤氮素利用及矿质氮含量的影响

采煤塌陷新复垦土壤有效氮含量低而有机无机培肥过程中氮有效性变化尚不明确,依托定位培肥试验基地(山西省孝义市水峪煤矿采煤塌陷复垦土壤),设置8个不同处理包括3个有机无机不同用量配施处理(鸡粪与化肥1∶1氮量在100,150,200 kg/hm~2配施,表示为MF100、MF150、MF200),与单施不同用量化肥氮(0,100,150,200 kg/hm~2,表示为IF0、IF100、IF150、IF200)相比较,以不施肥为对照(CK)。通过测定玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率及作物收获后土壤剖面矿质氮含量,确定适合该矿区复垦土壤施肥处理和最佳氮肥用量,从而为高产高效培肥矿区复垦土壤提供科学理论依据。结果表明:(1)施氮量为150 kg/hm~2的等养分条件下,MF150比IF150玉米籽粒产量提高了12.45%,差异显著(P0.05);同时MF150处理与IF200、MF200处理间差异均不显著(P0.05)。(2)玉米地上部吸氮量随施氮量的增加而增加,且等氮量条件下,鸡粪和化肥配施能显著提高玉米吸氮量(P0.05),增幅为39.45%～41.46%。(3)等氮量条件下,鸡粪和化肥配施较单施化肥处理能显著提高氮肥回收率;不同施肥模式的氮肥偏生产力均随施氮量的增加呈现下降趋势;IF100处理氮肥农学利用率最高为24.08 kg/kg,并且该处理与MF150无显著差异,而等氮量下MF150较IF150处理的氮肥农学效率显著增加(提高了49.56%)。(4)作物收获后0—40 cm土壤剖面矿质氮含量随土层深度而增加,但是等氮量各施肥处理间无显著差异,40—60 cm剖面中单施化肥氮各处理矿质氮残留量较配施各处理提高了约18%。总之,MF150施肥处理不仅提高作物产量、吸氮量和氮肥利用率,而且土壤剖面矿质氮残留较少,可作为培肥该矿区复垦土壤或与本试验土壤类型相似的低产农田的推荐施肥量。     

氮肥施用对库尔勒香梨园土壤有机碳和无机碳剖面分布的影响

为给香梨生产过程中氮肥的合理施用提供科学依据,对树龄为6年的库尔勒香梨树进行研究,在香梨年生长的不同生育期,采用土钻分层取土法取样,研究了0、150、300、450 kg/hm² 4个施氮水平(分别用N0、N1、N2、N3表示)下对库尔勒香梨园土壤碳素剖面分布和累积的影响。研究表明,随生育期的进行和土层深度的加深,果园土壤有机碳、无机碳、全碳含量和累积量都逐渐减少。有机碳剖面分布以表层(0～20 cm)含量最高,随土层的加深逐渐降低。无机碳剖面分布以表层(0～20 cm)最高,随土层加深呈现出高-低-高-低型波动变化。0～20 cm土层土壤中有机碳组分占比和累积量占比都较100～120 cm底层的占比大,无机碳则相反。无机碳含量与有机碳含量显著正相关,相关系数为0.221,二者之间存在转换关系,部分有机碳转化为碳酸盐。施氮处理较不施氮处理能够显著提升土壤中有机碳、无机碳、全碳含量和累积量,以N2处理效果为佳,在膨果期N2处理较N0处理有机碳、无机碳、全碳含量分别提高20%、40%、31%。以减少果园土壤碳素流失、提高碳素含量为目的,推荐6年树龄库尔勒香梨生产过程中以300 kg/hm²的施氮量为最佳。     

基于主动冠层光谱仪的莴苣生物量及氮素营养状况估测

[目的]研究冠层光谱技术在蔬菜氮素营养诊断中应用的可行性和提高其准确性的方法,为推进蔬菜氮素营养管理与施肥推荐提供快速无损检测技术.[方法]以茎菜类蔬菜—莴苣(Lactuca sativa L.)为研究对象进行田间试验.设置5个化肥年施用梯度:0、108、162、216、270kg/hm2,在莴苣幼苗期、莲座期、茎形成...     

Growth survey of crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in fertilizer trial by low-altitude small-balloon sensing

Abstract

Both efficiency and precision of field-grown plant biomass survey are expected to be improved when aerial images of whole fields are acquired. Many such studies have been conducted in paddy rice (Oryza sativa L.), wheat (Triticum aestivum), and beans (Glycine max (L.) Merr. and Phasaeolus vulgaris), but few in vegetables. In this study, we examined whether or not aerial image analysis is useful for the biomass survey of vegetables. Aerial images of field-grown crisphead lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) in a three-year fertilizer trial were acquired at head formation and harvesting stages in summer and autumn cropping with a compact digital camera hung under a tethered small balloon (2.2 m in length, 0.56 m³ in volume). The camera height ranged from 36 to 65 m, and the ground resolution ranged from 1.3 to 2.2 cm pixel ^?1. The horizontally projected area of the plant was measured as follows: Aerial images of the field were topographically corrected, the lettuce part was extracted based on the difference in color, the images were binarized, and the projected area was determined by image processing software. The estimation of fresh weight of one plant from the projected area was difficult because of the large data dispersion. When the averaged projected area in each plot was used, estimation was improved in some cases. Estimation of fresh weight at the harvesting stage by using the projected area at the head formation stage was difficult due to the low correlation coefficient. The results of factor analysis of fertilizer treatments by using projected area agreed well with those done using fresh weight when the correlation coefficient between the projected area and the fresh weight was high. It was concluded that the estimation of absolute lettuce fresh weight was difficult, but relative comparisons among treatments were possible until the head formation stage, using aerial images acquired by low-altitude small-balloon sensing.     

Utilization of some organic wastes as growing media for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants

Abstract

The environmental impact of crop wastes and the high cost of peat moss (PM) force scientists to find alternative growing media. In a pot experiment, peanut shell (PS) and corn wastes (CWs) were evaluated as growing media in comparison with PM in three different mixing ratios with washed sand. The mixing ratio were M₁?=?1:1 raw material to sand, M₂?=?1:2 raw material to sand, and M₃?=?1:3 raw material to sand. The tested plant was lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). The obtained results showed that PS medium contained available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) higher by 121% and 38% above the PM medium. Availability of potassium (K) in CW medium was higher by 167% than PM. The EC, pH, OC, and C/N ratio of PM were higher by 227%, 4%, 128%, and 99% above the CW and by 1,473%, 9%, 74%, and193% above the PS, respectively. The highest significant values of growth parameters were recorded in PM medium. The highest total cost and lowest net profit were recorded with the use of PMM₁, whereas the lowest cost and the highest net profit were obtained with PSM₂. Physiochemical characteristics of peanut shell suggested that it can be economical alternative growing media for PM.     

化肥减量配施有机肥对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

为了探究化肥减量配施两种不同黄腐酸钾有机肥对土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,采取盆栽模拟大田种植,以不施肥和纯施化肥为对照,以100%化肥配施100%有机肥、75%化肥配施25%有机肥、50%化肥配施50%有机肥、25%化肥配施75%有机肥和100%有机肥为处理,探讨土壤有机碳（SOC）、可溶性有机碳（DOC）、微生物量碳（MBC）、易氧化有机碳（LOM）和惰性有机碳（ROC）在不同生育期内的含量特征。结果表明：化肥减量配施有机肥各处理有机碳及其组分含量各生育期均表现为：花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期,其中可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳结荚期含量显著高于成熟期（P＜0.05）;各处理有机碳及其组分含量均表现为：25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理显著高于不施肥、单施化肥和单施有机肥处理;其中花针期25%化肥配施75%生化黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOM和ROC含量分别为133.0 g·kg-1、284.4 mg·kg-1、269.7 mg·kg-1、30.76 g·kg-1和111.2 g·kg-1,50%化肥配施50%矿源黄腐酸钾处理SOC、DOC、MBC、LOM和ROC含量分别为130.9 g·kg-1、250.5 mg·kg-1、251.7 mg·kg-1、29.86 g·kg-1和110.8 g·kg-1。综上,化肥减量配施生化黄腐酸钾对土壤有机碳及其组分含量的影响整体优于配施矿源黄腐酸钾（P＞0.05）,各生育期有机碳及其组分含量均表现为：化肥减量配施黄腐酸钾花针期显著高于结荚期和成熟期（P＜0.05）,其中25%化肥配施75%生化有机肥处理对提升土壤中有机碳及其组分含量效果最佳,其SOC、DOC、MBC、LOM和ROC含量各生育期分别增加0.15%-13.50%、3.45%-122.11%、15.37%-133.54%、2.56%-60.44%和0.36%-18.80%。     

氮肥、土壤湿度和温度对稻田土壤甲烷氧化的影响

Effects of nitrogen fertilizer,soil mosture and temperature and temperature on methane oxidation in paddy soil were investigated under laboratory conditions.Addition of 0.05 g N kg^-1 soil as NH4Cl strongly inhibited methane oxidation and addition of the same rate of KCl also inhibited the oxidation but with more slight effect,suggesting that the inhibitory effect was partly caused by increase in osmotic potential in microorganism cell,Not only NH4^ but also NO3^- greatly affected methane oxidation.Urea did not affect methane oxidation in paddy soil in the first two days of incubation,but strong inhibitory effect was observed afterwards.Methane was oxidized in the treated soil with an optimum moisture of 280 g kg^-1 ,and air-drying inhibited methane oxidation entirely.The optimum temperature of methane oxidation was about 30℃ in paddy soil.while no methane oxidation was observed at 5℃or 50℃。     

Iodine application affects nitrogen-use efficiency of lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L.)

Abstract

The main objective of this work was to determine whether nitrogen-use efficiency was affected by the application of different forms (iodide vs iodate) and dosages (20, 40 and 80 µM) of iodine, to ascertain the influence of this trace element in a biofortification programme in lettuce plants. The parameters analysed were root and shoot biomass, nitrate concentration, and organic and total nitrogen as well as those defining nitrogen-use efficiency in plants: total nitrogen content, total nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen-uptake efficiency and nitrogen-utilization efficiency. In addition to decreasing shoot biomass, iodide treatments reduced leaf levels of nitrates, organic nitrogen, and total nitrogen content. Iodate treatments did not affect the concentration of nitrogen in its different forms. The application of iodide caused total nitrogen accumulation and nitrogen-uptake efficiency to decrease, iodate application improved the latter. Both iodide and iodate applications significantly improved nitrogen-utilization efficiency in comparison to the control. The results obtained show that iodate application rates of 40 µM or lower significantly improved all nitrogen parameters analysed, making it possible to increase lettuce productivity and quality.     

Application of biosolids to soil affects Cu and Zn accumulation and antioxidant activity of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.)

The application of biosolids to agricultural fields is becoming increasingly common. The effect of biosolids on the behavior of metals in different plants has been reported to be variable and ambiguous. A greenhouse experiment was conducted on a soil spiked with four rates of copper (Cu) (0, 50, 100, and 150 mg kg^?1) and zinc (Zn) (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg kg^?1) in lettuce culture. When Cu and Zn were spiked to anaerobically-digested biosolids, their availability in lettuce increased. Root and shoot fresh weight decreased due to a decrease in photosynthetic rate. superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) activity increased after the application of Cu and Zn. The bioavailability of Zn in lettuce was greater than that of Cu because of a higher transfer factor in plants and due to a higher endogenous Zn concentration.These results will allow for better fertilization management when biosolids are applied to tomato culture.     

长期单施有机肥和化肥对土壤养分和小麦产量的影响

【目的】等氮、磷、钾养分投入条件下,探索黄淮海小麦主产区化肥和有机肥施用对小麦的增产效果以及土壤养分的演变规律,为小麦科学施肥及土壤肥力的提升提供依据。【方法】本研究以8年长期定位试验为平台,在冬小麦—夏玉米的传统种植制度下,有机肥和化肥处理均分别设置5个施氮 (N) 量:0、120、240、360、600 kg/hm2,共9个处理。化肥处理的磷、钾用量等同各有机肥处理带入的量。于每年小麦收获期测定小麦产量和土壤养分含量。【结果】在土壤养分方面,土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷、速效钾含量均随有机肥用量的增加而增加,并且呈逐年增长的趋势。化肥在提高土壤有机质及全氮方面与施肥量无明显关系,年际间差异不明显,基本处于同一水平。增施化肥在开始几年能够缓慢提高土壤有效磷和速效钾的养分含量,之后保持稳定。在同一施氮水平下,有机肥处理土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷钾养分含量均显著高于化肥各处理。在作物增产方面,施氮240、360、600 kg/hm2的有机肥处理小麦产量均显著高于施氮120 kg/hm2的有机肥处理,但三个处理之间差异不显著;化肥各处理间均差异不显著。除施N 120 kg/hm2水平下,化肥处理产量显著高于有机肥处理外,其他相同氮水平下化肥处理与有机肥处理无显著差异。【结论】有机肥在培肥土壤方面,效果明显优于化肥,并且有机肥处理随施肥量的增加能够持续提高土壤养分库容量,而化肥对于土壤养分的提升效果不大,始终处于一个相对较为稳定的水平。有机肥和化肥施用均对小麦产量具有显著的提升效果。在N 120 kg/hm2的低氮条件下,化肥对小麦的增产效果优于有机肥,而在高于N 240 kg/hm2的养分条件下,有机肥与化肥增产效果基本一致。另外,当产量提高到一定水平后,增加施肥量无助于作物产量的提高。