生物复混肥对土壤微生物功能多样性及土壤酶活性的影响

在温室盆栽条件下,采用Biolog微平板技术,研究了玉米施用等养分量的无机肥、有机无机复混肥、生物复混肥后土壤微生物群落功能多样性及土壤酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,生物复混肥处理的微生物群落平均颜色变化率（AWCD）、微生物群落Shannon指数（H）、丰富度指数（S）和Shannon均匀度指数（E）均为最高;微生物群落主成分分析表明,不同施肥处理土壤微生物群落碳源利用特征有一定差异,PC1将生物复混肥与其他处理明显区分,生物复混肥处理分布在PC1的正方向,其他处理分布在PC1的负方向;起分异作用的主要碳源有糖类、羧酸类和氨基酸类;土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶活性均以生物复混肥处理最高,分别为72.74 mg glucose·g-1·（24 h）-1和1.15 mg NH3-N·g-1·（3 h）-1。研究表明,生物复混肥的施用比等养分量的有机无机复混肥处理能显著提高土壤微生物群落碳源利用率、微生物群落的丰富度和功能多样性,增强土壤蔗糖酶和脲酶活性。     

转基因玉米双抗12-5对根际土壤酶活性及 微生物多样性的影响

采用田间试验研究了转基因玉米瑞丰1号-双抗-12-5(RF1-12-5)种植对根际土壤酶活性、微生物群落的影响,可为RF1-12-5的环境释放和商业化应用提供科学的安全性评价数据支持。研究结果表明:①在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与其非转基因对照品种瑞丰1号(RF1)根际土壤碱性蛋白酶、脲酶和酸性转化酶活性均没有显著性差异;RF1-12-5根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性在收获期、碱性磷酸酶活性在乳熟期显著低于RF1,其他生育期差异不显著。②在5个生育期内,RF1-12-5与RF1根际土壤微生物群落的Shannon多样性指数、McIntosh均匀度指数和Simpson优势度指数均不存在显著性差异,主成分分析未发现RF1-12-5与RF1根际微生物功能多样性存在规律性差异。     

旱地红壤不同土地利用方式对土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的影响差异

土壤是人类存在与发展的必需物质基础,土地利用的变化直接影响土壤质量。以江西红壤为例,通过野外采样和室内实验分析,研究了旱地红壤的5种土地利用方式:荒地(HD)、茶树园(CSY)、柑橘园(GJY)、花生地(HSD)、玉米地(YMD)的表层土壤(0-15 cm)土壤酶活性及微生物多样性。结果表明:与荒地相比,茶树园、柑橘园、花生地和玉米地的土壤基础呼吸强度分别提高了93.33%,79.71%,9.12%,6.45%;茶树园的土壤微生物量碳含量比荒地的增大了113.67%,而柑橘园、花生地和玉米地比荒地的分别减小了12.35%,6.84%,87.57%;茶树园、柑橘园和花生地的土壤FDA水解酶活性分别比荒地的增大了51.99%,44.04%,25.55%,而玉米地的比荒地的减小了13.62%;茶树园和花生地的土壤脱氢酶活性分别比荒地的增大了2.47%和123.63%,柑橘园的比荒地的增大了35.70%;5种土地利用类型对土壤过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性影响较小。茶树园、柑橘园和花生地的土壤微生物总磷脂脂肪酸量分别比荒地的增大了11.11%,5.56%,2.78%,而玉米地的比荒地的减小了13.89%;茶树园、柑橘园和玉米地的土壤细菌种类分别比荒地的减少约9.09%,4.55%,22.73%;不同土地利用方式的土壤真菌种类数相同,无差异;茶树园和花生地的土壤放线菌种类均比荒地的增大约16.67%,而柑橘园的比荒地的减少约16.67%。说明相比于荒地、柑橘园、花生地和玉米地,茶树园的土壤微生物多样性更加丰富,群落结构也相对稳定,种植茶树更有利于提高土壤质量及对土壤肥力的保持。     

铜和磺胺嘧啶复合污染对土壤酶活性及微生物群落功能多样性的影响

随着畜禽养殖业规模化发展以及畜禽粪便的大量农用,由此导致的土壤重金属和抗生素复合污染问题日益突出。以畜禽养殖常用的饲料添加剂铜(Cu)和磺胺嘧啶(sulfadiazine, SDZ)为目标污染物,分别采用土壤酶试剂盒(微量法)和Biolog-ECO板法,研究二者复合污染对土壤酶活性和微生物群落功能多样性的影响。结果发现:低剂量Cu(200 mg/kg)复合污染可缓解SDZ对土壤脱氢酶和β-葡萄糖苷酶活性的抑制效应,低剂量Cu与SDZ表现为拮抗作用;但加重SDZ对磷酸酶活性的抑制效应,二者表现为协同抑制作用。高剂量Cu(500 mg/kg)和SDZ复合对所测试土壤酶活性均表现为协同抑制作用。Biolog-ECO分析表明,SDZ 10 mg/kg添加量对土壤微生物活性具有促进作用,而Cu和SDZ复合污染则可显著抑制土壤微生物代谢活性。多样性指数分析表明,Cu和SDZ复合污染对微生物群落多性影响较小,但可显著改变微生物种群的均一性;且主成分分析也表明,二者复合污染可显著改变土壤微生物群落结构组成。可见,Cu和SDZ复合污染对土壤酶活性的影响与土壤酶的种类及复合剂量有关,且土壤脱氢酶活性是反映...     

铀污染对土壤酶活性及微生物功能多样性的影响

为研究外源铀对土壤微生态的影响,设置不同浓度(0、10、20、50、100、150 mg·kg^-1)的铀对土壤进行处理,测定各铀处理组中土壤酶活性和微生物功能多样性。Biolog-ECO微平板技术分析结果表明,随着铀污染浓度升高,微生物活性逐渐降低;各铀处理组土壤微生物群落Shannon、Simpson、McIntosh多样性指数均显著低于对照组。铀处理后,六大类碳源利用能力较对照组显著降低,其中酚酸类碳源平均颜色变化率(AWCD)仅为对照组的19.98%。对照组中,微生物对胺类碳源利用能力最高;10 mg·kg^-1铀处理组中,微生物对多聚物类碳源利用能力最高;50、100和150 mg·kg^-1铀处理组中,微生物对羧酸类碳源利用能力最高。酶活性分析表明,随着铀污染浓度升高,碱性磷酸酶和芳基硫酸酯酶活性均呈下降趋势,而亚硝酸还原酶活性呈先升高后降低的趋势。纤维素酶活性仅在高浓度铀污染土壤中受到抑制。铀处理第30天,酶活性受到的抑制作用最强。4种酶对铀敏感程度依次为芳基硫酸酯酶>碱性磷酸酶>亚硝酸还原酶>...     

转Bt基因棉叶对土壤微生物多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法研究了转Bt基因棉粉碎叶腐解对土壤微生物群落结构功能多样性的影响。取腐解10d、25d、40d、55d、70d土样分析土壤微生物群落多样性指数及土壤微生物对聚合物、胺类、氨基酸、糖、羧酸和其他类碳源利用情况。结果表明:在腐解过程中,转Bt基因棉粉碎叶土壤微生物群落丰富度下降,群落多样性显著降低,而群落优势集中性明显提高;转Bt基因棉粉碎叶影响了土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用程度,表现为可显著增加对糖类、胺类和氨基酸类碳源的利用,初期显著降低对羧酸类碳源的利用,对聚合物类和其他类碳源的利用率无显著影响;主成分分析表明转Bt基因棉粉碎叶对土壤微生物群落原有结构功能影响具有持续性。     

有机无机改良剂对滨海盐渍化土壤酶活性和土壤微生物量的影响

[目的]为解决滨海地区土壤盐分高和生态环境恶劣的问题,研究发酵园林废弃物与膨润土不同比例配合施用对滨海盐渍土的改良效果。[方法]通过滨海地区田间试验,采用单独施用68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物(T_1)、单独施用15 kg/m~3膨润土(T_2)和二者混合施用(T_3)的方法,分析不同处理组土壤酶活性、微生物量碳、氮的变化及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。[结果]有机无机改良剂混施(T_3)在提高土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮方面具有更显著的效果。脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶分别为对照的10.1,9.0和4.5倍;土壤微生物量碳、氮分别比对照提高了24.8%和78.1%。此外,混施也可以显著改善土壤理化性质,使土壤盐分降低了62.7%,养分各项指标增幅为57.2%～101.4%。同有机改良剂处理相比,无机改良剂对土壤酶活和土壤微生物量的影响较小。速效钾与速效氮是影响土壤酶活性与微生物量的主要因子,而含盐量、容重则与土壤酶和微生物量呈负相关,具有抑制作用。[结论]发酵园林废弃物的加入对土壤酶活性和微生物量的增加起到了决定性的作用。最佳施用处理组为原土混合掺拌68 kg/m~3发酵园林废弃物和15 kg/m~3膨润土。     

乙草胺对土壤微生物数量和酶活性的影响

采用室内瓶培养试验,研究了乙草胺施用对土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响。结果表明:乙草胺施用初期对土壤细菌和放线菌数量有明显刺激作用,但施用30d时高施用量处理(30mg·kg-1)呈明显抑制作用,之后各处理放线菌恢复到对照水平,而对细菌的抑制作用一直持续到60d;乙草胺对土壤真菌数量呈"抑制-恢复-刺激"的作用趋势。乙草胺施用初期对土壤脱氢酶产生一定刺激作用,45d后高施用量处理呈明显抑制作用,一直持续到60d;土壤过氧化氢酶对乙草胺不敏感,而转化酶和脲酶对乙草胺施入初期较敏感;低施用量处理对转化酶有抑制作用,高施用量处理对转化酶有刺激作用,各处理对脲酶都有抑制作用。     

黄土高原不同植被类型对土壤养分、酶活性及微生物的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原不同植被类型对土壤酶活性、土壤养分和土壤微生物的影响,为该地区植被建设提供参考。[方法]根据研究区特点,选择4种(草地、柠条、杨树、蒿地)植被类型,采用SPSS软件分析各样地之间和同一样地土壤剖面不同层次的土壤酶活性和养分差异显著性和相关性,采用Canoco对微生物与环境因子进行分析。[结果](1)不同植被类型下,随土层深度的增加土壤酶活性与土壤养分均呈降低趋势。蒿地中酶活性最高,草地pH值随土层深度的增加而增加,表土层有机碳含量最高。硝态氮和铵态氮含量分别在杨树、柠条地块最高。(2)土壤养分间存在显著或极显著性相关,而土壤酶活性间存在极显著性相关。土壤酶活性与土壤有机碳、硝态氮之间都存在显著和极显著性相关。(3)表层(0—10cm)土壤微生物在门水平上多样性高。真菌第Ⅰ簇菌属与土壤pH值、硝态氮、铵态氮呈正相关,与土壤酶活性呈负相关;第Ⅱ簇菌属与土壤酶活性呈正相关关系,而与硝态氮、铵态氮、有机碳、pH值呈负相关关系;第Ⅰ簇与第Ⅱ,Ⅲ簇真菌群落间呈负相关关系。细菌与酶活性和土壤养分存在正相关和负相关。[结论]不同植被类型影响土壤酶活性、养分及微生物多样性,在植被建设过程中,宜种植蒿草来改善土壤的生态环境。     

不同培肥措施对宁南旱地土壤酶活性和微生物多样性的影响

为研究不同有机肥和化肥配施对宁南旱地土壤酶活性及微生物群落的影响,探讨有机无机配施条件下土壤肥力、土壤酶活性及微生物多样性的内在联系,为建立科学合理的有机无机配施技术体系提供理论依据。试验设置不施肥（CK）、常规施肥+0.6倍腐熟牛粪（CF1）、常规施肥+腐熟牛粪（CF2）、常规施肥+秸秆还田（CFS）4个处理,通过1年田间试验,研究土壤肥力、纤维素二糖水解酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、正乙酰葡萄糖氨基胺酶和碱性磷酸酶及土壤细菌、真菌多样性、群落结构的变化规律。结果表明,不同培肥处理较不施肥处理能够显著提高土壤养分含量,CF2处理的土壤养分最高。与CK处理相比,CF2处理的土壤有机质、有效磷、速效钾和全氮显著提高了2.22%、112.18%、52.13%和16.45%。与CK相比,CF2处理的土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶、纤维素二糖水解酶、正乙酰葡萄糖氨基胺酶和碱性磷酸酶活性显著提高了107.63%、10.72%、4.40%和39.88%。与CK相比,CF1、CF2和CFS处理均降低了土壤细菌多样性和丰富度,CF1和CF2处理增加了土壤真菌多样性和丰富度。对于微生物群落而言,CF2处理增加了土壤细菌绿弯菌...     

Micro-scale distribution of microorganisms and microbial enzyme activities in a soil with long-term organic amendment

Microbial ecology is the key to understanding the function of biodiversity for organic matter cycling in the soil. We have investigated the impacts of farmyard manure added over 120 years on organic matter content, enzyme activities, total microbial biomass and structure of microbial populations in several particle‐size fractions of a Luvic Phaeozem a few kilometres northeast of Halle, Germany. We compared two treatments: no fertilization (control) and 12 t farmyard manure (FYM) ha^?1 year^?1 since 1878. The fine fractions contained most C and N, microbial biomass, total amount of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and greatest invertase activity. Xylanase activity as well as fungal biomass increased only gradually with diminishing particle size, whereas the relative abundance of fungi decreased with diminishing particle size. The least diversity of the soil microbial community, indicated by the smallest Shannon index based on the abundance and amount of different PLFAs and small number of terminal restriction fragments (T‐RFs) of 16S rRNA genes, was in the sand fractions. The results supported the hypothesis that this microhabitat is colonized by a less complex bacterial community than the silt and clay fractions. Addition of FYM had enhanced the amount of organic matter, total microbial biomass, and xylanase and invertase activity, and induced a shift of the microbial community towards a more bacteria‐dominated community in the coarse sand fraction. Microbial communities in finer fractions were less affected by addition of FYM.     

Response of soil microbial communities to compost amendments

Soil organic matter is considered as a major component of soil quality because it contributes directly or indirectly to many physical, chemical and biological properties. Thus, soil amendment with composts is an agricultural practice commonly used to improve soil quality and also to manage organic wastes. We evaluated in laboratory scale experiments the response of the soilborne microflora to the newly created soil environments resulting from the addition of three different composts in two different agricultural soils under controlled conditions. At a global level, total microbial densities were determined by classical plate count methods and global microbial activities were assessed by measuring basal respiration and substrate induced respiration (SIR). Soil suppressiveness to Rhizoctonia solani diseases was measured through bioassays performed in greenhouses. At a community level, the modifications of the metabolic and molecular structures of bacterial and fungal communities were assessed. Bacterial community level physiological profiles (CLPP) were determined using Biolog™ GN microtiter plates. Bacterial and fungal community structures were investigated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) fingerprinting. Data sets were analyzed using analysis of variance and ordination methods of multivariate data. The impact of organic amendments on soil characteristics differed with the nature of the composts and the soil types. French and English spent mushroom composts altered all the biological parameters evaluated in the clayey soil and/or in the sandy silty clay soil, while green waste compost did not modify either bacterial and fungal densities, SIR values nor soil suppressiveness in any of the soils. The changes in bacterial T-RFLP fingerprints caused by compost amendments were not related to the changes in CLPP, suggesting the functional redundancy of soil microorganisms. Assessing the density, the activity and the structure of the soil microflora allowed us not only to detect the impact of compost amendment on soil microorganisms, but also to evaluate its effect at a functional level through the variation of soil disease suppressiveness. Differences in disease suppressiveness were related to differences in chemical composition, in availability of nutrients at short term and in microbial composition due to both incorporation and stimulation of microorganisms by the compost amendments.     

Evaluation of soil enzyme activities and microbial communities in tomato continuous cropping soil treated with jerusalem artichoke residues

ABSTRACT

Jerusalem artichoke (JY) (Helianthus tuberosus L.) has been reported to have a strong inhibitory effect on weed growth and root knot nematodes, but little information is available on the effects on soil ecosystems, especially soil microorganisms and soil enzyme activities. Understanding the dynamics of soil microbes and soil enzyme activities in cropping systems can help determine how agricultural practices influence soil processes mediated by JY residues. This study used a pot experiment, with five-year continuous cropping soil of tomato plants as the experimental material and 2% (w/w) JY residue as the treatment material in the soil. The treatment was compared to continuously monocropped tomato soil that was not treated with JY residues. The results of 16S high-throughput sequencing showed that both fungal and bacterial community structure and composition varied significantly at each stage of JY treatment. The analysis showed that the major phyla in the soil fungal community included Ascomycota, Zygomycota and Basidiomycota. Chytridiomycota was dominant in only the JY-treated soil. At the genus level, the abundances of Mortierella, Cephaliophora, Cryptococcus and Fusarium notably changed at each stage of JY treatment. In the bacterial community in the JY-treated group, the abundance of Proteobacteria increased significantly, while that of Firmicutes decreased significantly, compared to the control group. JY enhanced the activity of soil sucrase and urease. In addition, the soil sucrase activity showed a strong negative correlation with Fusarium and Bacillus. Overall, our results revealed that JY residues changed both the soil bacterial and fungal community composition and the soil enzyme activities.     

黄顶菊入侵对土壤微生物、土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响

通过采样分析,研究了外来植物黄顶菊入侵对非耕地和耕地,以及对玉米根系土壤微生物、土壤酶活性、土壤速效养分的影响,旨在揭示黄顶菊入侵农田和贫瘠荒地的机制。本试验比较了距根系不同距离土壤的微生态变化;分析了根系土壤3大微生物类群结构、5种土壤理化性质以及5种土壤酶活性之间的相关性。结果表明,非耕地黄顶菊根表速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量分别为对照的4.44、6.88、2.64倍,耕地中分别为对照的5.31、13.78、7.56倍;非耕地黄顶菊根表土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌数量分别为对照的13.23、6.67、21.40倍,耕地中分别为对照的9.27、2.15、2.24倍,可见黄顶菊对非耕地土壤中可培养的细菌、真菌、放线菌数量的影响更为明显;非耕地中黄顶菊根表土壤碱性磷酸酶、酸性磷酸酶、脲酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶的活性分别为对照的19.44、5.39、1.64、1.74、4.62倍,说明细菌非常活跃。耕地中分别为对照的2.26、3.45、1.53、0.95、4.89倍。另外在玉米与黄顶菊互作时,其根表土壤速效氮、磷、钾分别为非互作条件下的63.54%、64.70%、80.71%、,黄顶菊入侵明显降低了玉米根表速效养分。综上,黄顶菊入侵增加了其根系周围可培养土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性及土壤速效养分含量;降低了附近玉米根表土壤中可培养微生物数量、土壤酶活性和速效养分含量。     

Effects of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass

 The interactive effects of vermi-compost from sewage sludge and either the sulfonylurea herbicide, rimsulfuron, or the imidazolinone herbicide, imazethapyr, on some soil biochemical and microbiological properties were investigated. The herbicides were applied at field and 10-fold field rates. Both herbicides exerted a detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass and its biochemical properties. Even though the effect of both herbicides on soil microbial biomass was not detectable at the field rate, some significant influences on acid and alkaline phosphatase were observed. The higher rate of herbicide application impaired the observed microbial parameters to a greater degree. The detrimental effects seemed to be reduced by organic amendments. Among the studied microbial characteristics, the specific respiration quotient was particularly reliable and sensitive in determining the influence of herbicides on the soil microbial biomass. In this paper a new synthetic index, specific hydrolytic activity (qFDA), for assessing microbial activity in reply to xenobiotic treatments is proposed. Received: 31 May 1999     

聚丙烯酸盐类土壤改良剂对燕麦土壤微生物量氮及酶活性的影响

以燕麦田土壤为研究对象,探讨了聚丙烯酸盐类土壤改良剂及其复配(聚丙烯酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺、腐植酸钾、聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺+腐植酸钾)对燕麦田土壤微生物量氮及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,不同土壤改良剂均能提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾的含量,各指标分别比对照增加了8.24%～30.22%、7.60%～19.29%、5.15%～29.45%和27.86%～68.86%;土壤改良剂能促使燕麦全生育期内0～10、10～20和20～40 cm各土层的土壤微生物量氮含量显著提高,聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾和聚丙烯酰胺+腐植酸钾复配处理较其各单施效果显著,随土壤深度的增加土壤微生物量氮逐层递减;与对照相比,土壤改良剂能显著提高燕麦全生育期各土层过氧化氢酶活性,在抽穗期活性最高,且以聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾较高;但对于脲酶,聚丙烯酸钾+腐植酸钾、聚丙烯酰胺+腐植酸钾和腐植酸钾3个处理在苗期显著低于对照,在抽穗期和成熟期高于对照,两种酶活性均随土壤深度的增加逐渐降低。     

长期不同施肥潮土活性有机氮库组分与酶活性对外源牛粪的响应

【目的】研究不同施肥制度下潮土中活性有机氮库及酶活性对新添加有机物料的响应机制,可深入理解不同施肥制度培肥土壤、提高土壤基础地力的机理。【方法】供试土壤采集于从1986年开始的长期定位试验处理,包括CK (不施肥)、OF (常量有机肥)、CF (常量化肥)、OCF (常量有机无机配施) 4个处理。通过室内恒温培养试验,研究添加等氮量牛粪后长期不同施肥潮土有机氮库组分(微生物量氮、可溶性有机氮和颗粒有机氮)含量及土壤酶(α-葡萄糖苷酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶、纤维二糖水解酶、磷酸酶、过氧化物酶和酚氧化酶)活性的变化特征。【结果】首先,无论添加牛粪与否,土壤全氮、可溶性有机氮和颗粒有机氮含量均随培养时间呈上升趋势或与初始时期差异不显著;添加牛粪的长期不施肥与施化肥处理土壤微生物量氮含量显著低于相同处理不添加牛粪的土壤微生物量氮含量。其次,培养结束后,添加牛粪增加了长期不同施肥潮土全氮、可溶性有机氮和颗粒有机氮含量,分别提高了5.43%~15.49%、5.83%~69.42%及9.75%~42.29%,却降低了土壤微生物量氮含量16.91%~62.10%。另外,施肥、添加牛粪及其交互作用对土壤酶活性具有显著影响(P <0.05);无论添加牛粪与否,不同施肥处理土壤氧化酶(过氧化物酶和酚氧化酶)活性显著低于不施肥处理,不同施肥处理的土壤水解酶活性却呈现不同的变化趋势。不添加牛粪情况下,长期施肥显著提高了除β-葡萄糖苷酶以外的土壤水解酶活性;其中与长期不施肥处理相比,长期施用化肥土壤β-木糖苷酶和β-纤维素酶分别提高了208.74%和180.75%。添加牛粪情况下长期施用有机肥土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-纤维素酶比不施肥分别提高了201.40%和308.04%;冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)显示,添加与不添加牛粪条件下土壤酶活性的关键环境驱动因子不同,在不添加牛粪时为可溶性有机氮,添加后其关键驱动因子为全氮和可溶性有机氮。【结论】不同施肥制度下土壤微生物量氮、可溶性有机氮、颗粒有机氮与土壤全氮之间呈显著正相关;室内好气培养条件下,添加牛粪显著提高了长期不同施肥潮土的全氮、可溶性有机氮、颗粒有机氮含量,却显著降低了土壤微生物量氮含量;不同施肥制度下土壤酶活性差异显著,牛粪的添加改变了影响长期不同施肥潮土酶活性的关键环境因子。     

不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、微生物量及酶活性的影响

【目的】依托8年长期(2005~2012)固定道定位试验,研究不同耕作方式对土壤有机碳、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性在0—90 cm土层的分布特征,为优化中国西北干旱区的耕作方式提供理论依据。【方法】试验包括固定道垄作(PRB)、固定道平作(PFT)与传统耕作(CT)三种耕作模式下的土壤有机碳土壤总有机碳(TOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、土壤微生物量碳(MBC)、土壤微生物量氮(MBN)、土壤微生物量磷(MBP)、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、脲酶及小麦产量进行了测定和分析。【结果】在0—90 cm土层,不同耕作方式下的TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性均随着土层的增加呈下降趋势,过氧化氢酶活性呈先下降后增大的分布特征;在0—60 cm,固定道保护性耕作能够显著增加心土层作物生长带土壤有机碳储量,有机碳储量大小为PRBPFTCT;PRB、PFT较CT可以显著增加0—10 cm作物生长带TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP含量、蔗糖酶、脲酶活性,其大小为PRBPFTCT;耕作方式对过氧化氢酶活性影响不显著;TOC、POC、MBC、MBN、MBP、蔗糖酶活性、脲酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性之间均达到了显著或极显著相关。【结论】PRB较PFT、CT能够提高耕作层(0—10 cm)土壤有机碳含量、土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性, 增加作物产量, 增大0—60 cm土层有机碳储量,耕作方式(PRB、PFT及CT)对10 cm以下土层土壤环境改善作用不明显。     

Effects of straw amendment and moisture on microbial communities in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil

Purpose

Returning crop straw into fields is a typical agricultural practice to resolve an oversupply of straw and improve soil fertility. Soil microorganisms, especially eukaryotic microorganisms, play a critical role in straw decomposition. To date, microbial communities in response to straw amendment at different moisture levels in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of straw amendment and moisture on microbial communities in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil.

Materials and methods

Two soils (one was applied with organic manure, and the other was not applied with any fertilizer) from a long-term field experiment in the North China Plain were collected. Soils with and without straw amendment at 25 and 55 % of the average water-holding capacities of the two soils were incubated at 25 °C for 80 days. All treatments were sampled 20 and 80 days after the start of incubation. Microbial biomass and community structure were analyzed by phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) assay, and the eukaryotic diversity and community composition were assessed via barcoded pyrosequencing of the 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene amplicons.

Results and discussion

PLFA analysis showed that straw amendment increased the biomass of Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria, actinobacteria, and fungi and shifted microbial community structure. The varied straw availability resulted in a large variation in microbial community structure. In the presence of straw, actinobacterial and fungal biomass both decreased under high moisture content. 18S rRNA gene pyrosequencing indicated that straw amendment decreased eukaryotic diversity and richness and probably restructured the eukaryotic community. Under identical moisture content, long-term organic manure-fertilized soil had higher eukaryotic diversity and richness than the unfertilized soil. In the amended soils under high moisture content, the relative abundance of dominant fungal taxa (Dikarya subkingdom, Ascomycota phylum, and Pezizomycotina subphylum) decreased.

Conclusions

Straw amendment increases microbial biomass, shifts microbial community structure, and decreases eukaryotic diversity and richness. High moisture content probably has a negative effect on fungal growth in the amended soils. In conclusion, microbial communities in Chinese fluvo-aquic soil are significantly affected by straw amendment at different moisture levels.     

有机无机复混肥施用量对热带水稻土微生物群落和酶活性的影响

[目的]研究一次性施用不同量的有机无机复混肥对热带地区水稻产量及土壤微生物群落与酶活性的影响,为该区域水稻高效肥料管理提供科学依据.[方法]水稻田间试验连续进行了3季(2018年早稻-晚稻,2019年早稻).施肥设5个处理:不施肥对照(CK),常规化肥分3次施用(CF),采用一次性基施的等量、减10％和减20％氮磷钾养...