南酸枣ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立及优化

以南酸枣叶片基因组DNA为模板,采用单因子实验方法对影响ISSR反应体系的dNTP、Mg2+、引物浓度、模板DNA、Taq酶等5个因子进行优化,结果表明,在20 L ISSR反应体系中,各反应物的最适含量为：2.5 mmol/L Mg2+、0.2 mmol/L dNTP、0.25～0.5 mol/L引物、20 ng DNA和0.5 U Taq聚合酶。利用该优化体系扩增85条ISSR引物,有65条有扩增产物,38条具有多态性,并且利用842引物扩增不同南酸枣DNA模板,扩增的目的条带清晰、多态性好、稳定性强,可以用于后期的南酸枣种质资源鉴定及遗传多样性研究。     

钩栗ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

本研究以钩栗叶片为实验材料,采用单因素和L16(45)正交实验探讨了DNA模板用量、Mg2+浓度、引物用量、Taq DNA聚合酶、d NTP用量以及不同退火温度对钩栗ISSR-PCR扩增的影响,建立了钩栗ISSR-PCR反应体系。研究结果显示,优化后的最佳反应体系为,20μL反应总体系中,含30 ng模板DNA,3 mmol/L Mg2+,0.4 mmol/L d NTPs,0.75 U Taq DNA聚合酶,0.3μmol/L引物;对钩栗DNA样品材料进行ISSR-PCR扩增体系的检测结果显示,该优化体系扩增的产物条带清晰,稳定性高,本研究为钩栗种质ISSR分子标记遗传结构分析提供技术基础。     

枫香优良观赏种质的遗传多样性分析

利用ISSR标记技术对12份枫香观赏种质进行遗传多样性分析,通过正交实验优化枫香的ISSR-PCR扩增体系,即在20μL体系中加入PCR反应缓冲液2μL、镁离子1.5 mmol.L-1、Taq DNA聚合酶0.75 U、dNTP 0.15 mmol.L-1、引物0.4mmol.L-1、DNA模板80 ng。筛选出的19条ISSR引物共得到131条扩增带,其中多态性条带为94条,多态性条带比率为71.75%。12份种质的有效等位基因数是1.482,基因多样性0.3012,Shannon信息指数0.4674,表明遗传多样性水平相对较高。进一步的聚类将这些种质分成3类,其中4号样本和11号样本的遗传相似度最高。     

桉树SRAP标记体系的优化及遗传多样性分析

为确立按树SRAP-PCR反应体系,并对桉树品种进行遗传多样性分析,以巨尾桉GL -9号嫩叶提取的DNA为模板,进行Mg2+、dNTP、引物和Taq DNA聚合酶4个因素3个水平L9(34)正交试验,并比较了不同浓度模板DNA对PCR扩增效果的影响.结果显示:桉树的SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为Mg2+2.5 mmol/L、dNTP 0.20mmol/L、引物0.4μ mol/L、Taq DNA聚合酶1.5U,DNA模板最佳浓度为10ng.利用最佳反应体系对桉树品种进行引物组合多态性筛选,从40个引物组合中筛选出多态性引物组合17个.挑选12个多态较高的引物组合对11个按树品种进行遗传多样性分析,通过PCR扩增,得到109个谱带.其中多态性条带95条,平均每个引物组合产生7.92个多态性条带,显示了相对较高的多态性.表明SRAP标记可应用于按树分子生物学研究.     

赤皮青冈ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

为建立适宜于赤皮青冈ISSR分析的扩增体系,以赤皮青冈叶片基因组DNA为材料,采用单因素和正交设计相结合的方法系统地测试模板DNA、Mg2+、引物、磷酸碱基脱氧核苷(dNTPs)浓度,Taq DNA聚合酶用量和退火温度这6个因素对ISSR-PCR反应结果的影响。综合分析表明:优化后的最佳反应体系为20μL反应总体系中,含20 ng模板DNA,2.5 mmoL/L Mg2+,0.2 mmoL/L dNTPs,1.0 U Taq DNA聚合酶,0.2μmoL/L引物;UBC 808号作引物最佳退火温度为59.3℃。这一优化体系的建立为进一步开展赤皮青冈遗传多样性的ISSR分析奠定了基础。     

江南油杉ISSR-PCR反应体系建立与引物筛选

为了建立江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var.cyclolepis)ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系,以江南油杉嫩叶为材料,采用改良CTAB法提取基因组DNA,通过单因素实验设计,进行ISSR-PCR反应体系和反应条件优化,并筛选出多态性ISSR引物。实验结果表明:江南油杉ISSR-PCR最佳反应体系为25μL体系中模板DNA 40 ng,引物浓度为0.8μmol/L,2×Taq PCR Master Mix用量为12μL。利用该体系从100条ISSR引物中筛选出扩增条带清晰、特异性好的6条引物(UBC807、UBC809、UBC811、UBC812、UBC835、UBC841)。     

野扁桃ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

以野扁桃为材料,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的Mg2 、dNTPs、Taq酶、模板DNA、引物等因素进行筛选和优化,确立了适合野扁桃ISSR分析的最佳反应体系:25μL PCR反应体系中包含1×Buffer,2.0 mmol.L-1Mg2 ,160μmol.L-1dNTPs,模板DNA30 ng,Taq聚合酶1 U,引物15 pmol。     

陈山红心杉SCoT反应体系建立及引物筛选

研究采用正交设计及单因素相结合的方法建立优化陈山红心杉SCoT-PCR反应体系,并在此基础上进行引物筛选.结果表明:SCoT-PCR反应的最优体系(20.0μL)为:模板DNA 2.5μL(50.0 ng),2×Hieff PCR Master Mix 9.0μL,引物3.0μL(即浓度1.5μmol·L-1);并在此基础上从36条SCoT引物中筛选出14条扩增条带丰富明亮且多态性较强的引物.这为今后利用SCoT分子标记研究陈山红心杉遗传多样性、种质资源鉴定等提供基础.     

南方红豆杉SSR-PCR扩增体系的建立

为了建立适合于南方红豆杉(Taxus chinensis var.mairei)种群遗传多样性分析的SSR-PCR扩增体系,在单因素试验确定各因素浓度范围的基础上,采用正交试验设计,对影响南方红豆杉SSR-PCR扩增的主要因素浓度进行了筛选。结果表明,南方红豆杉SSR-PCR最佳反应扩增体系为:20μL反应体系中含有1.50mmol/L Mg2++0.2 mmol/L d NTP+0.5U Taq DNA聚合酶+0.3μmol/L引物+75 ng DNA模板。     

萱草属植物ISSR-PCR反应体系的优化

以萱草属的3种植物为材料,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增效果的因素Taq酶用量、Mg2 浓度、dNTP用量、引物用量、模板DNA浓度以及退火温度等指标进行单因子筛选和优化,建立了适合萱草属植物ISSR-PCR分析的最佳PCR反应体系:20μL反应体系中Taq酶0.6U、Mg2 1.8 mmol/L、1×Buffer 2 μL、dNTP0.2 mmol/L、引物0.6mmol/L、DNA模板10 ng/μL.扩增程序为94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性40 s,52℃退火45 s,72℃延伸1.50 min,共39个循环;72℃完全延伸5 min,4℃保持.该反应体系及扩增程序扩增谱带清晰,产物量多,为利用ISSR-PCR分子标记研究萱草属植物的遗传多样性提供标准反应条件.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.