矮败型广亲和粳稻不育系的遗传改良及生物学特性研究

从粳稻不育系遗传改良方法研究的角度,介绍了广亲和粳稻不育系矮败型春江95A的选育经过,并以矮败型春江95A及其同核异质不育系滇Ⅰ型春江95A等为试验材料,开展相关生物学特性研究。结果表明,矮败型春江95A属偏粳型不育系,花粉败育类型以典败为主,育性稳定性明显好于染败型粳稻不育系,矮败型春江95A具有柱头外露率高、开花习性良好、异交结实率高和广亲和性好等特点,其可恢复性不同于染败型粳稻不育系。另外,还对典败型粳稻不育系的遗传改良及其杂种优势的应用前景进行了讨论。     

BT型粳稻不育系95122A的花粉败育特征及可恢复性研究

通过选育2套同核异质不育系(95122A和陵风A)及与10个对HL型粳稻不育系具有不同恢复力的BT型恢复系测交鉴定的方法,对江苏省农业科学院育成的BT型粳稻不育系95122A的花粉败育特征及可恢复性进行了比较研究。结果表明,该BT型95122A在花粉败育特征及可恢复性上与HL型95122A有明显差异,其确为BT型不育系。BT型95122A花粉以圆败为主,有一小部分浅染花粉,而BT型陵风A基本上都是染败花粉,且绝大部分为深染花粉。BT型95122A与各参试恢复系配制的杂种F1的小穗育性与BT型陵风A配制的杂种F1无明显差异,说明花粉败育特征的改变没有影响不育系的可恢复性。     

密阳46——一个较理想的新恢复系

密阳46系籼型杂交稻的强优势恢复系,不论与野败型或矮败型等不育系配组,均表现有较强的恢复力和较好的配合力。中国水稻研究所于1983年秋以矮败型协青早不育系与密阳46测配选育而成的协优46,比汕优6号显著增产。1985年和1986年6个鉴定点平均亩产485.8公斤,比汕优6号亩产453.1公斤增产7.22%,经方差分析达极显著水准。     

影响甘蓝型油菜每角粒数因素分析

为培育高角粒数的油菜品种，研究每角粒数种子（或胚珠）败育对每角果粒数的影响，选取36份双单倍体（DH）材料，采用自然开放和强制自交、杂交、辅助人工授粉等4种处理方式，分别调查各处理中初花时胚珠数和成熟风干角果中正常成熟籽粒和败育种子的数量与形态变化，探寻种子（或胚珠）败育发生原因。结果发现：材料的初始胚珠数为23.05~36.15个，差异极显著。种子成熟后，每角粒数为平均16.80；胚珠数与每角粒数间的相关系数为0.77**；各材料每角粒数占初始胚珠数的百分比为平均56.19%，近44.00%的胚珠在种子发育过程中会发生败育；胚珠数与每角粒数呈正相关；败育是导致每角粒数减少的主要原因。不同材料胚珠数不同，胚珠数与材料基因型有关，败育比率也与材料基因型有关。根据胚珠的直径可将败育类型划分为3种：a类型（直径小于0.1mm）、b类型（直径0.1~1.0mm）、c类型(胚败育)。3种败育类型在36个参试材料和4种试验处理中均有发生，前两种类型败育是胚珠（或种子）败育的主要类型，平均发生概率分别为19.34%和7.91%，胚败育发生概率较低，仅为1.54%。胚珠（或种子）败育现象普遍存在于甘蓝型油菜种子发育过程中，原因可能与花粉和柱头发育、花粉与柱头识别、受精以及胚初期发育异常相关；胚败育可能与胚发育停滞有关。      

新质源东乡野生稻胞质不育系的选育与利用

以东乡野生稻为母本与栽培稻品种杂交、复交,在其后代中分离出雄性不育株,再与栽培稻品种连续回交,经多代核置换,转育成无花粉型(或花粉稀少型)和有花粉型两种不同类型不育系。其中无花粉型表现花药瘦小、白色、部分畸形呈钩状,仅含稀少典败花粉,与野败型恢复系测交F1代完全不育,与其近缘恢复材料测交,虽提高了恢复度,但无杂种优势,如东B51A、东培A、东R4005A、东3037A;有花粉型表现花药较肥大、淡黄色、水渍状,染色镜检典败花粉多,圆败很少,恢复谱较广,如东B11A。东B11A已通过技术鉴定和江西省品种审定,并通过广泛测交筛选出东B11A/752、东B11A/C218、东B11A/Txz13等新组合,其中东B11A/Txz13已于2005年通过江西省品种审定,定名为先农40号(赣审稻2005026)。     

野败雄性不育育性恢复基因和雄性不育细胞质地理分布初探

对于育性恢复基因的地理分布,在粳杂优上,石岭行男曾对日本地方品种进行过研究。我国的洪德林等对BT型,滇型、L型,印野型和野败型五种质源的粳稻雄性不育系的育性恢复基因也进行过研究。在籼杂优上,苏泽胜等认为:某些安徽籼型水稻地方品种对野败不育系有一定的恢复能力。在雄性不育细胞质地理分布研究方面,H、I、OKa博士认为:亚洲、美洲存在有O.perennis的雄性不育细胞质,而非洲和大洋洲则不存在。然而,对籼型野败不育系育性恢复基因及不育胞质地理分布还没有进行过系统的研究;在野败籼型水稻杂种优势利用中,目前     

同核异质粳稻不育系特性比较

 对由粳稻品种苏秋、六千辛转育成的2套同核异质不育系的不育性、可恢复性、开花习性及异交特性进行了鉴定，结果表明：1）BT型、HL型不育系花粉以染败为主，WA型不育系花粉以典败为主；BT型苏秋A和BT型六千辛A分别有0.06%和3.72%的自交结实率，不育性最不稳定。2）不育系的花粉败育程度影响穗颈伸出剑叶叶鞘的长度，败育越彻底，穗伸出度越短。3）BT型不育系的花时、花期与保持系最为接近；HL型不育系花时稍有滞后，花期相仿；WA型不育系花时明显滞后，花期明显拉长，开花不集中。4）BT型、HL型不育系的异交结实率无显著差异,但明显高于WA型不育系。5）BT型不育系的可恢复性最好，HL型不育系次之，WA型不育系最难恢复。提出了用HL型不育系部分替代BT型不育系的设想，以解决目前生产上杂交粳稻BT型不育系不育性不够稳定及细胞质单一的问题。     

三种甘蓝型油菜CMS花药发育研究

目的]确定三种甘蓝型油菜CMS花药发育败育时期和细胞学特征;比较它们的花粉活力和微粉率。[方法]以细胞质雄性不育系301A、212A与陕2A为材料,保持系中双2号作为对照,采用常规的石蜡组织切片技术,对三种甘蓝型细胞质雄性不育系油菜败育时期和败育特点进行细胞学研究;花粉活力测定用醋酸洋红染色观察法。 [结果] 不育系301A、212A与陕2A败育均发生在孢原细胞时期,在造孢细胞时期不能正常的形成药室,属于无花粉囊败育型;花粉活力分别为：81.7%、95.6%、100%;微粉率分别为：42.8%、42.8%、14.3%.[结论]新发现的细胞质雄性不育材料301A与212A、陕2A花药发育败育时期相同,败育特点相似;不育系301A的花粉活力和212A与陕2A比较起来差异较大、较低;不育系陕2A微粉率最低。     

K型杂交水稻的选育与研究

利用粳籼杂交后代出现的不育株作细胞质雄性不育供体，先后育成了Ｋ青Ａ、Ｋ１９Ａ和Ｋ１７Ａ等籼型不育系。育成的Ｋ型杂交水稻新组合已有５个通过四川省品种审定。初步研究发现，Ｋ型胞质对提高柱头外露率和开花累积率的作用明显优于ＷＡ型胞质；在可恢性及主要数量性状上的胞质效应与ＷＡ型和Ｄ型胞质差异较小。花药发育的细胞学显示Ｋ型不育系花粉败育发生在单核后期，少量花粉发生在二核期，败育花粉以典败为主。Ｋ１７Ａ和Ｋ青Ａ花药的酯酶和过氧化物酶同工酶谱与汕Ａ存在差异。随机扩增多态性ＮＤＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）分析表明Ｋ型胞质与ＷＡ型和Ｄ型胞质的线粒体基因组存在组织结构差异。     

F型小麦雄性不育系小孢子发育的细胞学观察

为明确F型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的细胞学机理,以西农979为对照,采用醋酸洋红染色制片等方法观察花粉母细胞减数分裂、小孢子发育过程及成熟花粉粒育性表现,并套袋自交,于成熟期统计结实率。结果发现,F型小麦雄性不育系仅有2.15%的花粉母细胞减数分裂Ⅱ异常,其余绝大多数花粉母细胞减数分裂正常,但小孢子由单核期进入二核期后,生殖核和营养核先后降解,导致无核小孢子的出现,其比率为77.04%。成熟花粉粒经1% I₂-KI染色后显示异常的花粉粒比率高达94.8%,其中包括圆败、典败和染败类型,但以染败型为主。F型小麦雄性不育系套袋自交结实率为2.5%。上述三方面的研究结果彼此相符,据此认为,小孢子由单核期进入二核期后,生殖核和营养核先后降解导致无核小孢子的产生是F型小麦雄性不育系雄性败育的主要细胞学原因。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.