Effects of sodium on nitrate uptake and osmotic adjustment of Suaeda physophora

Na+ ions play an important role in the growth of halophyte. The effect of Na+ ions on nitrate uptake and osmotic adjustment in the euhalophyte Suaeda physophora was investigated under glasshouse conditions. Seedlings were exposed to 1 mmol/L NaCl (control),300 mmol/L NaCl,150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl or 300 mmol/L KCl treatments for 24 d. Dry weight was not affected greatly by different salt treatments,but water content and succulence in leaves of S. physophora were significantly increased at 300 mmol/L NaCl and 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl treatments. The concentrations of Na+ and NO3’ in leaves of S. physophora were the highest at 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl,but lowest at 300 mmol/L KCl treatment. Moreover,the increase of NO3’ concentration did not result in the decrease of Cl-concentration at 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl treatments. The estimated contribution of NO3’ to osmotic potential (CNO3) in leaves of S. physophora was 9.8% at 150 mmol/L NaCl plus 150 mmol/L KCl,and CNa and CCl were 31.0% and 23.3%,respectively. However,CNO3,CNa and CCl were respectively 1.6%,7.9% and 11.9% at 300 mmol/L KCl treatment. It is concluded that Na+ stimulates NO3’ absorption and the stimulation is independent on the internal or the external Cl-concentration in the euhalophyte S. physo-phora. These characteristics may explain the high levels of N in leaves of saline desert plants in arid ecosystem.     

Range extension of four highland agamid lizards in Shimshal Pamir, Pakistan

As part of the Sino-Pak trans-boundary cooperation for conservation and sustainable development in Pamir border region,World Wild Fund (WWF)-Pakistan conducted a preliminary social,economic and ecological survey in the Shimshal-Pamir Lakes area in July 2009.The purpose of the study was to explore potentials and opportunities for future collaborative conservation of some species,habitats and high altitude ecosystems in the border region between China and Pakistan.The two-week herpetological study in the Shimshal Pamir area of Khunjerab National Park (KNP) along Pakistan-China border was an integral part of the survey,conducted exclu-sively to document reptilian fauna with a special emphasis on investigating their occurrence,distribution and status in the study area.Field investigations were performed during daytime when it was hot enough and reptiles were active,basking or feeding.A total of 15 specimens belonging to four species of the Agamidae family were captured by striking stones and beating bushes with sticks.Collected specimens were preserved using 10% formalin solution,tagged with field information and stored in Zoological Survey Department,Karachi for future reference.Laboratory investigations were carried out for pholidosic counts and morphometric measurements.A detailed review of relevant literature,habitat characteristics and laboratory investigations revealed the occurrence of Laudakia himalayana,L.pakistanica,L.tuberculata and L.badakhshana at 4,082 m,4,172 m,4,005 m and 4,240 m asl,respectively,which are much higher altitudes as compared to the previously reported heights of 3,353 m,3,200 m,2,500 m and 2,400 m asl.The terrain offers a variety of ecological barriers,in the form of fast and freezing running waters and massive glaciers with peculiar harsh climatic conditions prevailing for nine months of the year,which restricts species migration and thus increases endemism.Although one of the four species recorded from the study area,i.e.L.pakistanica is endemic to Pakistan,L.tuberculata and L.badakhshana are new records from Shimshal,Pakistan,so a detailed investigation is suggested for further herpetological records from the study area.     

广西黑皮冬瓜疫病的病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

 Isolate PD1 of Phytophthora was isolated from diseased black pericarp wax gourd in Guangxi in 2005. The morphological and biological characters of the isolate were examined, and its sequence of ribosomal DNA-ITS was analyzed. The range of growth temperature of the isolate was 10-37℃ and the optimal one was 31℃. The pathogen was sensitive to 10 mg/kg of malachite green, and its ability for starch utilization was weak. A wide host range of the pathogen was confirmed by artificial inoculation. The sizes of sporangia were (37.5-71.7) μm×(20.8-47.5) μm (av. 55.0 μm×30.4 μm). Microcycle conidiation of the pathogen was observed. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker based on its morphological and biological characters as well as ribosomal DNA-ITS sequence.     

Effects of grazing on carbon and nitrogen in plants and soils in a semiarid desert grassland,China

Grazing can modulate the feedback between vegetation and soil nutrient dynamics(carbon and nitrogen),altering the cycles of these elements in grassland ecosystems.For clarifying the impact of grazing on the C and N in plants and soils in the desert grassland of Ningxia,China,we examined the plant biomass,SOC(soil organic carbon),total soil N and stable isotope signatures of plants and soils from both the grazed and ungrazed sites.Significantly lower aboveground biomass,root biomass,litter biomass and vegetation coverage were found in the grazed site compared to the ungrazed site,with decreases of 42.0%,16.2%,59.4% and 30.0%,respectively.The effects of grazing on plant carbon,nitrogen,?15N and ?13C values were uniform among species.The levels of plant carbon and nitrogen in grasses were greater than those in the forbs(except for the carbon of Cynanchum komarovii and Euphorbia esula).Root 15 N and 13 C values increased with grazing,while the responses of root carbon and nitrogen to grazing showed no consistent patterns.Root 15 N and 13 C were increased by 79.0% and 22.4% in the grazed site compared to the ungrazed site,respectively.The values of SOC and total N were significantly lower in the grazed than in the ungrazed sites for all sampling depths(0–10 and 10–20 cm),and values of SOC and total N at the surface(0–10 cm) were lower than those in the deeper soils(10–20 cm).Soil ?15N values were not affected by grazing at any sampling depth,whereas soil ?13C values were significantly affected by grazing and increased by 19.3% and 8.6% in the soils at 0–10 and 10–20 cm,respectively.The soil ?13C values(–8.3‰ to –6.7‰) were higher than those for roots(–20.2‰ to –15.6‰) and plant tissues(–27.9‰ to –13.3‰).Our study suggests that grazing could greatly affect soil organic carbon and nitrogen in contrast to ungrazed grassland and that grazing appears to exert a negative effect on soil carbon and nitrogen in desert grassland.     

The impact of land use change on soil organic carbon and labile organic carbon stocks in the Longzhong region of Loess Plateau

Land use change (LUC) is widely recognized as one of the most important driving forces of global carbon cycles. The soil organic carbon (SOC) and labile organic carbon (LOC) stores were investigated at arable land (AL), artificial grassland (AG), artificial woodland (AW), abandoned arable land (AAL) and desert steppe (DS) in the Longzhong region of the Loess Plateau in Northwest China. The results showed that conversions from DS to AL, AL to AG and AL to AAL led to an increase in SOC content, while the conversion from DS to AW led to a decline. The differences in SOC content were significant between DS and AW at the 20-40 cm depth and between AL and AG at the 0-10 cm depth. The SOC stock in DS at the 0-100 cm depth was 39.4 t/hm 2 , increased by 28.48% after cultivation and decreased by 19.12% after conversion to AW. The SOC stocks increased by 2.11% from AL to AG and 5.10% from AL to AAL. The LOC stocks changed by a larger magnitude than the SOC stocks, which suggests that it is a more sensitive index of carbon dynamics under a short-term LUC. The LOC stocks increased at 0-20 cm and 0-100 cm depths from DS to AW, which is opposite to that observed for SOC. The proportion of LOC to SOC ranged from 0.14 to 0.20 at the 0-20 cm depth for all the five land use types, indicating low SOC dynamics. The allocation proportion of LOC increased for four types of LUC conversion, and the change in magnitude was largest for DS to AW (40.91%). The afforestation, abandonment and forage planting on arable land led to sequestration of SOC; the carbon was lost initially after afforestation. However, the carbon sink effect after abandonment may not be sustainable in the study area.     

Understanding the impact of mountain landscapes on water balance in the upper Heihe River watershed in northwestern China

Estimating the impact of mountain landscape on hydrology or water balance is essential for the sustainable development strategies of water resources.Specifically,understanding how the change of each landscape influences hydrological components will greatly improve the predictability of hydrological responses to mountain landscape changes and thus can help the government make sounder decisions.In the paper,we used the VIC(Variable Infiltration Capacity)model to conduct hydrological modeling in the upper Heihe River watershed,along with a frozen-soil module and a glacier melting module to improve the simulation.The improved model performed satisfactorily.We concluded that there are differences in the runoff generation of mountain landscape both in space and time.About 50% of the total runoff at the catchment outlet were generated in mid-mountain zone(2,900-4,000 m asl),and water was mainly consumed in low mountain region(1,700-2,900 m asl)because of the higher requirements of trees and grasses.The runoff coefficient was 0.37 in the upper Heihe River watershed.Barren landscape produced the largest runoff yields(52.46% of the total runoff)in the upper Heihe River watershed,followed by grassland(34.15%),shrub(9.02%),glacier(3.57%),and forest(0.49%).In order to simulate the impact of landscape change on hydrological components,three landscape change scenarios were designed in the study.Scenario 1,2 and 3 were to convert all shady slope landscapes at 2,000-3,300 m,2,000-3,700 m,and 2,000-4,000 m asl respectively to forest lands,with forest coverage rate increased to 12.4%,28.5% and 42.0%,respectively.The runoff at the catchment outlet correspondingly declined by 3.5%,13.1% and 24.2% under the three scenarios.The forest landscape is very important in water conservation as it reduced the flood peak and increased the base flow.The mountains as "water towers" play important roles in water resources generation and the impact of mountain landscapes on hydrology is significant.     

Effects of freezing intensity on soil solution nitrogen and microbial biomass nitrogen in an alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau,China

The change of freeze-thaw pattern of the Tibetan Plateau under climate warming is bound to have a profound impact on the soil process of alpine grassland ecosystem;however,the research on the impact of the freeze-thaw action on nitrogen processes of the alpine grassland ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau has not yet attracted much attention.In this study,the impact of the freezing strength on the soil nitrogen components of alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau was studied through laboratory freeze-thaw simulation experiments.The 0–10 cm topsoil was collected from the alpine marsh meadow and alpine meadow in the permafrost region of Beilu River.In the experiment,the soil samples were cultivated at –10°C,–7°C,–5°C,–3°C and –1°C,respectively for three days and then thawed at 2°C for one day.The results showed that after the freeze-thaw process,the soil microbial biomass nitrogen significantly decreased while the dissolved organic nitrogen and inorganic nitrogen significantly increased.When the freezing temperature was below –7°C,there was no significant difference between the content of nitrogen components,which implied a change of each nitrogen component might have a response threshold toward the freezing temperature.As the freeze-thaw process can lead to the risk of nitrogen loss in the alpine grassland ecosystem,more attention should be paid to the response of the soil nitrogen cycle of alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau to the freeze-thaw process.     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

Clonostachys rosea 67-1液生孢子形成及其抗性研究

 The growth and sporulation of Clonostachys rosea strain 67-1 in PD broth was observed and figured out. A large amount of submerged spores were obtained in shake flask with proprietary Czapek me-dium. Meanwhile, the colonies of strain 67-1were cultured in PDA plate and aerial spores were collected by elution. Resistances of submerged spores and aerial spores to high temperature, dry condition and UV treatment were determined. The results showed that the survival of the submerged spores kept in 60℃ for 30 min was 76.7%, while the aerial spores were hardly germinated in the same condition. After two weeks' drying treatment, the spore activities were 89.2% and 29.3%, respectively. Similarly, the activity of submerged spores was 72.6% and that of aerial spores was 19.7% when exposing to UV for 1 min. It is illuminated that deep submerged fermentation is more efficient than solid culture for strain 67-1 to produce chlamydospores, which act as main component in biopesticide mass production.     

Spatial-temporal variations in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River during the period 2002–2011 based on the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E) data

Detecting near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in high-altitude cold regions is important for understanding the Earth's surface system, but such studies are rare. In this study, we detected the spatial-temporal variations in near-surface soil freeze-thaw cycles in the source region of the Yellow River(SRYR) during the period 2002–2011 based on data from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E). Moreover, the trends of onset dates and durations of the soil freeze-thaw cycles under different stages were also analyzed. Results showed that the thresholds of daytime and nighttime brightness temperatures of the freeze-thaw algorithm for the SRYR were 257.59 and 261.28 K, respectively. At the spatial scale, the daily frozen surface(DFS) area and the daily surface freeze-thaw cycle surface(DFTS) area decreased by 0.08% and 0.25%, respectively, and the daily thawed surface(DTS) area increased by 0.36%. At the temporal scale, the dates of the onset of thawing and complete thawing advanced by 3.10(±1.4) and 2.46(±1.4) days, respectively; and the dates of the onset of freezing and complete freezing were delayed by 0.9(±1.4) and 1.6(±1.1) days, respectively. The duration of thawing increased by 0.72(±0.21) day/a and the duration of freezing decreased by 0.52(±0.26) day/a. In conclusion, increases in the annual minimum temperature and winter air temperature are the main factors for the advanced thawing and delayed freezing and for the increase in the duration of thawing and the decrease in the duration of freezing in the SRYR.     

20%唑菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的作用方式

采用盆栽植株喷雾-叶碟法、叶碟喷雾法分别测定20%唑菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的保护、治疗作用,采用离体叶片法、叶碟法测定其对黄瓜霜霉病的铲除作用。结果表明:在200 μg/mL浓度下,20%唑菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的保护、治疗效果分别为77.99%、70.08%;20%唑菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病菌病斑扩展、产孢及再侵染的抑制率分别为74.37%、84.56%和72.22%,与黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子囊悬浮液混合接种能显著降低孢子囊的致病性。室内试验结果表明,20%唑菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病具有良好的保护、治疗作用,且效果均优于对照药剂25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂,20%唑菌酯悬浮剂对黄瓜霜霉病的铲除作用与25%嘧菌酯悬浮剂效果相当。     

荔枝霜疫病的研究Ⅰ.病原菌的鉴定及其侵染过程

 荔枝霜疫病病原菌在11~30%均可形成游动孢子囊,在22~25℃时,孢子囊产量最高,孢子囊在8~22℃间均能萌发形成游动孢子,但在26~30℃时萌发则形成芽管。在8~16℃间的萌发率最高。游动孢子的形成在14℃下只需20分钟,10℃下只需30分钟,游动孢子从形成至释放在14℃及10℃下所需时间分别为10分钟及20分钟。荔枝霜疫霉在侵染过程的各个时期中,都要求高湿度,否则不能危害,在高湿条件下,此菌在11~30℃均可侵入荔枝果,在18℃下只需5分钟便可侵入。最适扩展温度为25℃,在25℃下,潜育期不到1天,在18℃下为2~3天,在11℃下可延长到7天,在30℃潜育期虽短,但产生的孢子囊数量很少,出现期只有1天。危害荔枝果的接种体主要是游动孢子,荔枝结果期间的5月,多连雨天,病原菌的再侵染频繁,可能是荔枝霜疫病在广州地区经常流行的主要原因。     

甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂ZJ 0712对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的毒力及药效评价

ZJ 0712,2- -3-甲氧基丙烯酸甲酯,是我国自行创制的高效广谱杀菌剂。为评价该药剂10%SC对黄瓜白粉病和霜霉病的使用效果,进行了室内和田间药效评价。经室内检测,该药剂对白粉病菌Sphaerotheca fuliginea的EC50和EC90值分别为1.79和 5.47 μg/mL,对霜霉病菌Pseudoperonospora cubensis的EC50和EC90值分别为0.34和 45.15 μg/mL。 田间试验结果表明,该药剂对白粉病在10 ~20 g/hm2、对霜霉病在37.5 ~150 g/hm2剂量下防效分别为85.79% ~91.33%和86.70% ~90.18%。该药剂在本试验剂量范围内对作物安全。     

短时低温对柑橘大实蝇1~4级蛹恒温代价的弥补效应

柑橘大实蝇Bactrocera minax(Enderlein)为我国重要的柑橘类害虫。为了解短时低温对柑橘大实蝇1~4级蛹恒高温代价的弥补效应,以25℃恒高温为基础,研究了相对低温10、15、20℃短时(2、4、8h)变温处理柑橘大实蝇1~4级蛹后其成虫羽化情况。相对于恒温25℃,经15℃和20℃短时(2~8h)变温处理1级蛹后成虫羽化增长率为14%~47%,经10℃和15℃短时(2、4、8h)变温和20℃短时(4h)变温处理2~3级蛹后成虫羽化增长率为2%~45%,经10、15℃和20℃短时(2、4、8h)变温处理4级蛹后成虫羽化增长率为28%~46%,均表现为正增长,产生了恒温代价弥补正效应。4级蛹经10、15、20℃变温处理2h和8h,对其恒温代价弥补正效应均较2~3级蛹的大。总之,特定时长低温对特定蛹级产生恒温弥补正效应,不同蛹级间效应有差异。本研究结果为室内柑橘大实蝇保存,及春季快速回暖或田间倒春寒情况下柑橘大实蝇种群动态的预测预报提供依据。     

嗜线虫致病杆菌代谢物对马铃薯晚疫病菌的抑制作用

采用室内以抑制法测定的结果表明：嗜线虫致病杆菌发酵液对马铃薯晚疫病菌有很强的抑制生长作用,６￣５０ｍｌ／Ｌ的发酵液对菌丝生长的抑制率达９０％￣１００％,１．５￣３ｍｌ／Ｌ的发酵液仍有７０％左右的抑制效果。发酵液对菌丝生长有抑制作用,但不能完全杀死菌丝;发酵液对孢子囊萌发也有一定的抑制作用,５０ｍｌ／Ｌ的发酵液对孢子囊萌发的抑制率达５０％;发酵液在２４小时内能渗透到种薯内３ｃｍ,抑制薯块内病菌的生长     

PCR detection of Pseudoperonospora humuli in air samples from hop yards

Downy mildew of hop, caused by Pseudoperonospora humuli , is an important disease in most regions of hop production and is managed largely with regular fungicide applications. A PCR assay specific to P . humuli and the related organism P .  cubensis was developed and used to monitor airborne inoculum in hop yards to initiate fungicide applications. The PCR amplified as little as 1 fg of genomic DNA of P . humuli , and yielded an amplicon in 70% of reactions when DNA was extracted from single sporangia. In the presence of 25 mg of soil, an amplicon was amplified in 90% of reactions when DNA was extracted from 10 or more sporangia. During nine location-years of validation, PCR detection of the pathogen in air samples occurred no later than 8 days after the appearance of trace levels of disease signs and/or detection of airborne spores in a volumetric spore sampler. Inoculum was detected on average 4·5 days before (range −8 to 14 days) the first appearance of basal spikes in six commercial yards, or 1·3 days after (range −5 to 1 days) sporangia were detected in a volumetric spore sampler in experimental plots. In commercial yards, use of PCR to initiate the first fungicide application led to enhanced disease control or a reduction in fungicide use in four of six yards compared to growers' standard practices. These results indicate that the efficiency and efficacy of hop downy mildew management can be improved when control measures are timed according to first detection of inoculum.     

烟草霜霉病检疫病理学特性的研究

 烟草霜霉病孢囊非凡的繁殖能力和独特的对世界不同地理气候区域的高度适应性,是病害广泛传播和迅速发展的关键因素。虽然关于烟草霜霉病的病原学、生物学和病理学方面已经作了广泛的研究,但涉及病原孢囊在检疫病理学方面的某些特性,则迄今工作甚少。本文在系列研究的基础上证明:(1)孢囊萌发活性与接种后的产孢日数密切相关。在可见产孢的第1~2d内,1h后孢囊即开始萌发,4h后萌发率高达83%以上,而在产孢第4~6d后萌发率降为36.1%及29.6%。(2)孢囊的最低萌发温度为2℃,最适温度为14~21℃,最高温度为35℃。(3)高温对孢囊活性的影响,因受热时间而异,短时间30℃或35℃高温后又转入适温对孢囊萌发有抑制作用,但仍有侵染活性。当30℃超过12h或35℃超过8h,则孢囊侵染活性丧失。(4)当叶面饱和湿度期达4h时,可以发生侵染,叶面饱和湿度期越长侵染率越高。(5)在适宜温湿条件下,每悬滴含5~6个孢囊,侵染率可达30%以上,如含单个孢囊,侵染率可达12%。运用以上数据将有利于提高烟草霜霉病风险分析的有效性。     

基于流式细胞术的黄瓜霜霉病菌孢子囊计数研究

 为病原菌时空流行动态监测及病害预测模型构建提供病原菌快速计数方法,以卵菌中代表——葫芦科霜霉病病原菌古巴假霜霉菌(Pseudoperonospora cubensis)为例,研究了孢子囊悬浮液的荧光染色方法和基于流式细胞术计数方法。研究表明EDTA和SYBR Green Ⅰ 的联合作用能够对孢子囊进行荧光标记。对SYBR Green Ⅰ 染色剂的最佳染色条件进行研究,结果表明在染色时间相同时,荧光染色剂浓度越高,染色效果越好;同一浓度荧光染色剂,随着染色时间的增加,孢子囊染色率增加。使用流式细胞术对荧光染色的孢子囊进行计数,并与显微镜血球计数板计数结果进行比较,结果显示:流式细胞仪计数结果与显微镜血球计数板计数结果得到的孢子囊浓度没有显著差异(P<0.01),对两种方法获得的孢子囊浓度取对数后进行相关性分析,显示流式细胞仪测定的孢子囊浓度与显微镜血球计数板计数得到的孢子囊浓度高度相关,相关系数为 0.993 4,表明流式细胞术可以应用于古巴假霜霉菌孢子囊的计数。     

Effect of low and high temperatures on infectivity of Encephalitozoon cuniculi spores suspended in water.

The survival of Encephalitozoon cuniculi Levaditi, Nicolau et Schoen, 1923 spores suspended in distilled water and exposed at defined temperatures was investigated. Infectivity of E. cuniculi spores was tested by inoculation of SCID mice. There was no marked loss of infectivity of spores stored at 4 degrees C for two years or frozen at -12 degrees C and -24 degrees C for 1, 8, and 24 h. Although there was a remarkable loss of infectivity, spores remained infective after freezing at -70 degrees C for 1 and 8 h. Heating at 60 degrees C and 70 degrees C for 5 min and 1 min, respectively, rendered the microsporidia non-infective. These findings demonstrate that E. cuniculi spores suspended in water can survive freezing temperatures but lost infectivity in water that reached a temperature of 60 degrees C at 5 min.     

低温对葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)菌丝生长和孢子萌发以及对贮藏菊苣侵染力的影响

 本文主要研究葡萄孢菌(Botrytis cinerea)在20、10、4、2、0、-2和-4℃下菌丝生长和孢子萌发的情况,以及在同样温度下对菊苣(Cichorium intybus L.)致病力的影响。尽管在PDA培养基上0℃以下低温明显地抑制菌丝生长和推迟孢子的萌发时间,但葡萄孢菌仍能在-4℃下14d后达到100%的萌发率,24周后菌落的生长直径为10 mm。用Botrytis cinerea孢子接种的菊苣在-2℃下6周以前的发病率较低,在-4℃下8周以前没有病害发生,但随着贮藏时间的延长,发病率逐渐上升,12周后腐烂率达到77%和71%,病害严重程度指数分别为37和31。菊苣贮藏在-2℃和-4℃下后期腐烂率的快速增加可能与此时菊苣产生冷害有关。