Effect of different human hair bleaching conditions on the hair coloration with hair boosting shampoo as colorant

In this paper, detailed simulation of human hair bleaching was conducted. The materials and chemical used as well as the hair bleaching procedures were described. After bleaching, the colour change of the hair was evaluated in accordance with CIE Lab system and the hair bleaching results was analysed. Following the hair bleaching process, hair coloration was employed with the use of colour boosting shampoo with henna of three different colours. The effect of different bleached hair samples on colour uptake property was examined by spectrophotometer method. Based on this study, it was concluded that the original hair colour did affect the colour uptake using the colour boosting shampoo with henna significantly. In order to have a visible coloring result, hair bleaching treatment was therefore highly recommended before conducting the hair coloration process.     

Effect of hair damage on the colour uptake of an oxidizing semi-permanent colorant

Further our previous study on the hair damages, this paper investigated the effect of three different hair damaging treatments on the coloration effect with an oxidizing semi-permanent colorant. The three damaging treatments are (i) sunlight (simulated by Xenon light), (ii) perming, and (iii) bleaching. The colour uptake was evaluated differently with conventional method by CIE L*a*b* system of equation. In addition, the colour fastness properties of colored hairs to different simulated daily treatment such as (i) hair washing, (ii) hair perming, (iii) sunlight exposure, and (iv) swimming in the sea were also examined. Based on the experimental results, It could be concluded that the hair treatment with bleaching could improve the colouring performance because of the elimination of melanin from hair. Meanwhile, the colour fastness properties of the colored hair under different colour fastness testing conditions were getting worse with respect to the increasing degree of damaging treatment.     

A study of the effectiveness of post-treatment after hair straightening process

In order to minimise the hair damage due to hair straightening process, post-treatment is recommended to protect the damaged hair from further depreciation and breakage. However, few reported quantitatively about the effectiveness of post-treatment after hair straightening process. Therefore, the aim of this paper will investigate the effectiveness of post-treatment methods for chemically straightened hairs. The effectiveness will be evaluated through different analytical methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry, tensile strength test and urea bisulphite solubility test for the properties related to morphological structure, hair colour change, tensile strength as well as chemical damage respectively. From the findings of the instrumental results, it was obvious that the application of post-treatments would improve the lustre of the damaged hair by giving higher value in lightness when compared with the raw hair control sample. Furthermore, the strength property of the post-treated hair increased when compared with the chemically straightened hair. This was due to the fact that the film-forming agents of conditioning products formed a protective layer and smooth surface on the fibre surface.     

Effects of bleaching and dyeing on the quality of alpaca tops and yarns

This paper reports the effects of bleaching of alpaca tops and dyeing of bleached alpaca tops/yarns on the quality of tops and yarns. A dark brown alpaca top was bleached with hydrogen peroxide. Two bleaching methods were tried for effectiveness of color removal. A portion of each bleached top was dyed after bleaching. Color parameters were examined for unbleached, bleached and bleached/dyed tops, these tops were then converted into yarns of different twist levels and counts using a worsted spinning system. Some of the bleached yarn from each bleaching method was dyed in a package dye vat to compare the difference of top dyeing versus yarn package dyeing on yarn quality. Fiber diameter, yarn strength, yarn evenness, yarn hairiness and fiber degradation were tested to examine the effects of bleaching and dyeing on these properties at top and yarn stages. A processing route for bleaching and dyeing alpaca fiber was recommended.     

Bleaching of Hemp (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Cannabis Sativa</Emphasis> L.) Fibers with Peracetic Acid for Textiles Industry Purposes

Hemp plant exhibits various eco-friendly properties and hemp fiber processing does not cause environmental damage, however, it is known that most chemical operations have a risk to interrupt a sustainable production. As stated in several studies, peracetic acid is an important environmental friendly bleaching agent when compared to its conventional competitors. In this study, hemp fabric was bleached with peracetic acid with exhaustion and padding methods. The effects of temperature, pH, process time, concentration on whiteness values were determined. The influences of bleaching processes were investigated via instrumental and imaging methods. Physical properties of the treated fibers were also tested. Besides peracetic acid, hydrogen peroxide bleaching was carried out for comparison. COD values of bleaching effluents were analyzed for selected samples. Higher whiteness values were obtained with exhaustion bleachings than pad-batch bleachings. Quite high whiteness values (up to 68.13 Stensby whiteness index) attained in peracetic acid without significant fiber damage.     

Hydrogen peroxide bleaching of Arundo donax L. kraft-anthraquinone pulp—Effect of a chelating stage

Total chlorine free (TCF) and elemental chlorine free (ECF) bleaching sequences were applied to an Arundo donax L. (giant reed) unbleached kraft-anthraquinone pulp, using different sequences with hydrogen peroxide and chlorine dioxide stages. The evolution of ISO brightness, kappa number and pulp viscosity was observed for each stage in all bleaching sequences, as well as the process selectivity. The best results were obtained with the XOQDP sequence with a final ISO brightness of 80%. The effect of a chelating stage before the hydrogen peroxide stage was studied, and the results showed higher pulp viscosity, less peroxide consumption and higher pulp brightness, when this treatment is applied.     

西番莲膳食纤维素粉的研制

研究了西番莲果皮制备膳食纤维的生产工艺,并对影响脱色的主要因素进行了探讨,结果表明,影响脱色的因素依次为脱色温度（Ｔ）、 ｐＨ值、脱色时间（Ｈ）、 Ｈ２Ｏ２用量（Ｗ）、螯合剂用量（ＧＣ３）。并利用正交实验方法得到当 Ｔ为 ６０℃、 ｐＨ为８、 Ｈ为 ２．５ ｈ、 Ｗ为 ６％、ＧＣ３为 １％时的产品感官质量最佳。     

Comparative analysis of two selective bleaching methods on Alpaca fibers

Dark brown Alpaca fiber was reduced in shade via selective bleaching with peroxide. Two selective oxidative bleaching methods were tested on alpaca top to assess their effectiveness for color removal and fiber quality properties. Color change, bundle strength, weight loss, fiber diameter, surface modification, dye-ability and dye wash fastness were assessed for both methods and compared with the original brown top. Bleach method 1 (BL-I) showed little surface modification, 5.8 % weight loss and 2.4 % strength loss. D1925 yellowness index was reduced to 74.3 from 83.1 and provided a good base for the dyeing of medium to deep shades. Bleach method 2 (BL-II) displayed considerable surface modification, 7.8 % weight loss and 18 % strength loss. BL-II also resulted in a mean diameter reduction of 1.9 micron during bleaching. Yellow-ness was reduced to 64.5 from 83.1 and provided a very good base for the dyeing of medium to deep shades. BL-I showed better exhaustion of the pre-metallised dye Lanaset Violet B than BL-II. Wash fastness for BL-II was 1 grey scale unit poorer than BL-I. BL-II showed far better color clarity at pale depths however the wash fastness of the finished product was not good enough to maintain the depth or clarity of the color. BL-I showed poorer clarity of color but exhibited better wash fastness results.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Prunus persica</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">platycarpa</Emphasis> (Tabacchiera Peach): Bioactive Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Pulp,Peel and Seed Ethanolic Extracts

A comparative analysis of ethanol extracts from peel, pulp and seed of Prunus persica var. platycarpa (Tabacchiera peach) was done. The total phenol, flavonoid and carotenoid content as well as the antioxidant properties by using different in vitro assays (DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, Fe-chelating, β-carotene bleaching test) were evaluated. Pulp extract was subjected to liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechualdehyde, chlorogenic acid, p-coumaric acid, and ferulic acid were identified as main constituents. Pulp extract was characterized by the highest total phytonutrients content and exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in all in vitro assays (IC₅₀ values of 2.2 μg/mL after 60 min of incubation by using β-carotene bleaching test and 2.9 μg/mL by using Fe-chelating assay). Overall, the obtained results suggest that P. persica var. platycarpa displays a good antioxidant activity and its consumption could be promoted.     

Environmentally friendly pulping and bleaching of bagasse

Depithed Sudanese bagasse was examined for its suitability for pulp production. Bagasse fibre dimensions, morphological and chemical characteristics are reported. The pulping trials were carried out with soda–AQ and alkaline sulphite–AQ (AS–AQ) methods and soda method as reference. The AS–AQ pulping gave the best results in yield, degree of delignification, mechanical and optical pulp properties. Blending of bagasse and bamboo alkaline sulphite–anthraquinone pulps in different ratios gave well-balanced pulp strength characteristics with good tensile and tear indices, widening the range of different end products from bagasse pulp. Totally chlorine free bleaching (Q₁O/PQ₂P) of the best unbleached bagasse pulps gave bleached pulps of 76.9% ISO brightness, suitable for use in writing and printing grades of paper.     

Economical Low-Temperature Bleaching of Cotton Fabric Using an Activated Peroxide System Coupling Cupric Ions with Bicarbonate

Conventional cotton bleaching is highly energy-intensive, water-dependent, and textile-damaging. The technologies currently used to achieve low-temperature bleaching always include a conflict between effectiveness and cost. This study represents an economically efficient process for cotton bleaching with H₂O₂ at low temperature. A novel system that couples Cu²⁺ with HCO ₃ ^? , has been developed to activate cotton bleaching. Factors that influence the bleaching performance were investigated, including the bleaching temperature and initial concentrations of the components (H₂O₂, NaHCO₃ and Cu²⁺). The experimental results indicated that the Cu²⁺-HCO ₃ ^? /H₂O₂ system had a lower operating cost and higher bleaching efficiency than conventional and TAED-activated systems. Additionally, the bleaching bath exhibited excellent reusability, further strengthening its feasibility for industrial applications. The results of HO? scavenging and Cu²⁺ monitoring experiments implied that the bleaching active species might be the Cu(III) species rather than HO?. This novel system provides a simple, effective, and cost-efficient method for practical bleaching.     

Bleaching of SeaCell® active fabrics with hydrogen peroxide

Seaweed-based SeaCell® fibres have been considered as new materials for textile industry. In this study, seaweedbased SeaCell® Active fibres which have antifungal and antibacterial activity have been used. Simple, economic and green process is applied to investigate the bleaching performance of SeaCell® Active fabric. Bleaching process has been performed in a laboratory scale dyeing machine by using H₂O₂ at different concentrations. Also, different bleaching trials were carried out by varying temperature, pH and process duration. Colour Measurements of the bleached SeaCell® Active fabrics have been characterized by utilizing Datacolor SF 600 +. Tristimulus and Whiteness Index values have been calculated according to the CIELab system with D65/10 o observer values. After the bleaching treatment, the obtained results reveal that SeaCell® Active fabric with satisfactory whiteness index and improved lightness (L*) value can be obtained by processing the fabric at 90 °C for 60 min in a bleaching bath with fixed pH 7.5 containing 30 ml/l H₂O₂. SEM images of untreated and bleached SeaCell® Active fabrics also show that some fibres have been damaged after bleaching process.     

不同类型玉米种子活力检测适宜方法的研究

以3种不同类型(普通玉米、糯玉米、甜玉米)共6个品种的玉米种子为试验材料,采用了标准发芽、电导率测定、TTC定量测定、丙二醛含量测定活力检测方法,对人工老化获得的不同类型玉米不同活力水平的种子进行了各项活力指标的测定,以确定不同类型玉米种子活力检测的适宜指标和方法。结果表明:普通玉米种子活力检测的适宜方法为标准发芽试验、电导率测定试验;糯玉米种子活力检测的适宜方法为标准发芽试验、丙二醛含量测定试验;甜玉米种子活力检测的适宜方法为标准发芽试验、电导率测定试验。     

玉米种子活力测定方法的研究

通过用标准发芽试验、低温发芽试验、高温发芽试验和田间播种试验(CK),测定了两个玉米品种(组合)的种子活力情况,以寻求测定玉米种子活力的最佳方法.结果表明:同一品种(组合)的种子活力指数采用不同的测定方法其结果是不一致的;对不同品种(组合)的种子活力比较,这几种方法均可采用。     

Hair conditioning effect of amino silicone softeners in varied treatment conditions

The effect of silicone softeners on hair conditioning was investigated with varied silicone treatment conditions and different thermal stress conditions. When silicon (-Si-) content was quantified from the silicone-treated hair specimens, greater contents of -Si- were observed from the hair treated with silicone softeners having amino-functionality than from that treated with polydimethylsiloxane. The adsorption of amino silicone was enhanced at higher temperature and longer treatment duration. The amino silicone softeners adsorbed more effectively on hair surface especially at lowered concentrations. Combing force of hair was lowered in greater extent when the hair specimens were treated with amino silicone softeners than with polydimethylsiloxane. The luster of hair specimens which were repeatedly treated with amino silicone softeners, however, was lowered due to more diffusion of light by the adsorption of amino silicone softeners.     

具不同脂肪氧合酶同工酶的大豆种子提取液漂白β-胡萝卜素的能力差异

大豆种子中含有3种脂肪氧合酶同工酶(Lox1、Lox2和Lox3).以含有不同脂肪氧合酶同工酶大豆品系种子为材料,揭示不同提取和反应条件下,不同品系Lox提取液漂白β-胡萝卜素的特性差异.结果表明:Lox1,Lox2,Lox3,Lox1,2和Lox1,2,3的最适提取液是Tris-HCl缓冲液(pH 6.8),而Lox1,3和Lox2,3的最适提取液是磷酸缓冲液(pH6.0).完全漂白β-胡萝卜素所需反应时间长短顺序是Lox1,2,3,Lox3>Lox2,3,Lox1,3>Lox1,Lox2>Lox1,2;在最适反应温度条件下,Lox提取液的漂白能力大小顺序是Lox1,3>Lox1,2,3,Lox2,3>Lox3>Lox1,2,Lox1>Lox2,而在最适pH条件下,Lox提取液的漂白能力大小顺序是Lox1,3,Lox2,3>Lox1,2,3>Lox1,2>Lox2>Lox3>Lox1.随着Lox提取液的放置时间延长,其漂白能力下降.含有Lox3的品系提取液(也就是Lox1,3,Lox2,3和Lox1,2,3的提取液)比不含Lox3或仅含单一同工酶品系的提取液具有更好的漂白能力,说明Lox3是获得高效漂白能力必不可少的同工酶.     

Antioxidant Activity and Chemical Characterization of Essential Oil of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bunium persicum</Emphasis>

The search for natural antioxidants, especially of plant origin, has notably increased in recent years. Bunium persicum Boiss. is an economically important medicinal plant growing wild in the dry temperature regions in Iran. In this study, chemical constituents of the essential oil of the seed from Bunium persicum Boiss. have been studied by GC/MS technique. The major components were caryophyllene (27.81%), gamma-terpinene (15.19%), cuminyl acetate (14.67%). Individual antioxidant assays such as, DPPH* scavenging activity and beta-carotene bleaching have been carried out. In DPPH* system, the EC(50) value of essential oil was determined as 0.88 mg/mL. In beta-carotene bleaching antioxidant activity of essential oil (0.45%) was almost equal to BHT at 0.01%. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the essential oil was evaluated in crude soybean oil by monitoring peroxide and thiobarbituric acid values of the oil substrate. The results showed that the Bunium persicum essential oil (BPEO) was able to reduce the oxidation rate of the soybean oil in the accelerated condition at 60 degrees C (oven test). The essential oil at 0.06% showed the same effect of BHA at 0.02%. Hence, BPEO could be used as an additive in food after screening.     

160个春大豆品种豆荚结构及其对食心虫抗性相关分析

为进一步解析大豆品种对大豆食心虫的结构抗虫性机制,明确其量化指标,对160份东北中部春大豆品种的豆荚表观结构特征进行分析,并从中筛选出41个单因子结构特征梯度品种,分别进行大豆食心虫成虫对不同品种荚毛指标的产卵选择性试验和初孵幼虫对不同品种荚皮层钻蛀试验。结果表明：160个品种荚毛密度、荚毛长度、荚皮表皮角质层、皮下厚壁细胞层、中果皮细胞层、内壁细胞组织层厚度的频次分布分别呈现一定规律性。荚毛密度与单荚落卵量呈极显著正相关,荚毛密度越大,豆荚落卵量越多,符合逻辑斯蒂方程y单荚卵量=6.22/[1+exp(3.17-0.88x荚毛密度)];荚毛长度与单荚落卵量呈显著负相关,符合二次曲线方程y单荚卵量=-23.98+27.82x荚毛长度-6.89x2荚毛长度,当荚毛长度大于2.00mm时,随着荚毛长度增加而落卵量减少。表皮角质层和皮下厚壁细胞层厚度与初孵幼虫入荚率之间相关不显著,而中果皮细胞层和内壁细胞组织层厚度与初孵幼虫入荚率之间均呈极显著负相关,分别符合指数函数曲线方程z入荚率=142.94exp(-0.70x中果皮),逻辑斯蒂方程z入荚率=103.64/[1+exp(-5.28+20.29x内壁)],表明大豆品种荚皮中果皮细胞层和内壁细胞组织层越厚,抗虫性越强。该结果可为选育大豆抗食心虫品种及评价品种抗虫性提供科学依据。      

Evidence of Male Hair Pencil Pheromone in Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)

Male Lepidoptera often possess specialized scales, called hair pencils that emit volatiles that are critical to mating success. Spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), males will display hair pencils to females before attempting copulation. The importance of volatiles on these hair pencils is, however, not clear. We compared the proportion of successful copulations in unmanipulated mating pairs to pairs where males had their hair pencils either removed or chemically washed, and to pairs where females were antennectomized. Mean proportions of successful matings were significantly lower in pairs where hair pencils had been manipulated or where females had been antennectomized compared with unmanipulated mating pairs. There was no significant difference in mating success between treatments where hair pencils had been manipulated; however, mating success was significantly lower in hair pencil treatments than in antennectomized treatments. Mean copulation proportions in hair pencil/antennectomized treatments were also significantly less than in respective sham-operated treatments. Our results suggest that volatiles are associated with hair pencils, and they may be required for mating success in C. fumiferana.     

Assessing potato cultivars for resistance to tuber soft rot (Erwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica) at four test centres in the UK

Summary Tuber slices of 15 cultivars were inoculated withErwinia carotovora subsp.atroseptica on two occasions at four test centres and the results compared. Correlations in mean lesion diameter between inoculum concentrations, between the same test on different occasions, between centres and between cultivars in different tests were mostly significant in spite of small differences in procedure at each centre. Satisfactory agreement was reached between centres, particularly concerning the most resistant (Cara, Pentland Hawk) and most susceptible (Record, Wilja, Pentland Crown, King Edward) of the cultivars tested. The implications of the findings are discussed in relation to results published elsewhere and to other methods of inoculation.