不同渗灌灌水对土壤酶活性的影响

Various environmental conditions determine soil enzyme activities, which are important indicators for changes of soil microbial activity, soil fertility, and land quality. The effect of subsurface irrigation scheduling on activities of three soil enzymes （phosphatase, urease, and catalase） was studied at five depths （0-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-60 cm） of a tomato greenhouse soil. Irrigation was scheduled when soil water condition reached the maximum allowable depletion （MAD） designed for different treatments （-10, -16, -25, -40, and -63 kPa）. Results showed that soil enzyme activities had significant responses to the irrigation scheduling during the period of subsurface irrigation. The neutral phosphatase activity and the catalase activity were found to generally increase with more frequent irrigation （MAD of -10 and -16 kPa）. This suggested that a higher level of water content favored an increase in activity of these two enzymes. In contrast, the urease activity decreased under irrigation, with less effect for MAD of -40 and -63 kPa. This implied that relatively wet soil conditions were conducive to retention of urea N, but relatively dry soil conditions could result in increasing loss of urea N. Further, this study revealed that soil enzyme activities could be alternative natural bio-sensors for the effect of irrigation on soil biochemical reactions and could help optimize irrigation management of greenhouse crop production.     

湿地土壤质量退化的模糊综合评价

Due to frequent soil Cd contamination and wide use of butachlor in China,there is a need to assess their combined toxicity to soil microorganisms.The combined effects of cadmium (Cd,10 mg kg^-1 soil) and herbicide butachlor (10,50,and 100 mg kg^-1 soil) on enzyme activities and microbial community structure in a paddy soil were assessed using the traditional enzyme assays and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis.The results showed that urease and phosphatase activities were significantly reduced by high butachlor concentration (100 mg kg^-1 soil).When the concentrations of Cd and butachlor added were at a ratio of 1:10,urease and phosphatase activities were significantly decreased whereas enzyme activities were greatly improved at the ratio of 1:5,which indicated that the combined effects of Cd and butachlor on soil urease and phosphatase activities depended largely on their addition concentration ratios.Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis showed loss of original bands and appearance of new bands when compared with the control soil.Random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints suggested substantial differences between the control and treated soil samples,with apparent changes in the number and size of amplified DNA fragments.The addition of high concentration butachlor and the combined impacts of Cd and butachlor significantly affected the diversity of the microbial community.RAPD analysis in conjunction with other biomarkers such as soil enzyme parameters would prove a powerful ecotoxicological tool.Further investigations should be carried out to understand the clear link between RAPD patterns and enzyme activity.     

铅对两个红壤中酶活性的影响

Enzyme activities have the potential to indicate biological functioning of soils. In this study, soil urease, dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase and invertase activities and fluorescein diacetate（FDA） hydrolysis were measured in two red soils spiked with Pb^2＋ ranging from 0 to 2 400 mg kg^-1 to relate the enzyme activity values to both plant growth and the levels of available and total Pb^2＋ concentrations in soils, and to examine the potential use of soil enzymes to assess the degrees of Pb contamination. Soil samples were taken for enzyme activities assaying during 3 month’s incubation and then after planting of celery（Apium graveolens L.） and Chinese cabbage（Brassica chinensis L.）. Enzyme activities in the red soil derived from arenaceous rock（RAR） were generally lower than those in the red soil developed on Quaternary red earths（REQ）. At high Pb^2＋ loadings, in both incubation and greenhouse studies, urease activity and FDA hydrolysis were significantly inhibited. But there were no significant relationships between soil dehydrogenase, acid phosphatase or invertase activity and soil Pb^2＋ loadings in both RAR and REQ soils. The growth of celery and Chinese cabbage increased soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis, but had minimal effect on dehydrogenase and invertase activities. There were positive correlations between celery biomass and soil urease activity and FDA hydrolysis. These results demonstrate that urease activity and FDA hydrolysis are more sensitive to Pb^2＋ than acid phosphatase, dehydrogenase and invertase activities in the RAR and REQ soils.     

一种新的提高树苗盐容量的移植方法

The influence of quinclorac (3,7-dichloroquinoline-8-carboxylic acid) on enzyme activities in flooded paddy soils was assessed under laboratory conditions. The enzymes differed markedly in their response to quinclorac. Quinclorac inhibited proteinase, hydrogen peroxidase, phosphorylase, and urease activities. The higher the concentration of quinclorac applied, the more significant the inhibition to these observed activities with a longer time required to recover to the level of the control. However, soils supplemented with quinclorac were nonpersistent for proteinase~ phosphorylase and urease as opposed to soils without quinclorac. Dehydrogenase activity was also sensitive to quinclorac. Three soil samples with concentrations of quinclorac higher than 1 μg g^-1 soil declined to less than 20% of that in the control. However, the highest dehydrogenase activity (up to 3.28-fold) was detected in soils with 2 μg g^-1 soil quinclorac on the 25th day after treatment. Quinclorac had a relatively mild effect on saccharase activity at the concentrations used in this experiment and a stimulatory one on soil respiration when added to soil at normal field concentrations. Nonetheless it was inhibited at higher concentrations in paddy soils. Quinclorac is still relatively safe to the soil ecosystem when applied at a normal concentration (0.67 μg g^-1 dried soil) but may have some effects on soil enzymes at higher concentrations.     

Effects of Silver Nanoparticles on the Activities of Soil Enzymes Involved in Carbon and Nutrient Cycling

Soils are continuously exposed to large amounts of engineered nanoparticles, especially silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which can affect the activity, stability, and specificity of microbial enzymes. Therefore, the measurement of specific enzyme activity can be used to identify major changes in soil environments. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of AgNPs on soil enzymes that play critical roles in mineralizing carbon and nutrients in soil. Soil samples (silt loam and sandy loam) were collected from the surface layer (0–15 cm) of a field at the George Washington Carver Farm, Lincoln University of Missouri, USA. The soils were then treated with AgNP solutions at 0, 1 600, or 3 200 μg Ag kg~(-1) dry soil, using either 10- or 50-nm AgNPs and a randomized complete block design, with three replicates per treatment. The AgNP-treated soil samples were homogenized and incubated for one month, and soil acid phosphatase, β-glucosaminidase, β-glucosidase, and arylsulfatase activities were measured after one hour, one week, and one month of incubation. The activities of all four enzymes were reduced by AgNP treatment after one hour and one week.However, AgNP size had no effect. After one month of incubation, the AgNP treatments had mixed effects, which suggests that soil enzymes are only affected on a short-term basis. Further studies are required to determine the mechanisms by which AgNPs reduce soil enzyme activity.     

Cl-对土壤中肥料氮、微生物数量和酶活性的影响

Pot experiments were conducted to study the effect of Cl^- on transformation of fertilizer N,number of microorganisms and enzyme activities in soils.It is indicated that Cl^- did not show significant influence on total number of bacteria,actinomyces and fungi,but significantly reduced the number of nitrosolbacteria, which led to decrease of NO3^- content in the soil.Application of Cl^- to soil could significantly enhance the adtivities of phosphatase and urease in the coastal saline soil and orthic aquisols,In hilly red soil,however,the application of Cl^-1 at the rate of 500-1000mg Cl^- kg^-1 soil significantly decreased the activity of the two enzymes mentioned above.     

淹水厌氧培养对水稻土中酶活性的影响

An incubation experiment with soil water content treatments of 0.15 （W1）, 0.20 （W2）, and 0.40 （W3） g g^-1 soil was carried out for two months to investigate the activities of important enzymes involved in C, N, P, and S cycling in a paddy soil from the Taihu Lake region, China, under waterlogged and aerobic conditions. Compared with air-dried soil, waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease （P ≤ 0.05） of fluorescein diacetate （FDA） and /3-D-glucosidase activities, and this effect was enhanced with increasing waterlogging time. Waterlogging also significantly inhibited （P ≤ 0.05） arylsulfatase as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase activities, but did not decrease the activities with the increase in waterlogging time. Short-term waterlogging did not affect urease activity, but prolonged waterlogging decreased it markedly. In contrast, the aerobic incubation （W1 and W2 treatments） significantly increased （P ≤ 0.05） FDA, alkaline phosphatase, and /3-D-glucosidase activities. With aerobic treatments the activities of FDA and alkaline phosphatase increased with incubation time, whereas /3-D-glucosidase activity decreased. A significant difference （P ≤ 0.05） was usually observed between the W1 and W2 treatments for the activities of FDA as well as alkaline and acid phosphatase; however,/3-D-glucosidase and urease were usually not significant （P ≤ 0.05）. No activity differences were observed between waterlogging and aerobic incubation for arylsulfatase and urease.     

泥炭土壤上与胞外酶相关的土壤微生物体与Marsh orchid的交互作用

The nature of the interactions between microbes and roots of plants in a peaty soil were studied in a laboratorybased experiment by measuring activities of β-glucosidase, phosphatase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arylsulphatase. The experiment was based on control （autoclaved）, bacteria-inoculated, and plant （transplanted with Dactylorhiza） treatments, and samples were collected over 4 sampling intervals. Higher enzyme activities were associated with the bacteria-inoculated treatment, suggesting that soil enzyme activities are mainly of microbial origin. For example,β-glucosidase activity varied between 25-30μmol g^-1 min^-1 in the bacteria-inoculated samples whilst the activity of the control ranged between 4-12 μmol g^-1 min^-1. A similar pattern was found for all other enzymes. At the end of the incubation, the microcosms were destructively sampled and the enzyme activities determined in bulk soil, rhizospheric soil, and on the root surface. Detailed measurement in different fractions of the peat indicated that higher activities were found in rhizosphere. However, the higher activities of β-glucosidase, N-acetylglucosaminidase, and arylsulphatase appeared to be associated with bacterial proliferation on the root surface, whilst a larger proportion of phosphatase appeared to be released from root surface.     

长期有机无机肥配施对土壤水稳性团聚体酶活性的影响

The activities of invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase in different fractions of waterstable aggregates (WSA) were examined in long-term (26 years) fertilised soils. The long-term application of organic manure (OM) with chemical fertiliser (CF) significantly increased macroaggregate and decreased microaggregate percentages, enhanced the mean weight diameter, and significantly increased soil total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) contents of WSA in different size fractions. Combined fertilisation with OM and CF also increased invertase, protease, urease, acid phosphomonoesterase, dehydrogenase, and catalase activities of WSA in different size fractions. Enzyme activities were higher in macroaggregates than in microaggregates. The distribution of enzyme activities generally followed the distribution of TC and TN in WSA. The geometric mean of the enzyme activities in different WSA of OM-treated soils was significantly higher than that in soils treated with 100% CF or no fertiliser. The results indicated that the long-term combined application of OM with CF increased the aggregate stability and enzyme activity of different WSA sizes, and consequently, improved soil physical structure and increased soil microbial activity.     

冰雪灾害后林窗对杉木林土壤性质的影响

During January–February 2008, a severe ice storm caused significant damages to forests in southern China, creating canopy gaps and changing soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity. To understand the relationships between gap size, changes in the soil environment and the effects that these changes have on soil processes, we investigated the effects of gap size on soil chemical and biological properties in the forest gaps in a Cunninghamia lanceolata stand in northern Guangdong Province, southern China. Ten naturally created gaps, five large(80–100 m~2) and five small(30–40 m~2), were selected in the stand of C.lanceolata. The large gaps showed a significant increase in light transmission ratio and air and soil temperatures and a decline in soil moisture, organic matter,N and P compared with the small gaps and the adjacent canopy-covered plots in the 0–10 cm soil. The differences in organic matter and nutrient levels found between the large and small gaps and the canopy-covered plots may be related to changes in environmental conditions. This indicated rapid litter decomposition and increased nutrient leaching in the large gaps. Moreover, the lowest levels of catalase, acid phosphatase and urease activities occurred in large gaps because of the decline in their soil fertility. Large forest gaps may have a region of poor fertility, reducing soil nutrient availability and enzyme activity within the C.lanceolata stand.     

土壤酶活性对土壤中土霉素的动态响应

采用室内培养试验研究了土霉素（OTC）对土壤过氧化氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,在整个培养期间,土霉素对土壤过氧化氢酶和土壤磷酸酶活性具有明显的抑制作用;对土壤蔗糖酶和脱氢酶活性在培养前期具有轻微的抑制作用,但培养后期（培养第112 d）具有较强的抑制作用;而对土壤脲酶活性的影响则相反,在培养第1 d,OTC 100 mg/kg处理对脲酶具有显著的刺激作用,以后土霉素对脲酶活性影响不明显。土壤过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶对土霉素污染响应比土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和脱氢酶更敏感,因而可以表征土壤受土霉素的污染程度。     

全氟辛酸铵盐（PFOA）对土壤酶活性影响的初步研究

全氟辛酸及其盐类（PFOA）是新近认定的持久性有机污染物之一,虽然对环境的危害愈来愈严重,但鲜见其土壤生态毒理的研究报道。为此采用室内模拟的方法,对PFOA与土壤酶（脲酶、脱氢酶、过氧化氢酶）活性间的剂量-效应关系进行了研究。结果表明,PFOA可显著抑制土壤脱氢酶活性（除5号土样外）,二者关系达显著或极显著负相关,揭示出土壤脱氢酶活性可表征土壤PFOA污染的程度;供试土样PFOA轻度和中度污染时的生态剂量ED10和ED50值分别为31mg·kg-1和151mg·kg-1,而且酸性土壤比碱性土壤对PFOA反应更敏感,表明土壤pH对PFOA的生态毒性有重要影响。PFOA对纯脲酶、土壤脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性影响规律性不明显,总体呈波动性变化,有待进一步研究。     

铜与草甘膦单一污染和复合污染对水稻土酶活性的影响

通过实验室培养试验,研究了铜与草甘膦单一污染和复合污染对水稻土中淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性的影响。结果表明,铜与草甘膦单一和复合污染对土壤中4种酶活性的影响效果明显不同。当铜单一污染时,抑制淀粉酶、脲酶、磷酸酶的活性,对过氧化氢酶活性的影响是低浓度激活高浓度抑制;而草甘膦单一污染时,对4种酶活性的影响是：激活淀粉酶和脲酶,抑制过氧化氢酶,对磷酸酶活性的影响则是低浓度激活高浓度抑制。铜和草甘膦复合污染,显著改变了铜或草甘磷单一污染对土壤酶的毒性效应。即复合污染对过氧化氢酶的毒性大于单一污染;对淀粉酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的毒性,小于铜单一污染,但大于草甘磷。方差分析结果表明,不同铜浓度间和不同草甘膦浓度间4种酶活性差异均达到极显著水平（P〈0．01）;铜和草甘膦互作浓度间,淀粉酶和脲酶活性差异分别达到了显著水平和极显著水平,其他2种酶活性差异不显著。     

黄土高原种植不同人工牧草对土壤酶活性的影响

[目的]研究黄土高原人工种植牧草土壤酶活性的变化,为提高黄土高原人工植被的稳定性和土壤肥力提升等相关研究提供科学依据。[方法]以种植3 a的冷地早熟禾、垂穗披碱草、猫尾草、陆地中间偃麦草、紫花苜蓿、沙打旺、红豆草等牧草地为研究对象。分别在3,6,9,12月的0—5 cm和5—10 cm土层取土壤样品,测定的脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性变化。[结果]脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶的活性在0—5 cm土层显著高于5—10 cm土层,但土壤过氧化氢酶活性在这两个土层之间差异不显著。在6月土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶的活性高于3月、9月和12月,但过氧化氢酶的活性差异不显著。7种人工种植的牧草中紫花苜蓿的土壤酶活性表现较高,而种植沙打旺的土壤酶活性较低。土层深度和季节的交互作用对4种土壤酶活性产生极显著影响(p0.01),牧草品种和季节对脲酶、蔗糖酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的具有显著的交互作用。[结论]黄土高原人工牧草地土壤酶活性呈现季节性变化,且种植人工牧草能够有效提高土壤酶活性而改善土壤肥力条件。     

宁夏引黄灌区农田土壤酶活性及其空间变异

采集了同一地点不同土地利用方式,及不同地点不同典型土地利用类型下银川平原的灌淤土样品,在分析了土壤基本理化性质的基础上,用奈氏比色法、苯磷酸二钠比色法和高锰酸钾滴定法,分别测定了宁夏引黄灌区农田不同利用方式下土壤的磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的活性状况,并对土壤酶活性与土壤的基本理化性质的相关性进行了相关分析。结果表明,土地利用方式对三种酶活性有很大的影响。12年果园磷酸酶活性最高,常年旱田脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性最高,而盐化旱田及常年淹水的稻田,三种酶活性都很低。脲酶活性与土壤全氮之间显著正相关,全磷与三种酶活性都极显著相关,三种酶之间达到显著或极显著正相关关系。表明磷酸酶、脲酶和过氧化氢酶活性的大小可以敏感地表征宁夏引黄灌区土壤肥力和生产力的高低。     

施磷对吊兰修复镉污染土壤及土壤酶活性的影响

选用吊兰进行室内盆栽,研究在Cd污染土壤中,施用不同剂量磷肥对吊兰生理指标、土壤酶活性等的影响,为合理施用磷肥,提高Cd污染土壤的植物修复效果提供参考依据。结果表明:吊兰在100mg/kg的Cd污染土壤中能正常生长,施P对吊兰的叶绿素、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性影响显著(p0.01),表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制作用。当施磷量为200mg/kg时,叶绿素含量、CAT酶活性最大,外渗电导率和MDA含量最低,POD酶活性开始上升,说明施磷能使吊兰的细胞膜受害程度最低,抗氧化作用增强。同时,施P有利于改善Cd污染土壤的酶系统,对过氧化氢酶、脲酶的活性表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制,对蔗糖酶的活性表现相反,对磷酸酶的活性表现抑制作用;且200mg/kg的磷处理时,过氧化氢酶、脲酶的活性最高,蔗糖酶的活性最低。4种土壤酶活性均与P浓度呈高度相关性(p0.05),相关性为脲酶过氧化氢酶蔗糖酶磷酸酶。     

不同施肥措施对春玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响

为研究肥料配比对春玉米农田土壤酶活性的影响,连续4年采用田间定位种植春玉米,分析各生育期各土层酶活性,利用聚类分析和主成分分析揭示酶活性的动态变化差异。结果表明,各种施肥措施显著增加蔗糖酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性,主要影响10~20 cm土层酶活性。施用有机肥土壤酶活性最大值出现在散粉期,施用无机肥土壤酶活性最大值出现在大喇叭口期。随着土层深度的增加,蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性呈下降趋势;过氧化氢酶活性10~20 cm土层最低。配合施肥中增施氮肥降低过氧化氢酶活性,增加蔗糖酶、脲酶活性;增施磷肥增加脲酶、磷酸酶活性;增施有机肥增加过氧化氢酶活性,降低蔗糖酶、脲酶活性。单施氮肥降低土壤脲酶和磷酸酶活性。有机无机肥配施能够延长春玉米生育期土壤酶活性的高值期。土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性分别受全钾、全氮、有机质和全氮、全磷和有机质含量的影响,施肥通过改变土壤元素含量及供给能力影响土壤酶活性。     

外源硒（Se(4＋)和Se(6＋））污染对土壤酶活性的影响

利用盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度、不同价态外源硒（Se4＋、Se6＋）对连续种植小白菜土壤中过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性的影响,为土壤硒污染的生态风险评价和管理提供科学依据。结果表明：低浓度硒对土壤酶活性有不同程度的激活效应,而高浓度硒对4种土壤酶均产生抑制作用;外源硒对脲酶及脱氢酶活性的抑制作用大于碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶。外源Se4＋及Se6＋浓度与土壤脲酶活性间都存在显著的负相关（P〈0.01）,且同浓度两个价态硒差异显著（P〈0.05）,说明脲酶可作为土壤硒污染程度的生态风险评价的生物指标;而过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶及碱性磷酸酶只能表征一定时间段内土壤硒污染的程度。土壤酶的ED5（0生态剂量）均随硒施入时间的延长而增大,以脲酶的ED50值最小,Se6＋的ED50小于Se4＋,生态毒性大于Se4＋。     

土壤锗污染对土壤酶活性的生态毒理效应

通过室内培养和盆栽试验,研究了土壤添加锗(Ge)对黄棕壤过氧化氢酶、脱氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶的生态毒理效应。结果表明,在土壤Ge含量2~200 mg kg-1范围,土壤Ge对脱氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、转化酶活性抑制作用不明显。土壤Ge对土壤过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性有明显抑制作用,脲酶受Ge的抑制作用最强。土壤Ge含量与脲酶活性之间具有显著负相关,脲酶抑制率可作为Ge生态风险评价的一项生物指示物。