长期日光温室试验条件下不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体稳定性和铁铝氧化物含量的影响

Soil in greenhouses is likely to suffer a gradual decline in aggregate stability. Determination of the effects of different fertiliser practices on soil aggregate stability is important for taking advantage of solar greenhouses. Soil aggregate stability and iron(Fe) and aluminium(Al) oxide contents were investigated in a 26-year long-term fertilisation experiment in greenhouse in Shenyang, China,under eight fertiliser treatments: manure(M), fertiliser N(FN), fertiliser N with manure(MN), fertiliser P(FP), fertiliser P with manure(MP), fertiliser NP(FNP), fertiliser NP with manure(MNP), and control without any fertiliser(CK). A wet sieving method was used to determine aggregate size distribution and water-stable aggregates(WSA), mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter as the indices of soil aggregate stability. Different fertiliser treatments had a statistically significant influence on aggregate stability and Fe and Al oxide contents. Long-term application of inorganic fertilisers had no obvious effects on the mass proportion of aggregates. By contrast, manure application significantly increased the mass proportion of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates. All treatments, with the exception of FNP, significantly increased the stability of macroaggregates but decreased that of microaggregates when compared with CK. Aggregation under MP and MN was better than that under M and MNP; however,no significant differences were found among inorganic fertiliser treatments(i.e., FN, FP, and FNP). A positive relation was found between pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and WSA(r = 0.269), but no significant relations were observed between other Fe and Al oxides and aggregate stability.     

无机肥配施粪肥对华北褐土团聚体分布及有机碳含量的影响

为研究无机肥配施粪肥对华北褐土团聚体分布、稳定性及对土壤有机碳（Soilorganiccarbon,SOC）保护性机制的影响,于2012年采自河北省徐水县试验站冬小麦一夏玉米定位试验田进行了试验。设置1个空白对照CK,1个单施化肥处理N10,4个粪肥与化肥配施处理M1N9、M2N8、M3N7、M5N5,采集0～20cm耕层土样,测定土样团聚体稳定性和SOC含量。结果表明：单施化肥不能明显提升土壤中SOC含量;配施粪肥能显著地提高R0.25和大团聚体中OC（Organiccarbon）的含量。M3N7处理能显著提高团聚体平均重量直径（Meanweightdiameter,MWD）、几何平均直径（Geometricmeandiameter,GMD）和各级团聚体中OC的含量。M2N8、M3N7、M5N5处理中SOC主要分布在2-0．25mm的大团聚体上,CK处理中SOC主要分布在微团聚体上,大团聚体含量较低,说明微团聚体比大团聚体形成的早,稳定性高于大团聚体,验证了微团聚体通过胶结作用形成大团聚体的层次性机制。该褐土的团聚体一SOC相互作用说明大团聚体的层次性形成和稳定性对SOC的保护具有关键作用。     

土地利用方式对土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳的影响

对福建省建瓯市山地红壤的农业用地(坡耕地、茶园、桔园)、林地(杉木、木荷、封育)不同土层(0-10,10-20 cm)土壤团聚体有机碳含量与贮量进行研究.结果表明:林地开垦作为农地后,>2 mm土壤大团聚体的数量明显下降,<0.25 mm团聚体含量显著上升.不同土地利用方式的土壤大团聚体呈现粒径越大,团聚体有机碳含量越高的趋势,林地不同粒径团聚体有机碳含量都显著高于农业用地.林地随着团聚体粒径增大,土壤碳贮量增加;而农地正好相反,随着团聚体粒径增大,土壤碳贮量反而下降.土壤总有机碳增加主要受到大团聚体有机碳增加的影响,其中>2 mm和0.5～2 mm粒径土壤团聚体对土壤总有机碳贡献最为突出.因此亚热带山地红壤内林地开垦为农业用地会导致富含碳的土壤大团聚体有机碳含量大幅度下降,团聚体的稳定性也随之下降.     

有机无机肥长期施用对潮土团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

用湿筛法和密度分级相结合的方法,将土壤区分为不同粒径团聚体,并进一步把团聚体细分成不同组分,系统比较了有机无机肥长期施用对潮土及其团聚体中有机C含量的影响。结果表明,潮土团聚体以53～250μm为主,有机肥长期施用显著提高了250～2000μm团聚体数量,降低了53～250μm团聚体的比例。无机肥施用增加了各粒径团聚体有机C含量,但没有改变团聚体的比例。团聚体中有机C以细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)为主,有机肥施用显著增加了矿物态有机C含量,并通过增加250～2000μm团聚体中细颗粒有机C(fine iPOM)和矿物态有机C比例来提高土壤有机C含量。无机肥则通过比较均匀地增加团聚体中各组分有机C含量来提高土壤有机C水平。因此,有机肥和无机肥在潮土上增加土壤有机质含量的机制存在明显差异。     

长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响

通过对山西省寿阳长期定位试验田0—20 cm和20—40 cm的土壤测定和分析,探讨了长期有机无机肥配施下褐土微生物生物量碳、氮和酶活性的变化以及相关性。结果表明,褐土微生物生物量碳、氮变化基本一致。褐土微生物生物量碳、氮从0—20 cm到20—40 cm土层均呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥、有机无机肥合理配施都能提高褐土微生物生物量碳、氮;不同用量的长期单施化肥处理不能使微生物生物量碳、氮显著增加。脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性从0—20 cm到20—40 cm土层呈减少趋势;长期单施高量有机肥和有机无机肥合理配施可使褐土脲酶及碱性磷酸酶活性增加。脲酶活性随单施化肥量的增加有增加趋势,而碱性磷酸酶活性则呈减小趋势。土壤微生物量碳、氮、土壤酶活性及土壤养分之间的显著相关性表明,微生物生物量碳、氮和土壤酶活性可以判断褐土土壤有机质和N素状况,可作为评价褐土肥力水平和土壤培肥效果的生物学指标,同时也为提高褐土肥力水平和土壤培肥效果提供依据。     

五台山土壤水稳性团聚体有机碳分布特征

为揭示五台山垂直带土壤不同形态团聚体有机碳的分布特征,以五台山垂直带土壤为研究对象,于2016年8月从高海拔至低海拔对亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤、淋溶褐土、石灰性褐土样品进行采集,并且通过湿筛法和物理分组技术获得不同土壤类型中2,2~0.25,0.25~0.053,0.053mm水稳性团聚体,进一步分析了土壤及各级水稳性团聚体的总有机碳、颗粒有机碳(POC)和矿物结合有机碳(MOC)。结果表明:亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土和棕壤均以2mm团聚体为最多,达到总水稳性团聚体的45.13%。然而,淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土中分别以2~0.25mm和0.25~0.053mm团聚体为最多,分别达到33.79%和39.95%。随着海拔高度的降低土壤有机碳含量依次降低,且不同土壤类型中,2mm和2~0.25mm团聚体有机碳含量与其对应的土壤有机碳含量呈极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为r2mm=0.986和r2~0.25mm=0.966(P0.01)。随着土壤团聚体粒径的减小,亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤的POC含量呈现下降趋势,而淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土的POC含量呈现升高趋势。亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤的MOC含量都以2mm团聚体为最大,淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土分别以2~0.25mm和0.25~0.053mm团聚体的MOC含量为最大。各土壤及团聚体中MOC的含量要明显大于POC的含量,而且在土壤和各级大团聚体中二者呈现正相关关系(P0.05)。此外,各土壤POC和MOC的含量与土壤有机碳含量也呈现正相关关系(P0.05)。因此,随着海拔高度的降低,各土壤团聚体组成由大团聚体向微团聚体转变,亚高山草甸土、山地草甸土、棕壤的碳截获能力强于淋溶褐土和石灰性褐土。     

麻栎林龄对土壤水稳性团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响

为了解林龄对土壤团聚体及其有机碳含量的影响,探求各级团聚体中碳含量与团聚体稳定性之间的关系,以17、26和65 a的麻栎人工林为对象,研究了林地0～40 cm土壤水稳性团聚体组成、团聚体水稳定性以及各级团聚体有机碳含量的变化规律和相互关系。结果表明:①林龄对土壤团聚体组成及其水稳定性影响显著,影响效果随林龄增加而增强,随土层加深而减弱;②林龄对土壤团聚体有机碳含量影响显著,影响程度随林龄增加而增强;③0.25 mm土壤团聚体有机碳含量与各级土壤有机碳含量密切相关,也是影响团聚体水稳定性的主要因素。     

长期有机无机肥配施对东北黑土真菌群落结构的影响

【目的】分析长期有机无机肥配施对土壤真菌丰度、多样性及其群落特征的影响,探讨东北黑土真菌群落变化与施肥的相关性,为进一步调节土壤微生物结构,改善其生态功能提供参考依据。【方法】依托黑龙江省农业科学院36年长期定位试验站,选取4个不同施肥处理:不施肥处理（CK）、有机肥处理（M）、氮磷钾无机肥处理（NPK）和有机肥配施无机肥处理（MNPK）的耕作层土壤为研究对象,以真菌ITS基因为分子标靶借助qPCR技术和Illumina Miseq高通量测序平台,研究不同施肥处理对黑土中真菌群落丰度、多样性和组成的影响,并与土壤化学性质进行偶联分析,揭示群落与施肥的相关性。【结果】长期施用无机肥显著降低土壤pH,而有机无机配施可以有效缓解土壤酸化。NPK处理的ITS基因丰度显著高于MNPK;MNPK处理的细菌/真菌比值（26.91104）显著大于NPK,各处理比值由高到低为MNPK M CK NPK。细菌/真菌比值与土壤pH正相关;MNPK处理的真菌多样性指数值略大于NPK。Ascomycota和Zygomycota为土壤中主要真菌门,不同施肥处理之间真菌组成的相对丰度存在显著差异,对照处理Ascomycota的相对丰度为45.35%,MNPK和NPK处理分别为50.93%和56.16%。有机肥有利于降低病原真菌相对丰度,具有高度侵染性的Cochliobolus在MNPK（0.41%）和M（0.39%）中的相对丰度显著小于CK（3.25%）和NPK（2.08%）。CCA分析表明,土壤理化性质共解释土壤真菌群落结构变化的73.3%,有效磷（贡献量为32.4%,P=0.002）、铵态氮（贡献量为14.8%,P=0.01）和硝态氮（贡献量为16.2%,P=0.048）是3个重要的影响因子。【结论】不同施肥条件下土壤真菌丰度、多样性,以及菌群组成特征不同。与无机肥相比,有机肥无机肥配施能够有效改善真菌群落结构,降低真菌的丰度,增加真菌多样性,并提高土壤pH,减缓土壤酸化。土壤有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮含量是影响黑土土壤真菌群落结构变化重要因素。     

长期有机无机肥配施对稻田土壤基本理化性状的影响

通过湖南省7个土壤肥力与肥效监测长期定位试验,研究了有机无机肥配施对稻田耕层土壤基本理化性状的影响.结果表明,(1)长期有机无机肥配施可以促进土壤有机碳及活性有机碳的积累,降低土壤容重,提高孔隙度特别是通气孔隙度,促进水稳性大团聚体(WSA)的形成,提高阳离子交换量(CEC),高量有机肥效果优于中量有机肥.(2)有机肥使初始pH为5.20～7.8的土壤pH调节到5.6左右.(3)土壤有机碳(TOC)、热水可提取碳(HWC)与容重呈显著负相关(p＜0.05),与孔隙度、水稳性团聚体、CEC呈显著正相关(p＜0.05).有机无机肥配施有利于土壤有机碳和活性有机碳的积累,因而能使土壤变得疏松,透气性、保水保肥能力都得到增强.     

耕作措施对土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳分布的影响

通过9a不同耕作的定位试验,研究了深松、旋耕、免耕和传统耕作4种耕作措施对关中塿土小麦-玉米轮作条件下土壤水稳性团聚体及有机碳垂直分布的影响。结果表明,与传统耕作相比,深松、旋耕、免耕措施均提高了0～40cm土层中〉2mm和0.25～2mm大团聚体含量、团聚体有机碳贡献率和团聚体平均重量直径,而传统耕作相应地增加了0～40cm土层中0.053～0.25mm微团聚体和〈0.053mm粘砂粒含量及其有机碳贡献率。同时深松、旋耕、免耕措施提高了各土层总有机碳和耕层0～10cm所有级别团聚体有机碳含量,相比较而言,深松的作用效果更大。秸秆还田进一步提高了各土壤层次上总有机碳和所有级别团聚体的有机碳含量及大团聚体的形成与稳定。在玉米秸秆不还田的条件下,隔年深松比连年深松更有利于0～30cm大团聚体形成及总有机碳和各级别团聚体有机碳的积累。     

Soil aggregate stability and organic matter as affected by land-use change in central Iran

This study aimed to evaluate the soil aggregate stability and selected soil quality indicators in various land uses in a semiarid region in central Iran. Random soil sampling was used to collect soil samples from surface (0–5 cm) and subsurface (5–25 cm) soil layers in rangelands of different condition classes, dry farmland and abandoned land. The aggregate size distribution indices including mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD) and median diameter (D₅₀) of water-stable aggregates in the collected soil samples were measured. Our findings showed that percent of macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) of the surface and subsurface layers in rangelands of different condition classes were significantly higher than dry farmlands and abandoned lands (P < 0.05). Results showed that the trend of changes in soil organic matter was similar to soil aggregate stability in different land uses in both soil layers as follows: rangeland with good condition > rangeland with poor condition > abandoned land > dry farmlands. The structural stability indices (i.e. MWD, GMD and D₅₀) of rangelands with good condition were significantly greater than other land uses (P < 0.05). This highlights the importance of maintaining native rangeland to prevent organic matter loss, structure deterioration and soil erosion.     

Effects of combined organic manure and mineral fertilization on soil aggregation and aggregate-associated organic carbon in two agricultural soils

Abstract

The effect of organic manure and inorganic fertilizer on soil aggregate size distribution and stability, and associated carbon (C) within aggregates varies greatly in previous studies because of the differences in soil conditions, cropping systems, and management practices. This study was conducted as two field fertilization experiments, with different cropping systems, under a subtropical climate in China. The two field experiment sites were located in Jinhua (established in April 2011) in the Jinqu basin in Zhejiang province and Jintan (established in October 2010) in the low-middle Yangtze River plain in Jiangsu province. Both experiments consisted of four treatments, including unfertilized (CK), mineral fertilizer nitrogen (N)–phosphorus (P)–potassium (K) (NPK), NPK plus straw (NPK?+?SR), and NPK plus cattle manure (NPK?+?FYM) or half NPK plus cattle manure (1/2NPK?+?FYM). Water stable aggregate size classes (>5, 2–5, 1–2, 0.5–1, 0.25–0.5, and <0.25?mm) and associated soil organic C (SOC) at 0–15?cm depth were measured. The mean weight diameter (MWD), geometric mean diameter (GMD), and water stable aggregates (WSA)?>?0.25?mm were also determined. The results showed that aggregate-size distribution varied with soil types. Combined application of NPK and organic matter (straw residue or cattle manure), unlike the CK and NPK treatments, significantly increased the WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, and GMD, while obviously reducing the proportion of <0.25?mm aggregates. However, no differences in WSA >0.25?mm, MWD, GMD, and associated C were observed between CK and NPK at both sites. The addition of FYM to the NPK treatment yielded the highest SOC contents in bulk soil, and showed significantly higher associations of C within all size aggregates at both sites. In contrast, NPK?+?SR significantly increased SOC within aggregate classes (2–5?mm, 0.5–1?mm, 0.25–0.5?mm, and <0.25?mm) at Jinhua and (>5?mm and 1–2?mm) at Jintan compared to the CK and NPK treatments. Overall, the combined application of FYM and mineral NPK was the best sustainable management practice for the improvement of aggregate stability and SOC sequestration.     

长期施肥棕壤团聚体分布及其碳氮含量变化

【目的】探究玉米-玉米-大豆轮作体系不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体分布及其有机碳、全氮的影响,以期深入了解施肥对土壤培肥、改善土壤结构的机制。【方法】选取不施肥（CK）,化肥（NPK）,低量有机肥（M1）,低量有机肥与化肥配施（M1NPK）,高量有机肥（M2）,高量有机肥与化肥配施（M2NPK）6个处理。采集棕壤37年长期定位试验微区不同施肥处理的0-20 cm和20-40 cm土样,分析其水稳性团聚体（ 1 mm、1~0.5 mm、0.5~0.25 mm、0.25~0.053 mm及 0.053 mm）分布及其有机碳、全氮分配特征。【结果】棕壤长期施肥对团聚体分布及其碳氮的影响0-20 cm大于20-40 cm,随土层深度的增加,有机碳（SOC）、全氮（TN）含量减少。各处理团聚体及碳、氮在团聚体中的分配主要在黏粉粒中（40%以上）。与CK相比,NPK处理显著提高了黏粉粒的含量,降低大团聚体与微团聚体含量,显著增加黏粉粒储碳比例;M1、M2处理显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,显著增加 0.25 mm各粒级团聚体的储碳比例,且M2处理显著高于M1处理;M1NPK、M2NPK处理也显著增加 1 mm团聚体数量及其SOC含量,M1NPK与M2NPK处理在NPK处理的基础上依次增加0.5~0.25 mm（M1NPK）、1~0.5 mm及 1 mm团聚体的储碳比例,M2NPK处理 0.25 mm团聚体储碳比例最高,土壤团聚体全氮的变化趋势与有机碳类似。【结论】棕壤连续有机无机配合施用可显著增加土壤大团聚体数量、SOC、TN含量及其储碳、氮比例,是提高土壤质量、改善土壤结构的有效施肥措施。     

长期施肥对中国亚热带水稻土土壤稳定性和机械属性的影响

Wet stability, penetration resistance （PR）, and tensile strength （TS） of paddy soils under a fertilization experiment for 22 years were determined to elucidate the function of soil organic matter in paddy soil stabilization. The treatments included no fertilization （CK）, normal chemical fertilization （NPK）, double the NPK application rates （2NPK）, and NPK mixed with organic manure （NPK＋OM）. Compared with CK, Fertilization increased soil organic carbon （SOC） and soil porosity. The results of soil aggregate fragmentation degree （SAFD） showed that fast wetting by water was the key fragmentation mechanism. Among the treatments, the NPK＋OM treatment had the largest size of water-stable aggregates and greatest normal mean weight diameter （NMWD） （P ≤ 0.05）, but the lowest PR and TS in both cultivated horizon （Ap） and plow pan. The CK and 2NPK treatments were measured with PR 〉 2.0 MPa and friability index 〈 0.20, respectively, in the Ap horizon, suggesting that the soils was mechanically unfavourable to root growth and tillage. In the plow pan, the fertilization treatments had greater TS and PR than in CK. TS and PR of the tested soil aggregates were negatively correlated to SOC content and soil porosity. This study suggested that chemical fertilization could cause deterioration of mechanical properties while application of organic manure could improve soil stability and mechanical properties.     

长期培肥下红壤有机碳组成与团聚体稳定性的关系

为研究培肥措施对红壤有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性的影响,以及有机碳与团聚体稳定性的关系,通过长期定位实验,选取不同施肥措施(未培肥CK、化肥NPK、化肥+秸秆NPKS和粪肥AM)下的典型红壤为研究对象,分析土壤有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性差异,揭示3种施肥措施下不同层次的有机碳组成和团聚体稳定性的变化规律.结果表明,3种施肥措施均可以提高土壤表层(0 ～25 cm)有机碳质量分数(尤其是颗粒有机碳),其中AM效果最显著,NPKS次之.不同施肥措施下红壤不同层次的团聚体稳定性顺序为AM＞ NPKS＞ NPK＞ CK.与CK相比,AM处理对表下层(5～15 cm)土壤的总有机碳和团聚体稳定性的提高效果最显著.回归分析表明,颗粒有机碳(POC)与湿筛法平均质量直径以及快速湿润(FW)、慢速湿润(SW)、预湿润震荡(WS)3种处理的平均质量直径的相关性最好(R2 =0.79、0.80、0.66、0.81),说明相对于其他组分,颗粒有机碳更有利于降低消散作用以及抵抗机械破碎进而增强团聚体稳定性,是间接评价土壤团聚体稳定性的良好指标.     

免耕和秸秆还田对东北黑土区土壤团聚体组成及有机碳 含量的影响

为解决东北黑土区因不合理耕作导致的土壤结构性状变差及有机碳含量下降的问题,该研究于2015年开始,在黑龙江省哈尔滨市东北农业大学向阳试验基地开展。设置免耕+秸秆还田（NTS）、免耕（NT）、翻耕+秸秆还田（CTS）、翻耕（CT）4种处理,于2018、2019年采集土样,研究免耕措施及秸秆还田对东北薄层黑土区0～10、>10～20 cm土壤团聚体稳定性、土壤有机碳含量、各粒径团聚体内有机碳含量的影响。结果表明：2018和2019年0～10、>10～20 cm土层NTS处理>5 mm水稳性团聚体百分比含量及平均重量直径显著高于其他3种处理,NTS及NT处理土壤有机碳含量显著高于CTS及CT处理（P?<0.05）,4种处理各粒径水稳性团聚体有机碳含量峰值总体出现在1～2 mm处,NTS及NT处理>5、2～5、1～2 mm有机碳贡献率整体高于CTS及CT处理。研究表明,免耕与秸秆还田有利于薄层黑土坡耕地耕层土壤团聚体稳定性的提高和各粒级下团聚体有机碳的积累,与其他3种处理相比,免耕+秸秆还田效果更佳。     

玉米间作大豆、萝卜对红壤不同粒径水稳性团聚体碳氮分布的影响

为了探讨不同种植模式对红壤水稳性团聚体粒径分布以及不同粒级团聚体中有机碳、氮含量,土壤微生物量碳、氮含量的影响,选择大豆、萝卜与玉米间作及3种作物的单作进行田间试验,在作物成熟期采样,进行样品测定。结果表明:在玉米-大豆(玉//豆)、玉米-萝卜(玉//萝)、玉米单作(玉单)、大豆单作(豆单)、萝卜单作(萝单)处理中,大团聚体(> 0.25 mm)的百分含量明显高于微团聚体(<0.25 mm),其中以大团聚体中粒径为0.25~2 mm的百分含量最高且显著高于其余两种粒径,大团聚体百分含量表现为:玉//豆>玉//萝>玉单>萝单>豆单,微团聚体则与其相反。团聚体粒径中的有机碳含量表现为0.25~2 mm粒径最高、<0.25 mm粒径次之、>2 mm粒径含量最少、玉米大豆间作含量最高、玉米单作含量最低。团聚体粒级中全氮含量与有机碳分布一致,但单作的全氮含量高于间作。有机碳与全氮的C/N为间作高于单作,>2 mm粒径C/N高于其余两种粒径。微生物量碳、氮在团聚体粒径中的分布趋势一致,都表现为间作模式高于单作模式,大团聚体中的含量高于微团聚体。微生物量碳、氮的C/N为单作模式高于间作模式,微团聚体大于大团聚体。与单作相比,间作能提高土壤中水稳性大团聚体的含量,增加大团聚体粒径内的有机碳、氮及微生物量碳、氮的含量。     

不同有机厩肥输入量对土壤团聚体有机碳组分的影响

土壤是重要的有机碳库,其微小变化可能引起大气CO2浓度水平的较大变异。土壤团聚体对土壤有机碳具有物理保护作用。有机厩肥的输入既可以提高土壤有机碳含量,又可以促进土壤团聚体的形成,对土壤有机碳的截获和保持有重要意义。本实验采用湿筛的方法分离土壤团聚体,并对团聚体进行有机碳组分分离。通过对连续8年施加不同量有机厩肥试验的研究发现:适量的有机厩肥施用可以显著地提高土壤的平均质量直径(MWD),改善土壤结构;过量施用有机厩肥则明显降低了>2 000μm团聚体含量。潮棕壤有机碳主要分布在250～53μm和2 000～250μm团聚体中,两者相加约占有机碳全量的73.7%～78.5%。并且随着有机碳输入量的增加,土壤有机碳主要贮存在2 000～250μm团聚体中。有机厩肥的施加明显地加快了>2 000μm团聚体的更新速率。土壤轻组分有机碳含量也随有机厩肥输入量的增加而不断增加,高量有机厩肥下占全量的22.1%。土壤固定有机碳的能力有限,存在明显的等级饱和现象。因此,在有机质匮乏的土壤施用有机肥意义重大,应尽量减少向高有机质土壤输入有机碳。     

Soil organic carbon and physical properties as affected by long-term application of FYM and inorganic fertilizers in maize–wheat system

The physical quality of the soil, which creates suitable environment for the availability and uptake of the plant nutrients, is generally ignored. Though the effect of organic manures on soil physical quality has been widely appreciated but that of inorganic fertilizers is studied to a lesser extent. The present study carried out during 2004–2005 aims to characterize the soil physical quality in relation to the long-term (32 years) application of farmyard manure (FYM) and inorganic fertilizers in maize (Zea mays L.) wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. The treatments during both maize and wheat crops were (i) farm yard manure at 20 Mg ha⁻¹ (FYM), (ii) nitrogen at 100 kg ha⁻¹ (N₁₀₀), (iii) nitrogen and phosphorus at 100 and 50 kg ha⁻¹ (N₁₀₀P₅₀) and (iv) nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at 100, 50 and 50 kg ha⁻¹ (N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀) in addition to (v) control treatment, i.e. without any fertilizer and/or FYM addition. The treatments were replicated four times in randomized block design in a sandy loam (Typic Ustipsament, non-saline, slightly alkaline). Bulk density, organic carbon content, structural stability of soil aggregates and water holding capacity of 0–60 cm soil layer were measured.The application of FYM to maize increased the organic carbon by 16% whereas N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀ increased it by 21%. The increased organic matter with both FYM and N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀ increased the total soil porosity and decreased soil bulk density from that in control plots. The mean weight diameter (MWD) was highest in FYM plots of both maize (0.160 mm) and wheat (0.172 mm) closely followed by that in N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀ plots. The effect of FYM in increasing the MWD decreased with soil depth. The average water holding capacity (WHC) was higher with FYM and N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀ application than that in control plots. The MWD, total porosity, OC content and WHC improved with the application of balanced application of fertilizers. The grain yield and uptake of N, P and K by both maize and wheat were higher with the application of FYM and inorganic fertilizers than in control plots. The uptake of N, P and K increased with the application of FYM and N₁₀₀P₅₀K₅₀.