不同农业土壤中有效磷的变化与磷平衡的关系

Maintaining soil phosphorus(P) at adequate levels for plant growth requires assessing how the long-term P balance(viz., the difference between P inputs and outputs) results in changes in soil test P. The hypothesis that routinely measured soil properties can help predict the conversion factor of P balance into Olsen P was tested at 39 sites in agricultural areas of the Mediterranean region in Spain. A set of soil samples from each site was analyzed for Olsen P, inorganic P(P extracted using 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4), pseudototal P(P extracted using 0.5 mol L~(-1) H_2SO_4 following ignition at 550℃), and organic P(the difference between pseudototal P and inorganic P). Organic and Olsen P were uncorrelated in most of the 39 soil sets, which suggests that organic P content changed little with P inputs and outputs. The slopes of the regression lines of Olsen P against pseudototal and inorganic P, which were used as two different measures of the conversion factor, ranged widely(from 0.03 to 0.25 approximately), with their average values(about 0.10) being similar to those found in long-term experiments conducted in temperate areas. Neither conversion factor was significantly correlated with any routinely measured soil property; however, the conversion factor for inorganic P was significantly lower for calcareous soils than for noncalcareous soils. Our negative results suggest the need to isolate the influence of soil properties from that of management systems and environmental factors relating to P dynamics in future studies.     

长期日光温室试验条件下不同施肥处理对土壤团聚体稳定性和铁铝氧化物含量的影响

Soil in greenhouses is likely to suffer a gradual decline in aggregate stability. Determination of the effects of different fertiliser practices on soil aggregate stability is important for taking advantage of solar greenhouses. Soil aggregate stability and iron(Fe) and aluminium(Al) oxide contents were investigated in a 26-year long-term fertilisation experiment in greenhouse in Shenyang, China,under eight fertiliser treatments: manure(M), fertiliser N(FN), fertiliser N with manure(MN), fertiliser P(FP), fertiliser P with manure(MP), fertiliser NP(FNP), fertiliser NP with manure(MNP), and control without any fertiliser(CK). A wet sieving method was used to determine aggregate size distribution and water-stable aggregates(WSA), mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter as the indices of soil aggregate stability. Different fertiliser treatments had a statistically significant influence on aggregate stability and Fe and Al oxide contents. Long-term application of inorganic fertilisers had no obvious effects on the mass proportion of aggregates. By contrast, manure application significantly increased the mass proportion of macroaggregates at the expense of microaggregates. All treatments, with the exception of FNP, significantly increased the stability of macroaggregates but decreased that of microaggregates when compared with CK. Aggregation under MP and MN was better than that under M and MNP; however,no significant differences were found among inorganic fertiliser treatments(i.e., FN, FP, and FNP). A positive relation was found between pyrophosphate-extractable Fe and WSA(r = 0.269), but no significant relations were observed between other Fe and Al oxides and aggregate stability.     

不同氧化还原条件下土壤性质对非石灰性土壤中锌溶解动力学的影响

Zinc(Zn) deficiency in paddy soils is often a problem for rice production.Flooding can decrease metal availability in some noncalcareous soils through different mechanisms associated with soil redox status.Laboratory experiments were performed in order to better understand the processes that governed the dynamics of Zn in non-calcareous paddy soils at varying redox potentials(Eh).Airdried non-calcareous soil samples collected from four different paddy field sites in the Philippines were submerged and incubated in a reaction cell with continuous stirring and nitrogen purging for 4 weeks,and then purged with compressed air for another week to reoxidize the system.The Eh of the four soils started at 120 to 300 mV,decreased to —220 to —300 mV after 100 to 250 h of reduction,and was maintained at this low plateau for about 2 weeks before increasing again upon reoxidation.Zinc solubility showed contrasting patterns in the four soils,with two of the soils showing a decrease in soluble Zn as the Eh became low,probably due to zinc sulfide(ZnS) precipitation.In contrast,the other two soils showed that Zn solubility was maintained during the reduced phase which could be due to the competition with iron(Fe) for precipitation with sulfide.Differences in the relative amounts of S,Fe,and manganese(Mn) oxides in the four soils apparently influenced the pattern of Zn solubility after flooding.     

黄土高原石灰性土壤不同形态磷组分分布特征

以黄土高原自北向南采集的12个0～20 cm耕层土壤为供试土样,采用Tiessen和Moir修正的Hedley土壤有机无机磷分级方法研究了黄土高原石灰性土壤中不同形态磷组分的分布特征。结果表明:供试土壤各形态P总体分布特征为:HCl-P>Residual-P>NaHCO3-Po>NaHCO3-Pi>NaOH-Po>NaOH-Pi>H2O-P,以HCl-P和Residual-P为主,分别占土壤全磷的54.00%～88.96%和0～39.11%。黄土高原土壤磷含量总体分布表现为南高北低。在各土壤类型间,NaOH-Po、Residual-P和全磷平均含量表现为干润砂质新成土<黄土正常新成土<简育干润均腐土<土垫旱耕人为土,自北向南依次增加;H2O-P和HCl-P表现为简育干润均腐土<黄土正常新成土<干润砂质新成土<土垫旱耕人为土,自北向南先降后升,且上升幅度较大。黄土高原土壤全氮与全磷及各形态磷含量相关性均达显著水平,其中与NaOH-Pi、NaOH-Po、HCl-P及全磷含量达到极显著水平。C/N、pH及砂粒与全磷及各形态磷含量呈负相关关系,其中pH与NaHCO3-Po呈显著负相关,与H2O-P、NaHCO3-Pi、NaOH-Pi及HCl-P呈极显著负相关;砂粒与NaHCO3-Pi、Residual-P及全磷呈显著负相关。除NaHCO3-Po、NaOH-Po及Residual-P,CaCO3与其他各形态磷含量具有一定程度负相关。除NaOH-Pi和NaOH-Po外黏粒与其他各形态磷及全磷也具有一定程度负相关。土壤各形态磷组分和有效磷的多元回归分析发现,各形态磷中对有效磷贡献最大的是H2O-P,其次为NaOH-Pi和NaHCO3-Po;土壤各形态磷组分和有效磷逐步回归分析结果,进一步说明H2O-P的有效性最高。     

玉米细根形成和土壤中无机磷分级平衡对缺磷的特异性响应

Plants have diverse strategies to cope with phosphorus (P) deficiency. To better understand how maize responds to P deficiency, a field experiment with two P levels, 0 and 100 kg P2O5 ha-1 (P0 and P100, respectively), was carried out as a part of a long-term Pfertilizer field trial. Plant and soil analyses showed that P-deficient maize reduced its growth rate, increased P use efficiency, and formed more thin roots with the diameter less than 0.6 mm at jointing and silking stages, compared to the plants treated with P100. Further, there were no differences in major inorganic P fractions (Ca 2 -P, Ca 8 -P, Al-P, Fe-P, occluded P and Ca 10 -P) between the rhizospheric and bulk soils at each harvest, even when soil Olsen-P was only 1.38 mg kg-1 . These results suggested that maize responded to P deficiency by reducing the internal P demand for growth and increasing P acquisition ability by favorable root morphological alteration at low carbon cost.     

岩溶区不同土地利用类型土壤无机磷形态分布特征

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初的土壤无机磷分级体系,对桂林毛村岩溶区旱耕地、灌丛、林地、水田土壤的无机磷形态分布特征进行研究。结果表明,岩溶区土壤全磷含量较高,速效磷和无机磷的含量均较低。4种土地利用类型总无机磷含量在49.87～489.80g/kg之间,占全磷的比例在6.08%～56.64%之间。各无机磷形态分布除Fe-P以外,均以水田最高,总无机磷含量水田也为最大。在同一土壤剖面不同发生层次上,Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Ca10-P的含量随着深度的增加而减小,O-P含量随着深度增加而升高,对比各无机磷形态含量大小发现:Ca10-PO-PFe-PAl-PCa8-PCa2-P。对各无机磷形态与速效磷相关性分析表明:Ca2-P、Ca8-P、Al-P、O-P与速效磷呈极显著正相关关系;各无机磷形态之间,除Ca2-P与Ca10-P相关性不显著,Ca8-P、Al-P、Fe-P与O-P、Ca10-P相关性不显著,其余各形态无机磷之间均存在极显著的相关性。4种土地利用类型土壤磷素活化系数(PAC)除了水田耕层为2.5%2.0%外,其余土地利用类型的PAC均小于2.0%,说明岩溶区全磷不易转化为速效磷,有效性较低。     

中国稻田土壤有效态中量和微量元素含量分布特征

基于全国282个水稻土监测点,分析土壤有效态中、微量元素含量及区域特征（东北、长三角、长江中游、西南、华南）,结合丰缺标准,揭示中、微量元素丰缺程度。结果表明：东北水稻土交换性镁和有效硼含量高于其他地区,有效锌含量最低;长三角有效锰含量最高、有效硫含量最低;长江中游有效铜含量最高,有效态铁、锰和钼含量最低;西南交换性钙含量高于其他地区,有效铜含量则低于其他地区;华南有效态铁、钼含量均高于其他地区,而交换性钙、镁含量低于其他地区。中国水稻土交换性钙、镁及有效铁、锰、铜含量整体丰富;长三角和华南缺硫水稻土比例分别为42.2%和41.8%;东北、长三角、长江中游、西南和华南缺锌水稻土比例分别为75.0%、52.3%、31.9%、53.2%和10.4%,缺硼分别为38.5%、65.2%、92.2%、88.6%和78.3%,缺钼28.6%、60.4%、82.6%、42.0%和33.4%。可见,东北和长三角水稻土以缺锌为主;长江中游以缺硼、钼为主;西南以缺硼为主;华南以缺硼为主。研究可为全国和区域尺度水稻土中微量元素的管理和合理施用提供依据。     

华北矿区残留态铜、铅在土壤剖面中的分布与迁移

Residual heavy metals are commonly considered to be immobile in soils, leading to an underestimation of their environmental risk. This study investigated the distribution and transport of residual heavy metals along soil profiles, using the Xiaoqinling gold mining region in North China as a case study. Soil samples were collected at three depths from three locations near the tailing heap. The speciation of copper (Cu) and lead (Pb) (exchangeable, carbonate-bound, Fe-Mn oxide-bound, organic matter-bound, and residual fractions) was determined using a sequential extraction procedure. The residual fraction’s morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that metal fraction distributions along the soil profiles were influenced by each fraction’s mobility. Residual fraction with high chemical stability cannot be transformed from or into other fractions. This led to the conclusion that the high concentration of residual metals in soils mainly resulted from residual fraction transport.The SEM analysis showed that fine particles (submicrons) were mainly attached to large particles and were likely released and transported by water flow. The more sorptive fractions (non-residual fractions) were mainly retained in the top soil, and the more mobile fractions (residual fraction) were mainly leached to the deep soil. Cu and Pb concentrations in the residual fraction decreased slightly and those in the non-residual fractions decreased significantly with soil depth. These suggest a relatively higher residual metal mobility along the soil pro?les. Therefore, residual metals can be transported in soils and their environmental risk can not be ignored in assessing soil contamination.     

施用碱稳定固体的酸性土壤的Cu和Zn的形态分布

Fractionation of metals in a granite-derived acid sandy loam soil amended with alkaline-stabilised sewagesIudge biosolids was conducted in order to assess metal bioavailability and environmental mobility soil solution was extracted by a centrifugation and filtration technique. Metal speciation in the soil solution wasdetermined by a cation exchange resin method. Acetic acid and EDTA extracting solutions were used forextraction of metals in soil solid surfaces. Metal distribution in different fractions of soil solid phase was determined using a three-step sequential extraction scheme. The results show that the metals in the soilsolution existed in different fractions with variable lability and metals in the soil solid phase were also presentin various chemical forms with potentially different bioavail ability and environmental mobility Alkaline-stabilised biosolids could elevate solubility of Cu and proportion of Cu in organically complexed fractionsboth in soil liquid and solid phases, and may therefore increase Cu mobility. In contrast, the biosolids lowered the concentrations of water-soluble Zn (labile fraction) and exchangeable Zn and may hence decrease bioavailability and mobility of Zn. However, Fe and Mn oxides bound and organic matter bound fractions are likely to be Zn pools in the sludge-amended soil. These consequences possibly result from the liming effect and metal speciation of the sludge product and the difference in the chemistry between the metals in soil.     

土壤悬浮液中溶解和吸附性铁离子对硫化物还原Cr(VI)的催化作用

The kinetics of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction by sulfide in soil suspensions with various pHs, soil compositions, and Fe(Ⅱ) concentrations was examined using batch anaerobic experimental systems at constant temperature. The results showed that the reaction rate of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction was in the order of red soil < yellow-brown soil < chernozem and was proportional to the concentration of HCl-extractable iron in the soils. Dissolved and adsorbed iron in soil suspensions played an important role in accelerating Cr(Ⅵ) reduction. The reaction involved in the Cr(Ⅵ) reduction by Fe(Ⅱ) to produce Fe(Ⅲ), which was reduced to Fe(Ⅱ) again by sulfide, could represent the catalytic pathway until about 70% of the initially present Cr(Ⅵ) was reduced. The catalysis occurred because the one-step reduction of Cr(Ⅵ) by sulfide was slower than the two-step process consisting of rapid Cr(Ⅵ) reduction by Fe(Ⅱ) followed by Fe(Ⅲ) reduction by sulfide. In essence, Fe(Ⅱ)/Fe(Ⅲ) species shuttle electrons from sulfide to Cr(Ⅵ), facilitating the reaction. The effect of iron, however, could be completely blocked by adding a strong Fe(Ⅱ)-complexing ligand, 1,10-phenanthroline, to the soil suspensions. In all the experiments, initial sulfide concentration was much higher than initial Cr(Ⅵ) concentration. The plots of lnc[Cr(Ⅵ)] versus reaction time were linear up to approximately 70% of Cr(Ⅵ) reduction, suggesting a first-order reaction kinetics with respect to Cr(Ⅵ). Elemental sulfur, the product of sulfide oxidation, was found to accelerate Cr(Ⅵ) reduction at a later stage of the reaction, resulting in deⅥation from linearity for the lnc[Cr(Ⅵ)] versus time plots.     

施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和饱和度增加速率的影响

针对施用粪肥导致的我国集约化种养区域农田土壤磷素高量累积和高环境风险问题,利用长期定位试验定量分析了施用粪肥对农田土壤磷素累积和磷饱和度（DPS, degree of P saturation）增加速率（每年1 kg P·hm-2磷素盈余所导致的土壤磷素含量或DPS变化量）的影响。结果表明：连续22年过量磷素投入明显提高了土壤磷素含量和DPS,0~20 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余均存在明显的线性相关性。与单施化肥相比,施用粪肥对土壤全磷的累积速率影响不大,但是明显提高了土壤Olsen-P累积和DPS增加速率。施用粪肥下,每年1 kg P·hm-2的磷盈余所导致的0~20 cm土层土壤Olsen-P、CaCl2-P累积和DPS增加量分别为0.071 mg P·kg-1（r=0.608, P=0.029）、0.003 mg P·kg-1（r=0.528, P=0.066）和0.036%（r=0.863,P=0.002）,分别为不施粪肥的3.3、6.0倍和1.2倍。土壤DPS变化与磷含量变化之间也存在明显的线性关系,0~20 cm土层土壤每年全磷、Olsen-P和CaCl2-P含量增加1 mg P·kg-1所导致的土壤DPS增加值分别为0.13%、0.42%和7.78%。20~40 cm土层土壤磷素累积、DPS增加与磷素盈余之间的线性相关性均较差,但与0~20 cm土层相比,施用粪肥和不施粪肥之间累积速率的差异性有增大的趋势,说明施用粪肥促进了磷素向下层土壤的移动。施用粪肥加速了土壤有效磷累积和DPS增加,进而提高了土壤中磷素损失风险,合理施用粪肥是控制集约化种养区域农田磷面源污染的关键。     

有机肥对稻田土壤磷素潜在环境风险的影响

采用灭菌和非灭菌相结合的室内淹水培养方法,在施用有机肥后,测定土壤及水层磷含量动态变化特征,以探明有机肥对稻田土壤磷素潜在环境风险的影响。结果表明:两处理土壤速效磷(Olsen-P)、水溶性磷(CaCl2-P)含量均随有机肥施用量增加而显著升高;水层总磷(TP)浓度与土壤Olsen-P(r=0.957**)、CaCl2-P(r=0.871**)含量呈显著正相关关系。水稻土施用有机肥后,土壤磷素有效性提高,磷素潜在环境风险增强,在6～18 d达到高峰,磷素流失潜能最大。低量施用有机肥(0.5%、1%)时,磷素环境风险增强主要由于有机酸对磷素的活化作用;高量施用有机肥(2.5%、5%)时,主要由于有机质对磷素的活化作用,两者作用比例分别为35%～50%、50%～65%。     

Organo-mineral complexes in soil colloids: Implications for carbon storage in saline-alkaline paddy soils from an eight-year field experiment

The combination of organic carbon(OC) and reactive minerals is a crucial mechanism of soil carbon(C) storage, which is regulated by the formation of organo-mineral complexes on the surface of soil colloids. The effect of organic fertilizer on the storage mechanism of OC in soil colloids was studied through an 8-year field experiment, which included four treatments: i) no fertilization(control, CK), ii) only mineral N, P, and K fertilization(NPK), iii) NPK plus a low level(450 kg C ha^-1     

长期不同施肥和土地利用方式对塿土耕层碳储量的影响

利用土20年长期肥料定位试验研究了不同土地利用方式和施肥对土壤有机碳和无机碳储量变化的影响。试验包括休闲（Fallow, FL）、 撂荒（Setaside, SL）、 不施肥（CK）、 单施氮（N）、 氮钾（NK）、 磷钾（PK）、 氮磷（NP）、 氮磷钾（NPK）、 氮磷钾配合秸秆还田（SNPK）、 氮磷钾配合低量有机肥（M1NPK）和氮磷钾配合高量有机肥（M2NPK）11个处理。结果表明,CK和 FL 处理等质量耕层土壤有机碳储量仍维持在试验前水平,NP和 SL 处理显著提高了耕层土壤有机碳储量,年均增加分别达到 347 kg/hm2 和518 kg/hm2, 此4个处理等质量耕层土壤无机碳储量均较试验开始前（Initial soil, IniS）显著下降,尤其是NP处理显著低于其它3个处理。与IniS和CK相比,除NK处理外的所有施肥处理均显著地提高了等质量耕层土壤有机碳储量,其大小顺序为 M2NPKM1NPKSNPKNPKNPPKN,最大年均增加量为M2NPK 944 kg/hm2,最小为N 127 kg/hm2。施肥处理除PK和M2NPK处理外,其它处理等质量耕层土壤无机碳储量均较试验前明显降低,可能是由于土壤酸化所致。PK和M2NPK处理无机碳储量能够维持不下降,表明土壤无机碳和有机碳在适合条件下可能有某种关系。试验结果还显示,长期试验20年除M1NPK和M2NPK处理外,其它处理耕层土壤容重均明显高于试验开始前,表明等质量土壤碳储量与等深度碳储量相比可以更好地反映土壤碳的变化。     

Soil phosphorus availability and rice phosphorus uptake in paddy fields under various agronomic practices

Agronomic practices affect soil phosphorus(P) availability, P uptake by plants, and subsequently the efficiency of P use. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of various agronomic practices(straw incorporation, paddy water management, nitrogen(N) fertilizer dose, manure application,and biochar addition) on soil P availability(e.g., soil total P(STP), soil available P(SAP), soil microbial biomass P(SMBP), and rice P uptake as well as P use efficiency(PUE)) over four cropping seasons in a rice-rice cropping system, in subtropical central China. Compared to the non-straw treatment(control,using full dose of chemical N fertilizer), straw incorporation increased SAP and SMBP by 9.3%–18.5% and 15.5%–35.4%, respectively;substituting half the chemical N fertilizer dose with pig manure and the biochar application increased STP, SAP, and SMBP by 10.5%–48.3%, 30.2%–236.0%, and 19.8%–72.4%,respectively, mainly owing to increased soil P and organic carbon inputs;adding a half dose of N and no N input(reduced N treatments) increased STP and SAP by 2.6%–7.5% and 19.8%–33.7%, respectively, due to decreased soil P outputs. Thus, soil P availability was greatly affected by soil P input and use. The continuous flooding water regime without straw addition significantly decreased SMBP by 11.4% compared to corresponding treatments under a mid-season drainage water regime. Total P uptake by rice grains and straws at the harvest stage increased under straw incorporation and under pig manure application, but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under biochar application at a rate of 48 t ha-1, compared to the control. Rice P uptake was significantly positively correlated with rice biomass, and both were positively correlated with N fertilizer application rates, SAP, SMBP, and STP. Phosphorus use efficiency generally increased under straw incorporation but decreased under the reduced N treatments and under the manure application(with excessive P input), compared to the control. These results showed that straw incorporation can be used to increase soil P availability and PUE while decreasing the use of chemical P fertilizers. When substituting chemical fertilizers with pig manure, excess P inputs should be avoided in order to reduce P accumulation in the soil as well as the environmental risks from non-point source pollution.     

固体磷肥和液体磷肥对石灰性土壤不同形态无机磷及磷肥肥效影响的研究

土壤磷固定是影响石灰性磷肥肥效的主要原因。本文在田间滴灌条件下采用连续浸提的方法对液体磷肥和固体颗粒磷肥及其不同施用方法对石灰性土壤各形态无机磷含量动态变化的影响进行了研究,并比较了不同处理下加工番茄磷素营养效应。结果表明:各施肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量随施肥时间明显下降,而Ca10-P含量则显著上升,表明磷肥在石灰性土壤中不断向Ca10-P转化并被固定。液体磷肥追肥处理0—20 cm土层Ca2-P含量在各时期均显著高于其他施肥处理(P＜0.05),且液体磷肥追肥可以明显保持土壤0—20 cm土层较高的Ca8-P含量。与其他施肥处理相比,液体磷肥追施可减少石灰性土壤对磷的固定,增加0—20 cm土层Ca2-P和Ca8-P含量(P＜0.05),显著提高土壤磷的有效性。液体磷肥追施处理可显著提高加工番茄叶片含磷量和经济产量(91725 kg/hm2)。与传统过磷酸钙颗粒磷肥作基肥处理（CK1）相比,液体肥料全做追肥可使加工番茄经济产量提高26.7%,并明显提高了磷肥利用率。在滴灌条件下石灰性土壤上液体磷肥分次追施比传统的固体颗粒磷肥基施具有明显的优势,是一种非常具有应用前景的施肥方式。     

Sclerotium rolfsii dynamics in soil as affected by crop sequences

Crop rotation has been used for the management of soilborne diseases for centuries, but has not often been planned based on scientific knowledge. Our objective was to generate information on Sclerotium rolfsii dynamics under different crop or intercrop activities, and design and test a research approach where simple experiments and the use of models are combined to explore crop sequences that minimize Southern blight incidence.The effect of seventeen green manure (GM) amendments on sclerotia dynamics was analyzed in greenhouse and field plot experiments during two years. The relative densities of viable sclerotia 90 days after winter GM (WGM) incorporation were generally lower than after summer GM (SGM) incorporation, with average recovery values of 60% and 61% for WGM in the field, 66% and 43% for WGM in the greenhouse, and 162% to 91% for SGM in the greenhouse, in 2009 and 2010, respectively. Sclerotia survival on day d after GM amendment was described by the model S_f = S_i × exp(−b × d), relating initial (S_i) and final (S_f) sclerotia densities. Relative decay rates of the sclerotia (b) in SGM amended soil were largest for alfalfa (0.0077 ± 0.0031 day⁻¹) and sudangrass (0.0072 ± 0.0030 day⁻¹). In WGM amended soil, the largest b values were for oat (0.0096 ± 0.0024 day⁻¹), wheat (0.0090 ± 0.0024 day⁻¹) and alfalfa (0.0087 ± 0.0023 day⁻¹).The effect of three cropping sequences (sweet pepper–fallow, sweet pepper–black oat and sweet pepper–onion) on sclerotia dynamics was analyzed in microplot experiments, and the data were used to calibrate the model P_f = P_i/(α + βP_i), relating initial (P_i) and final (P_f) sclerotia densities. Median values for the relative rate of population increase at low P_i (1/α, dimension less) and the asymptote (1/β, number of viable sclerotia in 100 g of dry soil) were 8.22 and 4.17 for black oat (BO), 1.13 and 8.64 for onion (O), and 6.26 and 17.93 for sweet pepper (SwP).By concatenating the two models, sclerotia population dynamics under several crop sequences were simulated. At steady state, the sequence SwP–O–Fallow–BO resulted in the lowest long-term sclerotia density (7.09 sclerotia/100 g soil), and SwP–Fallow in the highest (17.89 sclerotia/100 g soil). The developed methodology facilitates the selection of a limited number of rotation options to be tested in farmers’ fields.     

Eucalyptus growth and phosphorus nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and phosphorus fertilization

ABSTRACT

Soil compaction interferes in soil nutrient transport and root growth. The aim of this work was to evaluate eucalypt growth and phosphorus (P) nutritional efficiency as affected by soil compaction and P rates. The treatments were composed of a 3 × 4 factorial scheme (soil bulk densities levels versus P fertilization rates) for two weathered tropical soils, a clayey Ferralsol (F_Clayey) and a sandy Ferralsol (F_Sandy). The soil bulk densities assessed were 0.90, 1.10 and 1.30 g cm^?3 for F_Clayey, and 1.35, 1.55 and 1.75 g cm^?3 for F_Sandy. The P rates were 0, 150, 300 and 600 mg kg^?1 for F_Clayey, and 0, 100, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 for F_Sandy. Soil compaction reduced root growth, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P recovery efficiency; and increased average root diameter. Phosphorus fertilization increased root length density, root surface area, dry matter, P content in the plant, P utilization efficiency and P uptake efficiency; and decreased P recovery efficiency. It was concluded that P fertilization is not effective to offset the deleterious effects of soil compaction on eucalypt growth and nutrition.

Abbreviations: F_Clayey: clayey Ferralsol; F_Sandy: sandy Ferralsol; R_Dens: root length density; R_Diam: root diameter; R_Surf: root surface area; R_DM: root dry matter; S_DM: shoot dry matter; WP_DM: whole-plant dry matter; R_P: root P content; S_P: shoot P content; WP_P: whole-plant P content; PU_tE: P utilization efficiency; PU_pE: P uptake efficiency; PRE: P recovery efficiency.     

Recovery of phosphorus fertilizer in potato as affected by application strategy and soil type

Phosphorus (P) fertilizers are usually supplied prior to or at planting of potato even though most P is taken up 40 to 80 d after emergence. This may lead to inefficient P use as a result of P leaching or fixation in the soil. This study evaluates the effects of split P application at multiple times during the growth period according to the plant's need for P. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Ditta) was grown in pots in climate chambers, and radioactive ³²P isotope was used to distinguish between the fertilizer and soil‐derived P sources. Two soils were tested in combination with five application rates of P, and the plants were harvested at four dates. The results show that the recovery of P fertilizer can be significantly enhanced if the P supply is split. The result also showed that the proportion of soil‐derived P, accumulated in the plant, was significantly reduced both when more fertilizer P was applied to the soil and when P supply was split into several applications. The positive effects of multiple P applications on the P recovery were greatest in the soil with low P status and low buffer capacity.     

Shear strength of surface soil as affected by soil bulk density and soil water content

This paper proposes a new method to measure the soil strength parameters at soil surface in order to explain the processes of soil erosion and sealing formation. To simulate the interlocks between aggregates or particles within top 2 mm of the soil, a piece of sandpaper (30 particles cm⁻²) was stuck on the bottom face of a plastic box of diameter of 6.8 cm with stiffening glue and used as shear media. The soil strength for the soils from sandy loam to clayey loam was measured with penetrometer and the new shear device at soil surface at different bulk density and soil water content. The normal stresses of 2, 5, 8, 10 and 20 hPa were applied for the new shear device. The results indicated that significant effect of bulk density on soil strength was detected in most cases though the difference in bulk density was small, ranging from 0.01 to 0.09 g cm⁻³. It was also indicated that the measurement with the new shear device at soil surface was reproducible. The changes in soil shear strength parameters due to changes in bulk density and soil moisture were explainable with the Mohr–Coulomb’s failure equation and the principles of the effective stress for the unsaturated soils. The implications of the method were later discussed.