Quality of hides obtained from cattle-zebu hybrids

Three-breed hybrids Cuban zebu x (Azerbaijan zebu x Aberdeen Angus) surpassed the Azerbaijan zebu and two-breed Azerbaijan zebu with Brown Latvian, Black Pied, and Aberdeen Angus breeds in weight, length, width, area, and thickness of hides. Minimum indices were obtained or purebred animals.     

荷斯坦奶牛与德系西门塔尔牛杂交对其后代产肉性能和肉品质的影响

为了提高荷斯坦奶牛后代的产肉性能和肉品质,将德系西门塔尔牛冻精冷配荷斯坦奶牛,选择杂交一代的公牛(试验组)和荷斯坦公牛(对照组)各20头,通过育肥和屠宰试验比较其生长发育指标、屠宰性状指标和肉品质指标。结果表明,与对照组相比,18月龄试验组体质量极显著提高7.74%,优质肉块质量牛柳+西冷、大米龙+小米龙分别极显著提高30.56%、27.07%,眼肌面积极显著提高21.09%,牛肉中粗蛋白、总氨基酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸和天门冬氨酸的含量分别显著提高17.63%、8.19%、10.39%、19.19%和28.75%。综上,利用德系西门塔尔牛冻精冷配荷斯坦奶牛可以提高荷斯坦牛后代公牛的生长性能、产肉性能和肉品质。     

Dynamics of live weight and milk productivity of zebu and hybrids with Black Pied and Latvian Brown cattle breeds

Hybridization of Latvian Brown and Black Pied cows with Azerbaijan zebus made it possible to obtain highly productive hybrid animals. These breeds under the extreme conditions of Azerbaijan significantly surpassed purebred contemporaries in live weight, milk productivity, and milk fat percentage.     

豇豆与饭豆种间杂种的获得及其鉴定

对豇豆和饭豆进行种间杂交试验,30个正反交组合中有3个杂交组合获得种子,它们分别是豇豆A65×饭豆B24、豇豆A27×饭豆D1、豇豆A136×饭豆A163。对获得的种间杂种及其双亲进行表型性状、生理指标及分子标记鉴定分析结果表明,豇豆A136×饭豆A163杂交组合所获杂种为假杂种,其他2个杂交组合所获杂种为真杂种。利用豇豆与饭豆种间杂交将饭豆的有利性状基因导入豇豆中,拓宽豇豆的遗传背景,为豇豆种质资源的创新与新品种选育提供基础。     

野杂种猪的肉质特性研究报告(Ⅰ) F1×F1横交组合

 对共计18头子午岭野杂种猪F₁横交后代（F₁×F₁）和八眉猪、约克夏猪的肉质特性和胴体品质的比较研究结果表明,F₁×F₁肉色评分最高（3.67）,八眉猪大理石纹（3.88）和肌内脂肪（7.27%）最高,二者具有良好的保水性能和酸度值,约克夏猪瘦肉率显著高于F₁×F₁,F₁和B组（P＜0.05）, 且野杂种猪屠宰率偏低;各肉质性状间存在不同程度的相关,相关程度均较低;从各肉质性状与胴体品质间存在的相关程度分析发现,随瘦肉率的提高肉质有下降趋势。     

德国美利奴羊与小尾寒羊杂交一代生长及产肉性能研究

以德国美利奴羊为父本,小尾寒羊为母本进行杂交,对杂交一代的生长状况、产肉性能及肉用品质进行测定分析.结果表明:德×寒F1羔羊平均初生质量4.10 kg,9月龄、12月龄日增质量分别为122.67 g和110.80 g,均显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05).体长、胸围、胸深、胸宽、管围比小尾寒羊均显著提高(P<0.05).1岁德×寒F1的GR值平均为1.42 cm,高出小尾寒羊0.61 cm;眼肌面积为18.79 cm2,比小尾寒羊高2.35 cm2,差异显著(P<0.05);屠宰率、净肉率和胴体净肉率分别比小尾寒羊提高5.40%6、.40%和5.67%,差异均显著(P<0.05).肉质评定结果:杂交F1代肉呈鲜红色(3.80),大理石纹明显;熟肉率为46.48%,显著高于小尾寒羊(P<0.05);剪切力为3.34 kg,显著低于小尾寒羊(P<0.05).结果表明杂种羊产肉性能和肉用品质显著提高,杂交改良效果明显.     

UNREDUCED MEGAGAMETOPHYTE FORMATION VIA SECOND DIVISION RESTITUTION CONTRIBUTES TO TETRAPLOID PRODUCTION IN INTERPLOIDY CROSSES WITH ‘ORAH’ MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA)

• In addition to triploid progeny, tetraploid hybrids derived from the fertilization of 2n megagametophytes are frequently regenerated from 2x × 4x crosses that utilize ‘Orah’ mandarin as the female parent. • Data here indicate that ‘Orah’ mandarin is a cultivar that readily produces 2n megagametophytes. • Second division restitution is the mechanism underlying 2n megagametophyte formation in ‘Orah’ mandarin. Seedless fruits are desirable in the citrus fresh fruit market. Triploid production via diploid × tetraploid interploidy crosses is thought to be the most efficient and widely-used strategy for the breeding of seedless citrus. Although ‘Orah’ mandarin has desirable organoleptic qualities, seeds in the fruits weaken its market competitiveness. To produce new seedless cultivars that are similar to ‘Orah’ mandarin, we performed three 2x × 4x crosses using ‘Orah’ mandarin as the seed parent to regenerate triploid plantlets. A total of 182 triploid and 36 tetraploid plantlets were obtained. By analyzing their genetic origins using nine novel single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, all of the triploids and tetraploids derived from these three crosses were proven to be hybrids. Also, we demonstrated that 2n megagametophyte formation in ‘Orah’ mandarin result in tetraploid production in these three interploidy crosses. These tetraploid plantlets were genotyped using eight pericentromeric SNP markers and nine centromere distal SNP markers. Based on the genotypes of the 2n megagametophytes, the parental heterozygosity rates in 16 SNP loci and all 2n megagametophytes were less than 50%, indicating that second division restitution was the mechanism underlying 2n megagametophyte formation at both the population and individual levels. These triploid hybrids enrich the germplasm available for seedless breeding. Moreover, the tetraploid hybrids are valuable as parents for ploidy breeding for the production of seedless citrus fruits.     

甘蓝型油菜附加系与芸薹属A基因组杂交F1的获得与鉴定

为了将携带线虫抗性的萝卜d染色体转入到芸薹属A基因组蔬菜中,以甘蓝型油菜-萝卜d染色体附加系do和菜心A3作为试材,通过两者之间的正反交,结合人工辅助授粉,获得F1杂种,并对F1杂种进行形态学、细胞学和分子标记鉴定.结果表明:附加系do与菜心A3间的正反交均可得到杂交F1种子;除反交A3xdo获得的少部分种子为假杂种外其他种子均为真杂种;真杂种的形态特征偏向于附加系do,细胞中DNA相对含量介于其双亲之间,但不同杂种细胞的DNA相对含量并不完全一致,部分反交种细胞的DNA相对含量较高.     

Amino acid composition of muscle tissue proteins of buck lambs of Precoce breed and hybrids of their crosses with the Texel and Poll Dorset breeds

Meat of animals of the genotypes under investigation was characterized by high biological value. Crosses of sheep belonging to the Texel and Precoce breeds had no significant influence on qualitative indicators of meat proteins. In the meat of Poll Dorset × Precoce hybrids, the protein content was less than in purebred animals.     

Assessment of the combining ability and authentication of F1 hybrids using SSR markers in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Six wheat genotypes (three female and three male) were crossed for the study of some quantitative traits in wheat. Analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference for all the characters except flag leaf area, which was significant. Testers revealed that LU26S was the best general combiner only for plant height. Mehraj showed a good general combining ability effect on plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, and 1000-grain weight. Farid 2006 was the best male parent as general combiner for plant height, peduncle length, spike length, number of grains per spike, and grain yield per plant. The wheat parental lines revealed that 9381 was the best general combiner for plant height, flag leaf area, peduncle length, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield per plant. Whereas 9428 was the best general combiner for flag leaf area, spike length, and number of spikelets per spike. Among crosses, LU26S × 9272, LU26S × 9381, Mehraj × 9272, and Mehraj × 9381 showed a significant effect of specific combining ability (SCA) on grain yield per plant. Other crosses with significant and positive SCA effects were LU26S × 9272 on plant height and 1000-grain weight grain yield per plant, LU26S × 9428 on peduncle length, and Mehraj × 9381 on plant height and grain yield per plant. These crosses with significant effects of general combining ability (GCA) on grain yield per plant can be used in the development of new varieties. These crosses with nonadditive genes would give transgressive segregants. For yield improvement, vigilant selection of the potent transgressive segregants through family selection would be valuable for yield enhancement. A total of 15 SSR primers of Xgwm series and 5 of X series were used to find out the codominant loci in the hybrid and single dominant loci in parents. Out of 15 primers only, Xgwm-314 gave the polymorphic banding pattern. This primer showed the polymorphic dominant loci in the parents (LU26S, Mehraj, 9272 and 9381) and codominant loci midway between these parents. Therefore, this SSR primer was used to confirm the two best performing hybrids (LU26S × 9272 and Mehraj × 9381) on the bases of positively significant effects of GCA and SCA on plant height, 1000-grain weight and grain yield per plant, and other economically important traits. The two hybrids namely LU26S × 9272 and Mehraj × 9381 can be used in the further breeding program for the development of high yielding varieties.     

斑茅的杂交利用价值探讨

根据海南甘蔗育种场的多年研究资料 ,通过对甘蔗属与斑茅杂交后代的真实性进行分析 ,初步认为 :甘蔗属与斑茅属间杂交已培育出含斑茅血缘的 F1真杂种 ,至今仍未证实有含斑茅血缘的F2 真杂种或含斑茅血缘的甘蔗品种。建议进一步进行研究 ,探索能否通过常规杂交方法 ,对斑茅F1进一步加以利用。     

超声波技术在肉牛宰前评定中的应用

为探讨超声波扫描仪在肉牛活体测定中的应用价值,本试验选取30头成年新疆褐牛为研究对象,集中育肥屠宰后,对其中20头牛用超声波测定背膘厚度、眼高、肌间脂肪含量、眼肌面积及体重,建立了牛宰后性状背膘厚度、眼高、肌间脂肪含量、眼肌面积、高档肉质量、后部位肉质量、优质肉质量、全部肉块质量)回归方程,并对预测模型进行验证。结果表明:通过测定宰前背膘厚度、眼高、肌间脂肪含量、眼肌面积及体重指标,建立宰后膘厚度、眼高、肌间脂肪含量、眼肌面积、高档肉质量、后部位肉质量、优质肉质量、全部肉块质量回归方程。经验证分析,所有模型预测结果与实测结果无显著差异p>0.05),说明利用超声波技术用宰前肉质性状来预测宰后肉质性状和产肉性状是可行的。同时这些模型可以作为制定新疆褐牛胴体产量标准的参考。     

春小麦产量和品质性状的杂种优势和配合力分析

试验选用５个优质春小麦品种（系）与５个丰产春小麦品种，采用５×５不完全双列杂交配成２５个组合，分别对生物学产量、株高、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数、经济产量和收获指数等产量性状以及蛋白质含量和沉淀值等品质性状进行了杂种优势和配合力分析。结果表明：⑴ｔ测验结果表明，亲本与杂种两组群在生物学产量、穗长、穗粒数、经济产量和蛋白质含量上的差异达到０．０５显著水平，表明这些性状存在明显的杂种优势。⑵通过一般配合力相对效应分析，认为中８１３１和９３ １０３９为２个优质亲本，武春１号、甘春１６号为２个丰产亲本；杂种综合优势指数法和配合力分析表明，中８１３１×甘春１６号、９３ １０３９×张春９号、９３ １０３９×武春１号、中８１３１×武春１号和９３ １０３９×甘春１６号等组合在丰产与优质结合方面表现突出。⑶一般配合力和特殊配合力基因型方差的比较表明，株高、穗长、经济产量、收获指数和蛋白质含量的一般配合力变异幅度远大于特殊配合力变异幅度，对于这些性状，针对一般配合力选择效果更好。通径分析结果表明，对所研究的各性状，一般配合力比特殊配合力更重要，其中，对株高、穗长、经济产量、收获指数和蛋白质含量尤为重要。     

冷却肉生产的最佳杂交组合筛选研究*

 选用20 kg杜滇玉、杜滇昆、杜滇陆、约长撒和杜长大杂交猪各20头，在饲养和屠宰试验的基础上，进行杜滇玉、杜滇昆、杜滇陆、约长撒和杜长大的肌肉营养成分、理化特性和品尝鉴定试验，研究天然植物饲料添加剂对云南本地主要杂交猪肉品质的影响。结果表明：杜长大和约长撒背最长肌的粗蛋白含量显著高于其它杂交组合，杜滇陆背最长肌的粗脂肪含量显著高于其它杂交组合；与其它杂交组合相比，杜长大的大理石纹评分显著地低；杜滇陆和约长撒的剪切力值显著高于杜滇玉、杜滇昆和杜长大；与杜滇玉、杜滇昆、约长撒和杜长大相比，杜滇陆失水率显著降低；杜滇玉、杜滇昆和杜滇陆的肌苷酸含量显著高于约长撒和杜长大；与杜长大相比，杜滇昆、杜滇玉和杜滇陆的肌纤维直径显著下降，杜滇昆和杜滇陆肌纤维密度显著提高，杜滇玉、杜滇昆和杜滇陆间差异不显著；杜滇陆的香气、滋味、嫩度及多汁性得分高于其他杂交组合，但5个杂交组合间差异不显著。综合考虑生长性能和肌肉品质，杜滇陆为冷却肉生产的最佳杂交组合。     

百合品种间杂交亲和性的比较

采用常规授粉方法,进行杂种系内和系间杂交以及品种自交的研究。结果表明,亚洲百合(A)及东方百合(O)同一杂种系内品种间杂交几乎全部亲和;其中亚洲百合品种间杂交中11个组合都获得有胚种子,各组合有胚种子为2.2%～11.5%;东方百合的7个组合中6个获得有胚种子,各组合有胚种子为5.4%～18.8%;而LA×LA的5个组合中,仅有两个组合获得未成熟的果实。在不同杂种系间杂交时,东方百合与亚洲百合间的杂交未获得有胚种子。当以OT及LA杂种系的品种为母本时,分别与东方百合、喇叭百合及亚洲百合杂交,母本亲和性较高;其中OT×O的组合中,大多获得有胚种子,有胚率2.9%～9.3%;OT×岷江百合(喇叭百合)的7个组合可得到有胚种子,有胚种子率4.8%～12.4%;LA×A的组合中,几乎都可以获得有胚种子,有胚率为0.31%～3.76%,而A×LA的10个组合均未得到有胚种子。大部分品种自交不能结实,仅亚洲百合Black out获得少数有胚种子。     

Androgenic response of tomato (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lycopersicon esculentum</Emphasis> Mill.) lines and their hybrids to anther culture

The androgenic ability of four tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) lines (Micro-Tina, Micro-Gemma, Moneymaker and MsK8 as parents) and their hybrids (obtained as half diallel crosses) were studied through anther culture, The isolated anthers were cultured on three culture media including M1 (Park et al., 2001), M2 (Summers, 1997) and M3 (Evans et al. 1986) exposed to two pretreatments (26 ± 2°C as a control and at 4°C for 48 h as a cold pretreatment). Callus formation and callus growth (measured by callus diameter) occurred in the both pretreated anthers, but no callus produced shoot regeneration on the non-pretreated anthers. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between genotypes, culture media and their interactions for the studied traits. The highest callus formation was on M1 and M2 media, among which the longest callus diameter and the highest shoot regeneration were on M1 medium. The lines MsK8 and Micro-Gemma had a considerably higher frequency of callus formation and shoot regeneration and longer callus diameters than the other parents. On M1 medium, the highest frequency of callus formation and shoot regeneration belonged to hybrid MsK8 × Micro-Tina, and the longest callus diameter observed on hybrid Micro-Tina × Micro-Gemma. The mean values of callus formation, callus diameter, and shoot regeneration of hybrids in different culture media were significantly higher than those of the parents. In other words, heterosis (hybrid vigor) for the mentioned traits was observed on different culture media. Therefore, heterozygous genotypes (the hybrids) had a higher frequency of androgenic response than their parents.     

瘦肉型猪种间杂交组合优选研究

本研究用长白、大约、杜洛克和汉普夏猪为材料,设正、反交试验组各6个,亲本对照组4个,每组1～2窝,共计178头。按每公斤混合料含有消化能3兆卡、粗蛋白质16％的日粮营养水平进行试验。其结果是:增长速度以大杜、长汉、汉大、杜大4组合较快,平均日增重分别为679克、667克、620克和616克;饲料报酬以汉大、汉长、杜大、大汉、杜汉5组合较优,料肉比分别为3.14、3.24、3.3、3.4和3.45:1;胴体瘦肉率杜长组高达68.33％,大长、汉大、汉杜、杜大4组分别为67.52％、66.63％、65.04％和64.94％;肌肉品质以杜大组最佳,肉色3分、失水率16.17％、肌肉粗蛋白19.66％。按指数法评定结果以杜大、汉大正反交组和长汉组为优选组合,可在瘦肉猪生产基地县推广应用。     

无核葡萄与有核葡萄胚挽救杂交后代的抗寒性研究

以底来特×北醇和爱莫无核×北醇的胚挽救杂交后代为试材,采用电导率结合Logistic方程,计算出其半致死温度,并结合分子生物学鉴定了2个杂交组合38个株系杂交后代的抗寒性强弱。结果表明,底来特×北醇19个株系杂交后代中有6个株系抗寒性较强,占31.58%;爱莫无核×北醇19个株系杂交后代中有7个株系抗寒性较强,占36.84%。说明杂交后代抗寒性呈现连续变异的数量遗传,且具有母性遗传现象。     

玉米籽粒淀粉含量的遗传效应分析

以9个淀粉含量不同的玉米自交系为亲本,按照GriffingⅠ双列杂交模式组配72个杂交组合,研究玉米籽粒淀粉含量的遗传效应.结果表明,淀粉含量遗传方式以加性效应为主,杂交组合的淀粉含量主要表现为正向杂种优势,并与母本和中亲值呈极显著相关.杂交组合淀粉含量的特殊配合力(SCA)与双亲的一般配合力(GCA)效应之间无相关性,不能简单地依据组合双亲的GCA效应来推断其后代的SCA效应,自交系陕814和Lx00-6的淀粉含量和GCA都较高,可以作为今后高淀粉育种的重要资源.     

优异纤维品质陆地棉品种与转基因抗虫棉品种的配合力分析

[目的]探索抗虫杂交棉高产、优质、抗虫同步改良方法。[方法]利用10个优异纤维品质陆地棉品种和6个转Bt基因抗虫棉品种配组的10×6 NCII交配设计,对其产量、品质及抗虫性的配合力进行分析。[结果]Bt基因能在F1得到显性遗传,遗棉2号具有最好的产量性状一般配合力,AcalaSJ-3具有最好的纤维品质性状一般配合力,苏联8908×32B、Acala(1)×中棉所30等组合的各性状特殊配合力较好,亲本的一般配合力与组合间特殊配合力不存在显著相关性。