传统产甲烷潜力测试装置的改进

产甲烷潜力测试广泛应用于厌氧消化(沼气发酵)过程的优化、发酵原料产甲烷潜力、污泥活性和原料毒性评价.在产甲烷潜力测试过程中,往往需要取出一定量的发酵料液用于监测其理化指标的变化,以便多角度监测厌氧消化过程性能.但是,从发酵瓶中取出发酵料液往往会使空气进入发酵瓶,影响发酵体系厌氧环境以及气体成分.既能从沼气发酵瓶中取样又...     

城市垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化试验研究

文章通过试验分析30℃条件下城市垃圾渗滤液的沼气发酵潜力。试验以垃圾渗滤液为发酵原料,实验室长期驯化的秸秆类厌氧活性污泥和猪粪为接种物,在30℃条件下,进行批量式沼气发酵试验。结果表明:接种物的种类和性质影响垃圾渗滤液的厌氧消化过程。以秸秆类厌氧活性污泥作为接种物,城市垃圾渗滤液的原料产气率为0.80 m L·g~(-1)COD,COD降解率为78.83%,氨氮含量提高了1.38倍,总磷含量有所下降,降解率为9.7%。但以长期驯化的猪粪为接种物,垃圾渗滤液厌氧消化过程发生酸化,不能成功启动。     

多元混合物料协同厌氧消化产甲烷性能研究

为研究农牧废弃物多元混合物料协同厌氧消化对产甲烷性能的影响,文章以牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆为发酵原料,分别设定了单一原料、两种及3种混合原料发酵组,在中温(37℃±1℃)和固体质量分数为12%条件下进行厌氧消化实验。结果表明:混合厌氧消化的协同作用贡献率为25.84%~39.83%,显著提高了产甲烷能力。三物料混合厌氧消化产甲烷性能明显优于两种混合物料,当牛粪、蔬菜废弃物和玉米秸秆VS混合比例为1∶0.4∶0.6时,累计甲烷产量达到最大值20713 m L,比其他单一物料和混合物料厌氧消化甲烷产量提高了11.86%~23.65%。修正的Gompertz方程能较好反映物料厌氧消化产甲烷过程,拟合结果的R2在0.9872~0.9986之间。该研究结果可为农牧废弃物多元混合物料厌氧消化产沼气工程提供参考。     

农村沼气池密封防漏处理技术

沼气发酵又称厌氧消化,是有机质在厌氧条件下通过微生物作用产生沼气的过程。沼气池既是沼气发酵的厌氧条件,又是收集沼气的容器。沼气池建得成功与否关键是看密封得好不好,漏不漏气。有的沼气池原料充足,发酵良好,但用户却没有气用,或只有很少气用,其中一个主要原...     

南通县鱼种场沼气系统工程

江苏省南通县鱼种场,于1987年建成了近中温发酵的沼气系统工程。该工程以猪粪为主要发酵原料,通过厌氧消化,日处理400头肥猪粪便和4m~3有机废水,日产沼气     

两相连续固体床厌氧消化反应器的试验

两相连续厌氧消化比单项厌氧消化的发酵更好,这种消化方式的沼气产量大,对农业有机废弃物的消化更充分,是一种适合在我国推广的物质与能量多重循环利用的农业有机废弃物处理方式.固体床反应器利用厌氧消化的原理,把通过厌氧发酵产生的沼气作为燃料,发酵残余物作为肥料.为此,对两相连续固体床厌氧消化反应器进行了研究,设计了一种新型的厌氧消化反应器.     

羊、鸭、兔粪厌氧消化产沼气潜力与特性

为弄清羊、鸭、兔粪便厌氧消化产沼气潜力及特性,试验以各新鲜粪便为发酵原料,以自行培养的厌氧污泥为接种物,在(35±1)℃、(25±1)℃和常温(9～19℃)条件下进行了批式厌氧消化试验,研究了各粪便厌氧消化的产气速率与产气量、酸碱度变化、消化料液COD及NH4+-N的去除效率。试验结果显示：(35±1)℃时各原料总固体（TS）产气率为：羊粪0.273 m3/kg,鸭粪0.441 m3/kg,兔粪0.210 m3/kg;(25±1)℃（羊粪为(27±2)℃）时为：羊粪0.206 m3/kg,鸭粪0.359     

鸽粪中温发酵产沼气潜力的实验研究

文章将鸽粪作为发酵原料,在30℃±0.2℃恒温槽水浴条件下,以全混合批量式发酵的方法产沼气。实验结果表明,鸽粪是较为良好的发酵原料,其TS产气率和VS产气率分别为486 m L·g-1和631 m L·g-1。与其他原料相比,分别是鸡粪的1.56倍,兔粪的1.08倍,猪粪的1.15倍。运用一级动力学的相关原理和修正后的Gompertz方程进行计算机拟合,分析了整个鸽粪厌氧消化周期中的产沼气规律。     

赣州市煤气公司兴办沼气工程

江西省赣州市煤气公司大型沼气工程经过近两年的建设,于1991年8月8日竣工并开始投料产气,该沼气工程是采用上流式厌氧污泥床和厌氧过滤器组合式厌氧消化工艺,利用赣州酒厂的酒精废醪和柠檬酸厂的有机废水作发酵原料,新产沼气掺合到水煤     

中性纤维素酶促进牛粪厌氧消化性能的研究

试验考察直接添加中性纤维素酶对牛粪沼气发酵性能的影响.向厌氧消化体系添加50,100,150,200 FPU·g-1的中性纤维素酶,通过产气数据、发酵终点沼液性质来估计评估中性纤维素酶对牛粪沼气发酵性能的影响.中性纤维素酶可以促进牛粪的厌氧消化性能.当酶添加量为50 FPU·g-1时,对牛粪产气没有影响;当酶添加量继续...     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。