Standardized nomenclature of animal parasitic diseases (SNOAPAD)

An expert committee, appointed by the Executive Committee of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology (W.A.A.V.P.), presents its proposal for uniform and proper terminology to denominate animal parasitic diseases or infections. In principle, the disease name is constructed solely by the suffix -osis, which is added to the stem of the name of the parasite taxon, formed from the nominative of the taxa. Standardized nomenclature of animal parasitic diseases (SNOAPAD) is meant as a guideline for general use, to improve the clarity of scientific communication. It should be especially useful in promoting effective usage of computerized data retrieval services.     

山区牛场寄生虫病调查及防治措施

根据调查方案和流行病学特点,采取随机采样、粪检、屠宰检验和镜检等方法,对宁化县张某牛场牛感染寄生虫的情况进行初步调查。调查结果表明：不同季节、不同日龄的牛都不同程度感染不同类群的寄生虫,通过调查进而探讨牛寄生虫病的防治措施。     

Improving the assessment of the economic impact of parasitic diseases and of their control in production animals.

This paper reviews the ways in which the economic impact of parasitic diseases of production animals have been evaluated. It then discusses the shortfalls of such studies, as well as the opportunities for improving the quality of economic impact assessments and their value to decision makers in the future. The paper first identifies the impacts that are specific to parasitic diseases. It then goes on to review the abundant literature on estimating the total costs of diseases. The authors argue that this approach severely limits the opportunity for economic assessments to aid decisions in disease control and research. The paper then reviews the literature on studies of avoidable costs, before discussing ways in which economic impact assessments can be enhanced. These issues include greater emphasis on incorporating the lost productivity potential caused by parasitic diseases, greater emphasis on valuing actual rather than intended control measures, and greater emphasis on quantifying the productivity effects at the societal level, particularly in the developing world.     

Travel medicine of parasitic diseases in the dog

Companion animals are increasingly brought along by their owners to foreign countries. Thus, small animal travel medicine is becoming more important. The field includes both prophylaxis and metaphylaxis against various infectious diseases, as well as their diagnosis and treatment. Dogs returning from Southern Europe, but also from more tropical regions, may be infected with exotic pathogens. In addition, imported pedigree or working dogs, and especially stray dogs imported through welfare organisations, are at high risk.The present overview summarises the clinical and practical aspects of exotic parasitic diseases that may affect such dogs, and the risk of such diseases becoming autochthonously transmitted in Switzerland. Furthermore, the zoonotic potential of these infections will be considered.     

大熊猫寄生虫病综述

在大熊猫的各类疾病中,虽然以消化系统、呼吸系统疾病最为常见,但这类疾病的诊断、治疗也较容易。相反,在不同饲养单位散发或暴发的各种传染性疾病给大熊猫带来了十分严重的危害,其中寄生虫病占有极其重要的位置。     

控制猪圆环病毒Ⅱ型对猪病预防的影响

在过去几年中,养猪业遭遇到了越来越多的疾病,药物使用显著增加,也使猪场主和兽医师感到困惑.现在很难解释引发这些疾病的真正原因.通常就是这样,只有较为昂贵的抗生素似乎才会产生效果.     

伊维菌素预混剂预防仔猪寄生虫病的效果观察

伊维菌素是一类具有抗寄生虫活性的大环内酯类抗生素,在养猪业上的推广应用取得了良好的经济效益.目前,我国猪群中寄生虫感染虫种主要是体内线虫及体外节肢动物类寄生虫(传统散养猪群仍有吸虫及绦虫感染),而伊维菌素对畜禽的体内线虫及体外节肢动物类寄生虫有良好的驱杀作用,其抗虫谱基本覆盖了猪群中主要寄生虫感染虫种.为验证北京中农华威科技有限公司生产的伊力佳(伊维菌素)预混剂防治猪寄生虫病的效果,特进行如下试验.     

The most important parasitic intestinal infections in calves and their role in diarrheal diseases

Various stock breeding herds in the USSR were examined for the presence of endoparasites. Coccidia of Cryptosporidium genus occurred in calves at the age of 3 to 4 days to one month, individually in older calves, too. Coccidia C. parvum infected the animals aged 14-15 days most frequently. Coccidia of Eimeria genus and intestinal round worm Strongyloides papilosus were registered sporadically in calves aged 13-15 days; most frequently they occurred in calves aged 1-2 months and older. Of the total number of the examined calves (aged 20 days), which were infected by Cryptosporidium, 77.7 resp. 89.8% were diarrhoeic. In cases of polyinfections with various species of coccidia of the Eimeria genus and S. papillosus, diarrhoea was recorded in 31.2% of one- to two-month-old calves. In cases of monoinfection with coccidia of the Eimeria genus diarrhoea was recorded in 15.8% of the calves, and in cases of infection with the intestinal worm S. Papillosus in 9.1% of the calves.     

The selection of antigens for the diagnosis, prognosis and evolutive study of parasitic diseases

The hypothesis is set forth that schizodeme (kDNA) typing of Trypanosoma cruzi, and possible other parasites, may be used to resolve the problem associated with the protean clinical manifestations of the disease. kDNA typing of T. cruzi clones may turn out to be useful in: (1) diagnosis; (2) prognosis; (3) production of species (generic) vaccines; (4) the study of autoimmunity. We recommend that an international culture bank of schizodeme-type T. cruzi be established.     

The impact of zoonotic diseases transmitted by pets on human health and the economy

In the context of all causes of human morbidity and mortality, or even within the context of all infectious diseases affecting the public health, pet-associated zoonotic infections are of moderate importance. The data documented in Table 1, however, indicate that they do exact significant human health and economic costs. If complete data were available for all of the infections shown in Table 1, the costs would be considerably higher. Moreover, most of these diseases are preventable through educating the public, particularly pet owners, of the zoonotic potential of these diseases, so that they may take precautions to minimize the risks leading to infection. These measures include appropriate health care of pets to eliminate infectious agents, reducing the number of uncontrolled, ownerless pets as well as unwanted or poorly supervised pets, preventing pets from soiling public places with their feces, excluding animals from areas where children play, enforcing leash laws, and promoting responsible pet ownership. Veterinarians, physicians, and public health agencies can aid in these efforts; ultimately, however, the responsibility lies with the pet owner.     

综合性防治舍饲羊寄生虫病

寄生虫是危害养羊业的大敌,其种类繁多、分布广,危害具有隐蔽性和渐近性,特别是农区舍饲时,由于饲养密度大,增加了寄生虫的感染机会,单纯的药物驱虫不但达不到预期的目的,而且容易造成畜产品药物残留,影响畜产品品质.只有按照"预防为主,养防结合,防重于治"的原则,并结合当地实际,采取综合性防制措施,才能有效地减少和控制舍饲羊寄生虫病的发生和流行,保障家畜和人类的健康,减少经济损失,确保养羊业的顺利发展.     

牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术研究(中)

为制定埃普利诺菌素(EPR)休药期及建立牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术提供科学依据。采用荧光高效液相色谱法(HPLC-FLD)检测埃普利诺菌素(EPR)注射剂在牦牛奶中的残留消除规律。结果表明:给泌乳牦牛皮下注射EPR注射液0.2mg·kg^-1剂量,EPR在牛奶中分布浓度较低,在给药后54.00h,牛奶中的EPR浓度达到峰值7.38±2.61ng·mL^-1,该值低于美国规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(12ng·mL^-1)和欧盟及联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(20ng·mL^-1)。给泌乳牦牛皮下注射EPR注射液0.4mg·kg^-1剂量,EPR在牛奶中分布浓度较低,在给药后42.00 h,牛奶中的EPR浓度达到峰值8.42±4.62 ng·mL^-1,最高值低于欧盟和联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(20 ng·mL^-1),略高于美国规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(12ng·mL^-1);在给药后56.00 h,牛奶中的EPR浓度达到峰值6.98±2.98 ng·mL^-1,该值低于美国规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(12ng·mL^-1)和欧盟及联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(20ng·mL^-1)。国产药物试验组与进口商品化制剂对照组的两种EPR浇泼剂在牦牛血浆中的残留消除规律,分别于1.67±0.2d与1.83±0.61d(Tmax)在血浆中达到最高药物浓度(Cmax)7.88±2.68ng·mL^-1与5.94±2.80ng·mL^-1,两种EPR制剂的生物等效性无显著性差异。国产和进口两种制剂的残留均低于联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)所规定的最高残留限量(20ng·mL^-1)。研究结果表明,EPR注射剂0.2mg·kg^-1、0.4mg·kg^-1,EPR浇泼剂0.5mg·kg^-1推荐剂量用于泌乳牦牛无需弃奶期,牦牛乳用时无需休药期或建议休药期为1d。为建立牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术提供了依据。     

Modelling the potential impact of exotic diseases on regional Australia

SUMMARY: Recent international initiatives for disease control suggest that, in the future, the consequences for trade of an exotic disease outbreak may not be as severe as estimated in the past. If zoning were to be accepted by Australia's trading partners, then the major effects may be felt at the regional rather than the national level. A study, using an integrated epidemiological/economic model, was undertaken to compare the impacts of 3 important exotic diseases (foot-and-mouth disease, classical swine fever and sheep pox) in 3 different regions of Australia. The study demonstrated that there are significant differences between the size and effect of different disease outbreaks. Regional factors influence not only the way that the disease will spread and manifest itself, but also the effects on local communities. Foot-and-mouth disease caused more economic losses than sheep pox or classical swine fever. The major determinant of differences in the effects of the diseases between regions was the nature of the regional economies. The less diversified the economy, the greater the effect of an exotic disease outbreak in relation to the size of that economy.     

Parelaphostrongylus tenuis and other parasitic diseases of the ruminant nervous system.

There are many parasites that affect the ruminant central nervous system. Clinical signs can vary dramatically based on the location and mobility of the parasite. Clinical disease can occur due to the physical presence of the parasite and the resulting host immune response or the toxin produced by the parasite. Differentiating the cause of disease is particularly important because prognosis,treatment, and subsequent control measures vary dramatically depending on the disease process. This article focuses on the pathogenesis,treatment, and control of some of the more common parasitic diseases of the ruminant central nervous system.     

Grazing management strategies for the control of parasitic diseases in intensive sheep production systems

The effect of forward (F) and lateral (L) creep grazing, as two possible management alternatives of intensive production systems, on the gastro-intestinal nematode epidemiology of ewes and lambs was studied. Two groups of Romanov x Rasa Aragonesa ewes rearing twins and maintained on an autumn-contaminated pasture at a mean stocking density of 35 ewes ha-1, were used. Measurements were made of the population of infective larvae on the pasture, level of serum pepsinogen, worm eggs in faeces of ewes and lambs, and lambs' growth rate. In addition, post-mortem worm counts from 'indicator' lambs were used to establish the level of infection at each rotational grazing cycle. Two different waves of nematode infection were identified. In both treatments, the over-wintering larvae were responsible for the first outbreak of parasitism which was particularly important for lambs on Treatment F. The second wave of infection apparently came up with several overlapped L3 generations and had different effects on the animals of each group. While early pasture contamination was suffered by the lambs of Treatment F, lambs on Treatment L were not seriously affected until the end of the third grazing cycle (end of May). The different grazing behaviour of lambs in both treatments appeared to be related to the outbreak of parasitism in lambs. The general pattern of liveweight gains was similar for both groups of animals. However, during the first 90 days on pasture lamb growth rate under Treatment L (193 g day-1) was significantly higher than that under Treatment F (164 g day-1). The serum pepsinogen values, worm burdens and liveweight gains indicate that under intensive systems where lateral creep grazing is allowed for lambs, the level of parasite infection is maintained within acceptable limits for the first 90 days on pasture with lambs' growth rate close to their potential. However, the parasitic consequences of grazing under a forward creeping system indicate that anthelmintic drenchings should be used at lambing and at 3-week intervals thereafter during the first 42 days on pasture, after which the risk of contamination from the over-wintering population is over.