加强农药残留管理

针对蔬菜农药残留量严重超标问题,浙江省制定了一些具体监控措施,提出了加强法制建设,制定地方性法规,加强日常的执法检查;加快蔬菜生产产业化进程,指定统一的安全、高效农药用于防治蔬菜病虫害;建立蔬菜农药残留检测体系,开展日常蔬菜农药残留检测;培训监督农安全使用农药等控制农药残留的四项措施,大大提高了广大菜农的安全使用农药和环境保护意识,加快了农药残留检测体系的建设,切实做好农药残留监控工作,有力的保证了人民身体健康,拓展了农药管理新领域。加强农药残留管理$浙江省农药检定所!310004     

江西蔬菜农药残留与质量安全问题

分析了江西省蔬菜农药残留与质量安全管理存在的问题,其主要包括农药残留检测技术和基础设施跟不上发展的需要、蔬菜提早上市交易和缺乏有效的管理体系等。针对这些问题,提出应当建立科学的蔬菜生产标准化体系,以减少或防范农药残留;制订与完善蔬菜质量安全法律法规体系,促使蔬菜农药残留检测和安全管理的制度化。     

冀、京、津组建蔬菜农药残留监测协作网

冀、京、津三省市农药管理负责人及有关专家于２００１年元月１２～１３日在石家庄召开农药残留监控研讨会 ,就如何加强农药残留的检测和三省市蔬菜农药残留监控协作进行了深入探讨 ,提出了具体措施。会上 ,首先交流了各地农药残留监控工作开展情况 ,分析了造成农产品尤其是蔬菜中农药残留超标的主要原因。经过交流和研讨 ,决定组建“冀、京、津蔬菜农药检测协作网”。其主要任务是 :协调有关部门的关系 ,发挥各自优势 ,形成合力 ,做好对进京、津蔬菜和水果中农药残留的检测工作 ,为京、津提供高品质的果菜。“协作网”的领导小组由三省市主…     

东莞市黄江镇市售蔬菜农药残留状况分析

采用农药残留速测卡对东莞市黄江镇2006-2010年间不同季度市售的蔬菜进行有机磷和氨基甲酸酯类农药残留监测。主要抽样检测叶菜类、瓜果类、豆类三大类蔬菜44个品种共62 553份样品,结果表明:东莞市黄江镇市售蔬菜农药残留的质量安全状况总体良好,各类蔬菜的农药残留合格率均在97%以上,可安全食用。     

浅析赣州蔬菜农药残留存在的问题及治理对策

近年来，赣州蔬菜生产迅速发展，栽种面积和品种不断扩大，但由于安全生产监控体系不健全，缺少有效的普及性安全用药管理，蔬菜农药残留问题仍然比较突出。赣州市农产品质量安全检测中心今年开展的七次蔬菜农药残留检测，共抽检了25种蔬菜160个样品，经检测分析，农药残留检测合     

蔬菜农药与硝酸盐残留速测中常出现的问题和解决办法

目前,蔬菜速测(包括产地自检和化验室筛选)主要项目包括农药残留检测和硝酸盐残留检测,采用的仪器主要是TU-1800紫外分光光度计。农药残留指的是农药使用后残存在生物体、农副产品和环境中的农药原体、有毒代谢物、降解物和杂质的总称。速测蔬菜中的农药残留目前采用的是生化测定法(酶抑制法),可快速、准确地测出蔬菜中存在的农药残毒。农产品硝酸盐的检测采用的是化学测定法,能定性、定量测定样品中硝酸盐的残留量。在具体操作中常出现以下问题:1农药残留检测1.1常出现问题一是检测结果出现负值。如果负值范围在0～10%是允许的,说明此样品…     

蔬菜上农药残留快速检测势在必行

加大蔬菜上农药残留检测力度,加强市场上蔬菜农药残留的监控是非常重要的,也是各级领导和老百姓都关心的一大问题。在许多发达国家,由于蔬菜生产基地相对集中,批发商将蔬菜运到销售地点后,即储存在仓库中,同时向地方政府所属的残留检测部门申请检测,检测部门有相对充分的时间对抽检的样本用理化方法（气相色谱、液相色谱等）进行分析,合格者,允许进入市场销售,不合格者,就地销毁。蔬菜上农药残留的抽样检测,在许多发达国家早已制度化,对农药残留量超标的蔬菜能有效的得到管制。在我国则不同,我国的蔬菜生产多较分散,销售的蔬…     

南宁市蔬菜农药残留监测分析

对南宁市各宾馆、饭店的蔬菜和蔬菜生产基地的即将采收上市的蔬菜进行农药残留监测 ,4 a共检测蔬菜样品17342个 ,超标样品 931个 ,超标率 5 .37%。各类蔬菜超标程度的高低依次为 :茄科类 >豆类 >叶菜类 >瓜果类 >根茎类。通过对检测数据进行统计 ,分析蔬菜农药残留与蔬菜品种 ,蔬菜种类 ,种植季节的关系和对宾馆、饭店和蔬菜生产基地的蔬菜农药残留进行比较 ,提出提高蔬菜质量安全的有关措施。     

河北省唐山市蔬菜农药残留量显著降低

２００２年６月，唐山市农药监督管理站对全市主要农产品生产基地，蔬菜批零市场的蔬菜瓜果农药残留量进行了抽样检测，抽样范围包括１３个县（市）区，２５个蔬菜生产基地、１４个批发零售市场，从人们日常食用的３３个果菜品种中抽取了３１３个样品。检测结果表明，唐山市蔬菜农药残留量明显降低。一是各种蔬菜农药残留量普遍减少。今年检测的３１３个样品农药残留毒速测阳性率平均值为１６．６８％，与去年同期检测的３９９个样品平均值相比，降低了５．８３％；二是农药残留超标率有所降低。按照NY/T448-2001标准规定，农药残留抑制率…     

宁波出口蔬菜基地农药残留量的监控

为了有效地应对入世后出口蔬菜面临的种种技术壁垒挑战．2002年11月份起从出口蔬菜基地灌溉水和土壤农药残留普查、蔬菜农药残留量检测、基地所用农药有效成分分析、日本官方未登记农药监控4个方面,实施对宁波出口蔬菜基地农药残留量的监控工作。结果表明,基地灌溉水和土壤农药残留污染轻微,土壤农药残留量达到我国土壤环境质量一级与二级标准;蔬菜农药残留量控制良好,农药残留量均未超过输入国规定的限量要求：农药有效成分经分析与标识一致：重点监控了日本官方未登记或登记已失效而在宁波地区个别农民可能使用的农药,确保蔬菜的卫生质量。     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

青稞种子带菌检测及杀菌剂消毒处理效果

为了研究青稞种子外部和内部携带真菌情况,比较不同杀菌剂对青稞种子的带菌消毒效果和对幼苗生长的影响,为青稞种子播前包衣处理和种传真菌病害防控提供依据,采用离体平皿法对云南迪庆‘云青1号’、‘云青2号’和‘短白青稞’3个主栽品种进行带菌检测,并对种子进行拌种或浸种处理测定6种杀菌剂对种子消毒效果,分析杀菌剂对种子发芽和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明:供试青稞种子表面携带的优势菌群为青霉(Penicilliumspp.)、镰刀菌(Fusariumspp.);种子内部寄藏的真菌主要为镰刀菌、核腔菌(Pyrenophoraspp.)、附球菌(Epicoccumspp.)、丝核菌(Rhizoctoniaspp.)、链格孢(Alternariaspp.)和木霉(Trichoderma spp.)。青稞不同品种的种子表面及内部携带的真菌种类差异较大。致病性测定表明,镰刀菌对种子萌发和幼苗生长影响最大,后期出现幼苗坏死现象。45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP对青稞种子携带真菌均有显著抑制作用和消毒效果,50%福美双WP消毒效果最优,达100%;45%咪鲜胺EW、75%百菌清WP、50%福美双WP处理对青稞种子发芽和幼苗生长均无显著影响。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.