基于模型和GIS的棉铃品质地域分异评价系统

为了预测棉铃品质,对棉铃品质地域分异进行科学评价,以MapObjects(MO)为开发平台,C#为开发语言,基于棉铃品质模型,研制了棉铃品质地域分异评价系统。该系统以棉花品种特性、气候及施氮量等因子为基本输入,实现了对棉铃品质地域分异规律的分析和预测,并可对黄河流域和长江流域棉区238个棉花主产棉县(市)主栽棉花品种的棉子蛋白质、棉子油分、棉纤维长度、比强度、麦克隆值和棉纤维综合品质进行预测计算,运行结果以表格、曲线图、柱状图及专题地图的形式输出。以江苏省为例,对棉铃品质地域分异进行了系统的评价。运行结果表明,该系统操作简单,运行可靠,预测结果空间表达准确直观,站点评价选取灵活。该系统的实现为保障棉花区域经济可持续发展提供了科学依据。     

2005年国家棉花品种区试纤维品质测试与分析

通过在黄河流域棉区、长江流域棉区、西北内陆棉区和北部特早熟棉区不同生态环境的布点试验，正确评价棉花参试品种的纤维品质及在不同生长条件下纤维品质的差异．为综合评价参试品种、品种审定和推广提供科学依据。     

利用GGE双标图划分长江流域棉花纤维品质生态区

长江流域棉区棉纤维品质区域特征明显,合理划分纤维品质生态区有助于提高原棉品质和配棉效率。本研究采用GGE双标图的“环境-性状”功能图分析2000-2012年期间长江流域国家棉花品种区域试验中环境与纤维品质性状的互作模式,提出长江流域棉纤维品质生态区划分方案。结果表明,长江流域棉区可划分为“中等品质生态区”、“高长度与比强度生态区”和“低马克隆值生态区”。其中,长江流域中等纤维品质生态区涵盖湖北省江汉平原和鄂东南岗地棉区、河南省与湖北省交界的南襄盆地棉区、湖南省环洞庭湖东部和西部棉区、江西省环鄱阳湖棉区、安徽省沿江与江淮棉区、江苏省宁镇丘陵与沿江棉区和浙江省沿海棉区,纤维品质较好,代表了长江流域的总体水平;高长度与比强度生态区位于湖南省环洞庭湖北部滨湖沃土棉区,纤维长度和比强度优良,而马克隆值偏高;低马克隆值生态区涵盖长江流域最西边海拔较高的棉花熟期早长势较弱的四川丘陵棉区和最东边土壤含盐度较高且棉花长势较弱的江苏沿海棉区,纤维马克隆值达到B级水平,为长江流域马克隆值最好的区域,但纤维比强度水平一般。本研究充分展示了GGE双标图的“环境-性状”功能图在纤维品质生态区划分方面的应用效果,可为长江流域棉花区域化种植和纺织企业合理用棉提供决策支持,也为其他棉区和作物生态区划分研究提供参考。     

棉纤维综合品质指数模型的指标确定与建模

纤维综合品质指数是既能评价棉纤维品质质量,又能反映成纱品质质量的一个综合指数,是一个无量纲的参数。本文利用不同品质原棉的纺纱试验结果,采用主成分分析等方法,并借鉴前人的研究结果,确定了纤维长度、纤维强度、长度整齐度、伸长率和麦克隆值是表示棉花纤维综合品质的关键指标,提出了棉纤维综合品质指数(IFQI)模型。经过分析认为,反映纺纱均匀性指标(SCI)选择的棉纤维综合品质指数模型为IFQI=(Len-10)/Mic~(1/Mic)×Str×Un;反映单纱强力选择的IFQI模型为IFQI=(Len-10)/Mic~(1/Mic)×Str。IFQI模型机理性强、自变量少、形式简单直观,而且与单纱强力、纺纱均匀指数呈正相关。棉纤维综合品质指数高,说明棉花纤维的品质好,棉纤维综合品质指数既可直接用来评价棉纤维品质,又可直接表征成纱品质。     

棉花纤维品质与气象因子的定量分析

本文以日照时数少、气温高、昼夜温差小的长江流域棉区点南京，日照时数多、昼夜温差大的西北内陆北疆早熟棉区点石河子，日照时数和昼夜温差居上述两地之间，但温光资源有一定差别的黄河流域中早熟棉区点安阳和保定作为3个棉区的典型生态区代表，研究与棉纤维品质密切相关的气象因子在较大时空尺度上双向变化过程中的纤维品质变化的特点。     

中国棉花纤维品质检验和评价的研究进展

 在综述国内外棉花纤维主要品质指标研究进展和棉花纤维品质评价方法的基础上,比较并论述了棉花色特征指标如明度指标光反射率（Rd）和饱和度指示纤维黄度（+b）和传统棉花纤维品质指标如目测等级、长度、强度和细度的测定与应用,以及生态和气候类型对棉花纤维品质的影响等方面的研究进展。分析了棉花纤维品质指标与棉花色特征指标的关系。综述了在棉花质量标准革新与国际化背景下开展棉花色特征质量评价体系研究的重要性及色特征研究的发展前景。展望在构建棉花色特征气象生态模型基础上建立中国棉花分类分级系统的必要性,提出了将生态模型与GIS进行结合,对棉花纤维品质指标、生态指标和棉花纤维色特征的空间地域分异评价与预测。     

中国主产棉区气象因子和纤维品质的相关性研究

研究选取保定、徐州、阿克苏等覆盖全国主产棉区的27个样点,在不考虑土壤、播期、栽培措施等因素的前提下,对所选样点2006-2011年的棉纤维品质数据和7-9月气象数据进行不同区域水平下的多元逐步回归分析,初步建立棉纤维品质的气象生态模型,并找出影响棉纤维品质的关键气象因子。结果表明:(1)在全国主产棉区,日平均温度越高,≥12℃有效积温和降水日数越少,棉花纤维越长;日均最低温度越高,纤维比强度越大;日均最低温度和平均湿度越高,降水日数越多,马克隆值越大。(2)在黄河流域棉区,日均温和平均湿度越高,棉花纤维越长;降水日数越多,纤维强度越大。(3)在长江流域棉区,降水越多,纤维越长;≥12℃有效积温和降水量越多,马克隆值越大;日均最低温度越高,≥12℃有效积温越小,品级越好。(4)在西北内陆棉区,日照时数和降水量越大,纤维越长;≥12℃有效积温越大,纤维比强度增加;日照时数越多、降水日数越少,马克隆值越大。气象因子对棉花纤维品质有着重要影响,定量化研究气象因子与棉花纤维品质之间的相关关系是纤维品质形成模型建立的基础。     

北疆棉区棉花品种综合性状评价研究

通过对不同棉花新品种（系、组合）的生育期、生长势、抗病性、棉花品质、产量等性状进行了综合评价研究,筛选出2010-3、H-19、6-2、107、单-5、Kw-10适宜北疆棉区推广种植的棉花新品种,为北疆地区棉花新品种种植和推广提供科学依据。     

新疆棉花品种存在的若干问题与对策

目前,全国棉花种植依据其不同的生态类型划为三大棉区,即西北内陆棉区、长江流域棉区、黄河流域棉区.新疆录属西北边陲,西北内陆棉区主要就是指新疆棉区.而在这三大棉区中,西北内陆棉区所占比重正在逐年增加.据农业部2000年统计,长江流域、黄河流域和西北内陆棉区的植棉面积分别占全国的30%、43%和26%,总产量分别占全国的27%、38%和34%.由上述数据可看出,新疆棉花的产量较高,但综合品质经农业部纤维测试中心检验却在全国的末位.     

国内外棉花纤维品质育种进展

长江流域、黄河流域和新疆三大棉区生态条件优良，非常适合优质棉的生产。2004年3月，农业部以第357号公告发布了2003年我国三大棉区12个主产棉省（区）92个优质棉基地县49个种植面积在0．67万hm^2以上的主栽陆地棉品种的纤维品质抽样测试结果。测试指标主要包括上半部平均长度（简称长度）、整齐度、短纤维指数、比强度、伸长率、麦克隆值、成熟度指数、反射率、黄度、纺纱均匀性指数等10个。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.