Molecular and biochemical impacts of environmental factors on wheat grain development and protein synthesis

Wheat grain yield and flour quality are strongly influenced by the effects of environment during grain fill. Environmental variables such as temperature, water and fertilizer influence the rate and duration of wheat grain development, protein accumulation and starch deposition in unique ways, and by different mechanisms. The effects of environment are superimposed on the intrinsic temporal patterns of gene expression during grain development. Integration of genomic and proteomic studies with developmental studies under controlled environmental conditions should make it possible to resolve complex patterns of gene expression during grain development, pinpoint key regulatory processes that are influenced by the environment, and reveal the molecular basis for environmental impacts on flour composition and quality.     

不同土壤肥力下施氮量对小麦产量和品质的影响

为探究氮肥在不同土壤肥力条件下对小麦的增产提质效应,以强筋小麦品种丰德存麦5号和中筋小麦品种百农207为供试材料,分别在三个地点设置0、180、240和300 kg·hm^-2四个施氮水平,研究了不同施氮量对冬小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响。结果表明,地点、品种和施氮量均对小麦产量有显著影响,其中地点的影响最大,其次是施氮量,品种最小。在高肥力麦田,施氮量为180 kg·hm^-2时产量最高,中高肥力麦田和低肥力麦田均以施氮量为240 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。不施氮肥条件下,品质指标以高肥力麦田较高,低肥力麦田最低,表明基础肥力高有利于改善小麦品质。施用氮肥均显著提高了小麦籽粒中的蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值和湿面筋含量,延长了形成时间和稳定时间,各试验点表现一致。利用主成分分析将小麦品质性状转化为蛋白质因子和面粉粉质因子,结果表明,在低肥力麦田,施氮量对蛋白质因子的增强效应较大,在中高肥力麦田,施氮量能均衡提高蛋白质因子和粉质因子;在高肥力麦田,施氮量对小麦粉质因子的增强效应较大。不论土壤肥力高低,均以施氮量为240 kg·...     

Grain quality traits of commercial durum wheat varieties and their relationships with drought stress and glutenins composition

Durum wheat is an important crop widely distributed which grain is used in the elaboration of diverse food products. Most notably, durum wheat is used for the production of high quality pasta all around the world, but also for bread, couscous or bulgur, among other products. The end-use quality of these products is heavily determined by the grain quality characteristics, which depend on the wheat variety cultivated, the environmental effects and GxE interactions. The present study was conducted using a collection of 46 commercial durum wheat varieties to describe the phenotypic variation of the main target traits determining wheat quality, ascertain the effects of drought stress (very common in durum areas) on grain quality traits, and to assess the relationship between allelic variations of glutenins composition and gluten properties. Overall the varieties from Australia, USA and Italy showed the best performance in terms of grain quality. Additionally, the effects of drought stress on grain quality traits were analyzed: some traits were favored due to a higher protein concentration but others, such as flour yellowness were not affected by drought stress. The analysis of the varieties' glutenins composition showed the positive or negative effect of some alleles on different quality traits.     

不同种植密度下施肥对强筋春小麦品质形成的调控效应

为给春小麦优质栽培提供依据,以优质春小麦品种龙麦26为材料,分析了不同种植密度下施肥量对强筋春小麦品质形成的调控效应。结果表明,随种植密度的增加,千粒重降低,而籽粒容重增大。种植密度对籽粒蛋白质含量、面筋含量以及面粉品质和面团流变学特性无显著影响。适当增加施肥量可以提高小麦籽粒蛋白质含量和面筋含量,增加沉淀值,改善面粉降落值,提高吸水率,延长面团的形成时间和稳定时间,但对面团的拉伸特性影响不大,并降低了容重和千粒重。     

Effects of Restricted Water Availability and Increased Temperature on the Grain Filling, Drying and Quality of Winter Wheat

Experiments in controlled environments examined the effects of the timing and severity of drought, and increased temperature, on grain development of Hereward winter wheat. Environmental effects on grain specific weight, protein content, Hagberg Falling Number, SDS-sedimentation volume, and sulphur content were also studied. Drought and increased temperature applied before the end of grain filling shortened the grain filling period and reduced grain yield, mean grain weight and specific weight. Grain filling was most severely affected by drought between days 1–14 after anthesis. Protein content was increased by stresses before the end of grain growth, because nitrogen harvest index was less severely affected than was dry matter harvest index. Hagberg Falling Number was increased to the greatest extent by stresses applied 15–28 days after anthesis. Treatment effects on grain sulphur content were similar to those on protein content, such that N:S ratio was not significantly affected by drought nor temperature stresses. The effects of restricted water on grain yield and quality were linearly related to soil moisture between 44 and about 73% field capacity (FC) from days 15–28. Drought stress (but not temperature stress) before the end of grain filling decreased SDS-sedimentation volume relative to drought applied later.     

Environmental modification of hard red winter wheat flour protein composition

The intrinsic processing quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars is modified significantly by cultural conditions and climate. In an attempt to understand the biochemical basis of such variation, environmental modification of flour protein content and composition was measured. Thirty hard red winter wheat cultivars and experimental lines were grown at 17 Nebraska environments during 1990 and 1991. Environmental conditions, including grain filling duration, temperature and relative humidity during grain filling, were monitored. Grain yield and test weight also were determined as environmental indicators. Significant linear correlations between flour protein content, as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy, were observed only with the duration of grain filling. Protein quality, as measured by SDS sedimentation volumes and size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography, was highly influenced by the frequency of high temperatures during grain filling and by the relative humidity. Observed ranges in genotypic responses (variance) at locations also were altered by environmental factors. Optimal protein quality, as determined by SDS sedimentation volumes, was observed with exposure to less than 90 h of temperature greater than 32°C during grain filling. Protein quality declined with exposure to a greater number of hours of elevated temperature.     

硅对小麦产量与籽粒品质的影响

为给小麦优质生产中硅肥的使用提供参考依据,采用大田小区试验,以两个春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,研究了硅肥施用量(15～75kg.hm-2)对小麦植株形态、产量及品质的影响。结果表明,适量施硅可提高小麦籽粒产量,其中龙麦26的增产幅度大于克旱16,穗粒数和穗数的增加分别是两个品种增产的主要原因;施硅对小麦植株高度和茎秆基部粗度影响不显著,但不同程度地增加龙麦26的穗长;硅肥对千粒重、容重和蛋白质含量等籽粒品质影响不显著,但显著提高了龙麦26的干湿面筋含量、面粉吸水率和面团断裂时间等加工品质指标,同时改善了其面团的拉伸特性。在本试验条件下,龙麦26的适宜施硅量为30kg.hm-2,克旱16为60kg.hm-2,过量施硅不利于小麦籽粒产量和品质的形成。     

Heat and drought stress on durum wheat: Responses of genotypes,yield, and quality parameters

Heat and/or drought stress during cultivation are likely to affect the processing quality of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. ssp. durum). This work examined the effects of drought and heat stress conditions on grain yield and quality parameters of nine durum wheat varieties, grown during two years (2008–09 and 2009–10). Generally, G and E showed main effects on all the parameters whereas the effects of G × E were relatively small. More precipitation in Y09–10 may account for the large differences in parameters observed between crop cycles (Y08–09 and Y09–10). Combined results of the two crop cycles showed that flour protein content (FP) and SDS sedimentation volume (SDSS) increased under both stress conditions, but not significantly. In contrast the gluten strength-related parameters lactic acid retention capacity (LARC) and mixograph peak time (MPT) increased and decreased significantly under drought and heat stress, respectively. Drought and heat stress drastically reduced grain yield (Y) but significantly enhanced flour yellowness (FY). LARC and the swelling index of glutenin (SIG) could be alternative tests to screen for gluten strength. Genotypes and qualtiy parameters performed differently to drought and heat stress, which justifies screening durum wheat for both yield and quality traits under these two abiotic stress conditions.     

河北省主要推广强筋小麦的面包加工品质

为了解河北省主推强筋小麦品种的籽粒品质和面包加工品质,评选优质面包小麦品种,对河北省9个强筋小麦品种的31个籽粒品质和8个面包加工品质指标进行了测定。结果表明,除千粒重、容重、籽粒硬度、出粉率、面粉色泽L*值、面粉色泽b*值、面粉白度、籽粒蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、糊化温度、吸水率外,其余被测指标的变异系数均大于10%,说明河北省强筋小麦品种多数品质性状的遗传多样性比较丰富。藁优9415、冀师02-1、藁优2018和金麦1号4个小麦品种制作的面包达到国家优质面包标准。面包评分与面团拉伸曲线面积和最大拉伸阻力极显著正相关,与形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数、延伸度和拉伸阻力显著正相关,与面包质构的粘聚性极显著正相关,与面包质构的硬度、胶着性、咀嚼度、坚实度均极显著负相关。     

Effect of drought and elevated temperature on grain zinc and iron concentrations in CIMMYT spring wheat

Abiotic stress caused by increasing temperature and drought is a major limiting factor for wheat productivity around the world. Wheat plays an important role in feeding the world, but climate change threatens its future harvest and nutritional quality. In this study, grain iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentrations of 54 wheat varieties, including CIMMYT derived historic and modern wheat varieties grown in six different environmental conditions, were analyzed. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of water and heat stress on the nutritional value of wheat grains with a main emphasis on grain protein content, Zn and Fe concentrations. Significant effects of environment on protein content and grain micronutrients concentration were observed. The protein and Zn concentrations increased in the water and heat stressed environments, whereas Zn and Fe yield per unit area was higher in non-stress conditions. The results suggest that genetic gains in the yield potential of CIMMYT derived wheat varieties have tended to reduce grain Zn, in some instances; however, environmental variability might influence the extent to which this effect manifests itself.     

江苏省小麦品质现状及品质改良研究

分析测定了当前江苏省大面积推广和新选育的１８个小麦品种（品系）的理化性质和面团流变学特性。各性状的平均值为：容重７８６．７ｇ／Ｌ,出粉率６８．６％,蛋白质含量１２．７％,湿面筋含量３２．７％,沉淀值３６．０ｍｌ,面团吸水率６０．６％,形成时间２．７ｍｉｎ,稳定时间４．２ｍｉｎ,软化度１０５．３Ｂ．Ｕ．,评价值４５．４。总地看来,江苏省小麦品种（品系）的容重和出粉率稍高,蛋白质、面筋含量和沉淀值中等     

施肥和群体密度对春小麦产量与品质形成的调控效应

为给春小麦养分科学管理提供参考,采用大田小区试验,以春小麦品种龙麦26和克旱16为材料,研究了肥料施用量对小麦不同密度群体籽粒产量与品质形成的调控效应。结果表明,施肥与群体密度对春小麦产量具有明显的互作效应。低施肥水平下,春小麦产量随群体密度的增加而增加;中高施肥水平下,产量随群体密度增加出现波动,但均高于低施肥水平的产量。群体密度的增加降低了收获穗数饱和度、穗粒数及籽粒面筋含量,但增加了籽粒容重;施肥量的增加提高了穗粒数、千粒重和面筋含量;群体密度和施肥量对小麦加工品质的影响较为复杂,且对不同基因型品种的调控效应不同。     

无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响

为了阐明天田条件下无机与有机肥配施对小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控效应,以中筋型小麦品种豫麦49-198为供试材料,研究了施用有机肥、无机与有机肥配施以及施用尿素处理对小麦籽粒产量和淀粉糊化特性的影响.结果表明,无杌与有机肥配施不仅可以显著提高小麦籽粒产量、蛋白质含量及蛋白质产量.还可以改善小麦淀粉糊化特性.综合各处理结果,施用有机肥以鸡粪处理、无机与有机肥配施以鸡粪+尿素处理对提高小麦籽粒产量、改善小麦淀粉糊化特性的效果较好.     

沼液追施量对小麦蛋白组分、面团流变学和淀粉糊化特性的影响

为给沼液在小麦优质高产栽培中的科学施用提供理论依据,在大田高产条件下研究了沼液追施量对小麦主要品质性状的影响。结果表明,适宜的沼液追施量能有效地提高小麦淀粉黏度参数和蛋白质及其组分含量,改善面团流变学特性。淀粉糊化特性、蛋白质组分含量和粉质参数均以60~120 kg·hm^-2沼液氮追施量最为适宜,而拉伸参数的沼液氮优化水平相对较高（180 kg·hm^-2）,沼液追施量不足或过多均不利于籽粒品质参数的改善。因此,在基施酰氨态氮120 kg·hm^-2的基础上,追施120 kg·hm^-2沼液氮最为适宜,品质指标协调,营养价值高,品质综合性状好。     

宽幅硬茬播种对冬小麦生长、产量及品质的效应

为了解小麦宽幅硬茬播种的效应,2011-2012年在陕西凤翔县农技中心试验站,以中麦349为试验材料,比较分析了宽幅硬茬(玉米收获后不犁地直接播种,播幅10cm,行宽30cm)、宽幅软茬(玉米收获犁地后播种,播幅10cm,行宽30cm)和条播(玉米收获犁地后进行传统的15cm等行距条播)三种种植方式对小麦苗生长、产量及籽粒和面粉品质相关指标的影响。结果表明,与条播相比,宽幅硬茬播种可改善小麦个体生长和抗倒伏性能,增产12.6%,并显著提高籽粒容重、硬度及沉淀值、湿面筋含量、吸水率、面团最大抗延力等籽粒和面粉品质的指标值,但对面粉蛋白质含量和面团延展性没有显著影响。宽幅软茬播种较条播对小麦生长、产量及品质也具显著促进或改善作用,但总体效果不如宽幅硬茬。     

高有机质土壤条件下施氮对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响

为研究高有机质含量土壤条件下施用氮肥对强筋小麦产量及品质的影响,选择土壤有机质含量为3．09％的地块,通过播前底施和拔节期追施等量氮肥（225kg／ha）,对两个强筋小麦品种（8901-11和济麦20）的产量和部分生理及品质指标进行了研究。结果表明,增施氮肥有利于提高叶片叶绿素含量、氮素含量以及旗叶硝酸还原酶活性;施用氮肥可显著提高籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质含量、蛋白质产量、沉淀值、谷蛋白大聚合体及谷蛋白含量,且追施效果优于底施;追施氮肥可以更好地调节籽粒蛋白的组成及含量,从而改善籽粒营养及加工品质。对于清蛋白、球蛋白和醇溶蛋白等三种蛋白质组分的含量,不同小麦品种的施氮反应不尽相同。本试验中,施氮处理对8901-11的影响大于对济麦20的影响。     

Effect of high-nitrogen fertilizer on gliadin and glutenin subproteomes during kernel development in wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Nitrogen(N),a macronutrient essential for plant growth and development,is needed for biosynthesis of protein and starch,which affect grain yield and quality.Application of high-N fertilizer increases plant growth,grain yield,and flour quality.In this study,we performed the first comparative analysis of gliadin and glutenin subproteomes during kernel development in the elite Chinese wheat cultivar Zhongmai 175 under high-N conditions by reversed-phase ultra-performance liquid chromatography and twodimensional difference gel electrophoresis(2D-DIGE).Application of high-N fertilizer led to significant increases in gluten macropolymer content,total gliadin and glutenin content,and the accumulation of individual storage protein components.Of 126 differentially accumulated proteins(DAPs)induced by high-N conditions,24 gliadins,12 high-molecularweight glutenins,and 27 low-molecular-weight glutenins were significantly upregulated.DAPs during five kernel developmental stages displayed multiple patterns of accumulation.In particular,gliadins and glutenins showed respectively five and six accumulation patterns.The accumulation of storage proteins under high-N conditions may lead to improved dough properties and bread quality.     

有机与常规栽培条件下不同春小麦品种产量与品质的差异

为了解有机和常规栽培条件下不同春小麦品种产量与品质形成的差异,进而筛选适宜有机栽培的优质高产春小麦品种,以北方春麦区主栽的10个品种为供试材料,通过大田试验,采用主成分分析与聚类分析相结合的品质-产量综合评价方法,系统分析了有机与常规栽培模式下不同小麦品种籽粒品质和产量的综合表现。结果表明,不同品种间,籽粒产量、籽粒蛋白质品质指标、容重、出粉率和面团流变学特性指标的差异均达显著水平(P<0.05)。与常规栽培相比,有机栽培下10个品种的穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量依次降低了15.1%、42.9%、12.5%和21.4%;蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、容重和出粉率分别降低了32.9%、44.0%、52.9%、8.2%和1.0%;吸水率、面团稳定时间、面团形成时间、拉伸面积、面团延展性和最大抗延阻力分别降低了11.5%、36.2%、40.3%、1.0%、20.5%和10.2%。通过主成分分析,从11个品质指标中提取出4个主成分,累计贡献率达到了91.17%,其中贡献较大的指标有蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、沉降值、拉伸面积、出粉率、最大抗延阻力。根据品质主成分综合得分和产量聚类,在两种栽培...     

Metabolite profiling of the response to high-nitrogen fertilizer during grain development of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat yield and quality are dependent largely on nitrogen (N) availability. In this study, we performed the first metabolomic analysis of the response to high-N fertilizer during wheat grain development using non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Quality parameter analyses demonstrated that high-N fertilizer application led to a significant increase in grain protein content and improvement in starch and bread-making quality. Comparative metabolomic profiling of six grain developmental stages resulted in identification of 74 metabolites, including amino acids, carbohydrates, organic acids and lipids/alcohol, which are primarily involved in carbon and N metabolism. Under high-N fertilizer treatment, numerous metabolites accumulated significantly during grain development. Principal component analysis revealed two principal components as being responsible for the variances resulting from N-fertilizer treatments. Metabolite–metabolite correlation analysis demonstrated that the high-N treatment group had a greater number of positive correlations among metabolites, suggesting that high-N fertilizer treatment induced a concerted metabolic change that resulted in improved grain development. Particularly, the high-N treatment-mediated significant accumulation of metabolites involved in the TCA cycle, starch and storage protein synthesis could be responsible for the improvement of grain yield and quality. Our results provide new insight into the molecular mechanisms of wheat grain development and yield and quality.