基于RCH-UNet的新疆密植棉花图像快速分割及产量预测

针对复杂棉田环境下传统图像分割技术存在分割精度低、实时性弱和鲁棒性差等问题,该研究以脱叶期新疆密植棉花为对象,结合低空无人机遥感平台,提出一种RCH-UNet（resnet coordinate hardswish UNet）棉花产量快速预测模型。将UNet中传统的CBR（convolution batch normalization ReLU）下采样模块替换为ResNet50,同时将CA（coordinateattention）注意力机制和hardswish激活函数引入UNet,以提高图像特征的提取能力,增强图像分割效果。基于无人机采集的棉花图像数据集评估RCH-UNet模型性能。试验结果表明,在本文构建的棉花图像数据集上,RCH-UNet模型的棉花分割交并比达到92.79%,像素准确率达到96.22%,精确率为96.30%,与原始U-Net、PSPNet和DeepLabv3相比,像素准确率分别提高了9.85、17.67、6.31个百分点。通过RCH-UNet提取棉花像素比和灰度共生矩阵提取纹理特征,结合岭回归分析构建多因素棉花产量预测模型,模型的R²为0.92,预测产量与实际产量平均绝对百分比误差为9.254%。研究结果可为新疆密植棉花产量预测提供技术支持。     

基于改进HRNet的遥感影像冬小麦语义分割方法

冬小麦在影像中呈现田块碎小且分布零散等空间特征,同时影像包含的复杂地物对冬小麦识别造成干扰,易出现识别精度低且边界分割模糊等问题。为及时准确获取大范围冬小麦空间分布信息,该研究以高分二号卫星影像作为数据源,提出一种CAHRNet(change attention high-resolution Net)语义分割模型。采用HRNet(high-resolution Net)替换ResNet作为模型的主干网络,网络的并行交互方式易获取高分辨率的特征信息;联合OCR(object-contextual representations)模块聚合上下文信息,以增强像素点与目标对象区域的关联性;3）引入坐标注意力（coordinate attention）机制,使网络模型充分利用有效的空间位置信息,以保留分割区域的边缘细节,提高对分布零散、形状多变的冬小麦田块的特征提取能力。试验结果表明,在自制的高分辨率遥感数据集上,CAHRNet模型的平均交并比（mean intersection over union,MIoU）和像素准确率（pixel accuracy, PA）分别达到81.72%和97.0...     

基于改进FCN-8s的灵武长枣图像分割方法

针对不同成熟度灵武长枣图像中多尺度长枣目标的分割问题,该研究提出了一种基于改进FCN-8s的灵武长枣图像分割方法。首先,建立包含不同成熟度灵武长枣图像的数据集。其次,提出一个多尺度特征提取模块,该模块以3×3卷积为主分支,增加1×1卷积和5×5深度可分离卷积作为辅助分支,以提取灵武长枣图像中的多尺度特征。然后,用多尺度特征提取模块替换FCN-8s中的3×3卷积,又对FCN-8s网络结构做了一定的改进,得到了改进FCN-8s。最后,在灵武长枣数据集上进行试验,结果表明,改进FCN-8s的枣类交并比、平均交并比、像素准确率、召回率和像素准确率、召回率的调和平均值F_1分数分别达到了93.50%、96.41%、98.44%、97.86%和98.15%,比原FCN-8s的各项评价指标分别高出了11.31、6.20、1.51、5.21和3.14个百分点。网络参数量为5.37×106,分割速度为16.20帧/s。改进FCN-8s满足了灵武长枣智能化采摘机器人对视觉识别系统的要求,为实现灵武长枣的智能化采摘提供了技术支持。     

基于轻量级CNN-Transformer混合网络的梯田图像语义分割

梯田是一种传统的农业种植方式,发挥着稳定作物生产与水土保持效能,修筑梯田是发展农业生产的重要措施之一。快速、准确地对梯田区域分布信息进行采集,对提高粮食产量、治理水土流失以及规划区域生态等方面具有重要的作用与意义。无人机图像梯田道路边界模糊、具有较长的带状结构,为了更准确地获取梯田的边缘信息,受MobileVit启发,该研究在MobileViT block中引入了轴向注意力机制(axial attention),并采用编码器-解码器结构,提出了基于轻量级CNN-Transformer混合构架网络模型。模型编码器部分由改进的MobileViT block、融入了条形池化的逆残差模块和空洞空间金字塔池化模块构成,再通过有效设计摆放各模块的位置顺序来实现局部与全局的视觉表征信息交互,得到完整的全局特征表达;利用解码器对编码器提取到的多尺度特征图进行采样和卷积操作得到语义分割结果图。选取PSPNet、LiteSeg、BisNetv2、Deeplabv3Plus、MobileViT在相同测试集上进行对比试验,结果表明,该研究所提模型在精度与速度方面均具有一定的优势,其像素精度可达95.79%,频权交并比可达94.86%,模型参数量为8.32 M,实现了使用较少的参数和简单的方法对复杂无规则的无人机图像梯田区域对象较为准确的分割,将其部署到无人机上可以进一步获取梯田的形状、位置、轮廓等信息,及时准确地掌握梯田边缘信息为预防和修护加固梯田提供重要的依据,同时有助于梯田区域种植面积和范围的统计,以期为梯田和旱作区农业建设的发展提供参考。     

基于多尺度串联空洞卷积的轻量化UNet香蕉图像分割

针对香蕉果串识别系统中传统的UNet网络存在实时性差、参数量多、下采样后丢失空间信息等问题,该研究提出基于UNet模型的轻量化分割网络,构造一个轻量级的主干特征提取模块,在降低模型参数量和计算量的同时增强网络提取特征的能力,使用膨胀率为[2,1,2]锯齿波形的多尺度串联空洞卷积组合在增大感受野的同时保持对细节的敏感度。该研究算法在自建香蕉果串数据集上的试验结果表明,网络参数量为0.45 M时,香蕉果串识别分割速度可达41.0帧/s,平均像素分类准确率为97.32%、交并比为92.57%。相比于其他模型具有准确率高、参数量小等优点,能够较好地实现精度和速度的均衡。该算法对自然种植环境下的香蕉果串具有良好的识别效果,可为智能化香蕉采摘等应用提供视觉识别技术支持。     

改进DeepLabV3+算法提取无作物田垄导航线

机器视觉导航是智慧农业的重要部分,无作物田垄的导航线检测是旱地移栽导航的关键。针对无作物田垄颜色信息相近、纹理差距小,传统图像处理方法适用性差、准确率低,语义分割算法检测速度慢、实时性差的问题,该研究提出一种基于改进DeepLabV3+的田垄分割模型。首先对传统DeepLabV3+网络进行轻量化设计,用MobileNetV2网络代替主干网络Xception,以提高算法的检测速度和实时性;接着引入CBAM（convolutional block attention module,CBAM）注意力机制,使模型能够更好地处理垄面边界信息;然后利用垄面边界信息获得导航特征点,对于断垄情况,导航特征点会出现偏差,因此利用四分位数对导航特征点异常值进行筛选,并采用最小二乘法进行导航线拟合。模型评估结果显示,改进后模型的平均像素精确度和平均交并比分别为96.27%和93.18%,平均检测帧率为84.21帧/s,优于PSPNet、U-Net、HRNet、Segformer以及DeepLabV3+网络。在不同田垄环境下,最大角度误差为1.2°,最大像素误差为9,能够有效从不同场景中获取导航线。研究结果可为农业机器人的无作物田垄导航提供参考。     

基于改进YOLOv5s的自然环境下猕猴桃花朵检测方法

为实现对猕猴桃花朵的快速准确检测,该研究提出了一种基于改进YOLOv5s的猕猴桃花朵检测模型YOLOv5s＿S＿N＿CB＿CA,并通过对比试验进行了精度验证。在YOLOv5s基础上引入C3HB模块和交叉注意力(criss-cross atte ntion,CCA)模块增强特征提取能力,结合样本切分和加入负样本处理方法进一步提升模型精度。改进模型的检测精确率为85.21%,召回率为90%,模型大小为14.6 MB,交并比(intersection over union,IoU)为0.5下的均值平均精度(mAP_0.5)为92.45%,比仅进行样本缩放处理的原始YOLOv5s提高了31.91个百分点,检测速度为35.47帧/s,比原始YOLOv5s提高了34.15%。使用改进模型对自然环境下不同天气、晴天不同时段光照强度下的猕猴桃花朵进行检测,结果表明模型检测晴天、阴天下猕猴桃花朵的mAP_0.5分别为91.96%、91.15%,比原始YOLOv5s分别高出2.55、2.25个百分点;检测晴天9:00-11:00、15:00-17:00光强下猕猴桃花...     

改进YOLOv5s和迁移学习对番茄穴盘苗的分级检测

为了提高番茄穴盘苗分级检测精度,该研究提出了改进YOLOv5s目标检测模型,并通过迁移学习对番茄穴盘病苗识别精度进行优化。采用轻量级网络EfficientNetv2的Backbone部分作为特征提取网络,保留YOLOv5s中的SPPF空间金字塔池化模块,压缩模型参数数量以减少计算量;更改模型Neck部分原始上采样模块为CARAFE轻量级上采样模块,在引入很少参数量的情况下提高模型精度;同时将PANet替换为BiFPN,引入特征权重信息,增强不同尺度特征融合能力;引入有效多尺度注意力机制(efficient multi-scale attention,EMA),提高对番茄苗的关注,减少背景干扰;替换CIoU损失函数为SIoU损失函数,考虑真实框与预测框之间的方向匹配,提高模型收敛效果。试验结果表明,改进的YOLOv5s目标检测模型经过迁移学习训练后,平均精度均值达到95.6%,较迁移学习前提高了0.7个百分点;与原YOLOv5s模型相比,改进YOLOv5s模型平均精度均值提升2.6个百分点;改进YOLOv5s模型的参数量、计算量和权重大小分别为原YOLOv5s模型的53.1%、20.0%...     

多尺度融合卷积神经网络的黄瓜病害叶片图像分割方法

黄瓜病害叶片中的病斑区域分割是病害检测与类型识别的关键步骤,分割效果将直接影响病害检测和识别的精度。针对传统方法对于黄瓜病害叶片图像分割精度低和泛化能力弱等问题,提出一种基于多尺度融合卷积神经网络(Multi-ScaleFusionConvolutionalNeuralNetworks,MSF-CNNs)的黄瓜病害叶片分割方法。MSF-CNNs由编码网络(EncoderNetworks,ENs)和解码网络(DecoderNetworks,DNs)两部分组成,其中ENs为一个多尺度卷积神经网络组成,用于提取病害叶片图像的多尺度信息;DNs基于九点双线性插值算法,用于恢复输入图像的尺寸和分辨率。在MSF-CNNs模型训练的过程中,使用一种渐进微调的迁移学习方法加速模型的训练,提高模型的分割精度。在复杂背景下的作物病害叶片图像数据库上进行病害叶片图像分割试验,并与现有的分割方法全卷积网络(FullyConvolutional Networks,FCNs)、Seg Net、U-Net、Dense Net进行比较。结果表明,该MSF-CNNs能够满足复杂环境下的黄瓜病害叶片图像分割需求,像素分类精度为92.38%、平均分割准确率为93.12%、平均交并比为91.36%、频率加权交并比为89.76%。与FCNs、Seg Net、U-Net、Dense Net相比较,MSF-CNNs的平均分割精度分别提高了13.00%、10.74%、10.40%、10.08%和6.40%。使用渐进学习训练方式后,训练时间缩短了0.9 h。该方法为进一步的黄瓜病害检测和识别方法研究提供了参考。     

基于改进YOLOv7的苹果生长状态及姿态识别

针对目前苹果在复杂环境下难以进行生长状态分类识别、姿态信息同步获取等问题,该研究提出了一种基于改进YOLOv7的苹果生长状态分类和果实姿态融合识别方法。首先改进多尺度特征融合网络,在骨干网络中增加160×160的特征尺度层,用于增强模型对微小局部特征的识别敏感度;其次引入注意力机制CBAM(convolutional block attention module),改善网络对输入图片的感兴趣目标区域的关注度;最后采用Soft-NMS算法,能够有效避免高密度重叠目标被一次抑制从而发生漏检现象。此外,结合UNet分割网络和最小外接圆及矩形特征获取未遮挡苹果姿态。试验结果表明,改进YOLOv7的识别精确率、召回率和平均识别精度分别为86.9%、80.5%和87.1%,相比原始YOLOv7模型分别提高了4.2、2.2和3.7个百分点,另外苹果姿态检测方法的准确率为94%。该文模型能够实现苹果生长状态分类及果实姿态识别,可为末端执行器提供了抓取方向,以期为苹果无损高效的采摘奠定基础。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.