芦苇笋采收机研制

针对芦苇笋采摘无机械化采摘设备,人工采摘劳动强度大,作业环境泥泞,湿地行驶通过性和稳定性要求高等问题,该研究设计了一种自走式芦苇笋采收机。该机包括采摘装置、升举机构、收集装置、履带自行走底盘等部分,可实现满足农艺要求的芦苇笋自动化采摘和收集作业。整机由柴油机驱动,传动系统分为机械传动部分和液压传动部分,机械传动部分提供整机行走和收集纵向输送动力,液压传动部分提供采摘装置动力调整、横向收集调速和升举机构升降。首先,根据芦苇笋采摘掰扯受力特点设计了同步带牵引拖曳采摘装置,其俯仰角度0°～60°可调,前端最大离地高度600 mm,采收宽度876 mm;同时,根据通过性能和作业要求,采摘装置加装变幅升举机构,离地最大升举高度200 mm;之后,根据芦苇笋的生物特性设计了芦苇笋输送收集装置,纵向输送装置皮带速度为0.5 m/s,横向收集装置皮带速度为1m/s;最后,基于各个模块分布和传动关系,设计了履带自行走底盘,配套动力13.3kW。通过对整机动力和行驶性能进行分析计算,确定满负载动力需求,获得整机横、纵向极限倾角及横向滑移角。采摘试验表明,采摘机作业效果良好,采摘效率为71kg/h,损伤率为8%,漏采率7.6%;整机行驶性能稳定,行驶速度范围为0～9 km/h,采摘装置前端离地高度调节范围为0～638mm,可适应地势采摘芦苇笋;整机极限纵向俯角、仰角和横向倾翻角分别为50°、63°和45°,纵向极限滑移角和横向极限滑移角分别为42°和38°,湖区作业通过性和稳定性强。试验结果对自走式芦苇笋采收机的结构优化和智能化升级提供了可靠的技术支撑。     

蓝莓采收机高通过性自行走装置设计及性能研究

针对国内蓝莓采收面临的难题,对蓝莓采收机自行走装置进行设计,该装置由液压驱动,采用框架式结构,由行走车架、发动机、液压执行元件、驾驶区等组成,对车架进行满载弯曲和扭转工况有限元仿真,确定车架强度满足力学性能要求,具有良好载荷配比及抗扭能力。对整机行走、转弯及升降性能分析,确保整机操纵轻便。该装置配置采收系统,对整机上下坡、横坡行驶及横向滑移稳定性分析,获得整机极限翻倾角及不同路面横向滑移角度范围。对样机进行试制及田间试验,试验结果与理论分析基本一致,整机行驶性能良好,最大行驶速度为11km/h,最小转弯半径为3 160 mm,适用果树高度1.1～2.0 m;整机作业稳定性强,上下坡及横向行驶翻倾角分别为51°、50°及44°,横向极限滑移角为40°;自行走装置与采收系统匹配性良好,采收效率为6.95 kg/min,果树重度损伤率为3.5%。     

小型果园升降作业平台的设计与试验

针对南方丘陵山区水果生产中采摘、疏花等作业环节劳动强度大、机械设备少、人工作业效率低,已有设备在丘陵山区作业时通过性不强、易失稳等问题,设计制造了一种小型履带自走式剪叉升降作业平台,该机器具有较小的底盘尺寸,能够控制回转支承进行方位调节,通过液压油缸实现升降、角度调整,使得载人工作台可调平,以提高机器稳定性能。对样机进行了模拟工作环境下的爬坡角度、转弯半径、调平以及倾翻稳定性能测试,相关指标达到了设计要求。结果表明,样机可升降高度1.2 m,最大行驶速度0.25 m/s,最小转弯半径0.75 m,不同负载和升降高度下平台的坡地静态倾翻角集中在(15°~30°)之间等,满足了工作要求。同时,样机外形尺寸较小,操控简便,适合南方果园种植模式和使用要求。     

温室用小型多功能电动履带式作业平台设计

针对温室果蔬管理、采运等作业环节人工劳动强度大、作业效率低,传统油动作业平台污染大、能源利用率低、结构尺寸与温室环境不符等问题,设计了一种温室用电动作业平台。该文阐述了其整体结构与工作原理,通过理论计算和Adams/view仿真分析等方法研究了关键部件结构及参数,并开发了一套具有双操作模式的控制系统,可实现对作业平台的远程和在线操作。通过台架试验及田间试验对作业平台不挂接拖车常规状态下的转弯性能、模拟坡面行驶倾翻性能、爬坡性能和作业续航性能等开展测试,试验结果表明:整机最小转弯半径为0.94 m,最高行驶速度2 km/h,200 kg负载下作业续航时间可达4 h电池电量下降均匀;模拟坡面行驶最大倾翻角分别为:纵向状态30.5°、横向状态20.6°、斜向状态25.6°,最大倾翻角随工作台的匀速升高、负载的均匀加重(高度随之增加)而逐渐减小,同时最大倾翻角还与作业平台和坡面的位置状态相关,纵向状态下平台作业安全系数最高,优于斜向状态和横向状态。田间试验结果表明各项指标均满足设计预期和温室结构农艺要求,该研究可为温室内果蔬管理、采摘及搬运提供参考。     

丘陵山地轮式拖拉机车身调平系统设计与物理模型试验

为解决丘陵山地拖拉机在复杂工况下作业时车身难保水平、容易倾翻等问题,该文设计了一种新型拖拉机车身调平系统。基于数字化虚拟样机技术建立了具有该调平系统的丘陵山地拖拉机多体动力学模型,并对其进行了运动学和动力学仿真分析。运动学仿真分析结果表明,山地拖拉机车身调平系统结构能够实现调平运动且工作部件之间不发生干涉现象;通过动力学仿真分析得到车身调平系统中各个油缸以及关键零部件的动态受力和扭矩等关键数据,结果表明各部件受力能够满足强度以及刚度要求,证明了所设计的丘陵山地拖拉机车身调平机构的正确性。设计并搭建了具有调平功能的模型车体试验台,通过试验与仿真对比分析,最大误差为15%,最大平均误差为10.20%,验证了拖拉机车身调平系统仿真方法具有较高的精度,为拖拉机车身调平系统的设计提供了有效的理论支撑。     

花生种子带式清选设备关键作业参数优化

针对带式清选设备清选花生种子合格率低、带出率高,关键作业参数研究空白的现状,该文结合花生种子物理特性,研究了整粒花生在带式清选设备帆布带的滚动摩擦角及半粒花生在帆布带的静摩擦角,并运用中心组合试验设计理论开展关键作业参数优化,重点分析了带式清选设备的纵向倾角、横向倾角、帆布带转速对清选合格率、带出率的影响规律,并以合格率、带出率为响应指标进行优化。首先对主产区山东的典型品种花育33物理特性进行研究,并探明了以带式清选设备帆布带为摩擦面的整粒花生滚动摩擦角、半粒花生静摩擦角,然后采用二次正交旋转组合试验方法设计试验并用Design-Expert进行数据处理,建立合格率、带出率的回归数学模型并进行方差分析,分析得出影响花生种子带式清选合格率与带出率的主次因素均依次为:帆布带带速纵向倾角横向倾角。通过响应曲面方法分析各因素交互作用对合格率、带出率的影响,并根据优化目标的重要程度(合格率较带出率更重要)对回归模型进行多目标优化,得出花生种子带式清选设备关键作业参数的最优组合为:纵向倾角23.22?,横向倾角25.21?,帆布带带速0.70 m/s,在该条件下合格率、带出率分别为97.20%、2.73%。将优化参数在花生种子清选加工生产线上进行验证及批量化流水加工作业,流水加工作业合格率达95.8%、带出率3.9%,作业质量大幅提升,达到行业标准优等品设备作业性能。该研究可为提升花生种子带式清选设备作业质量提供参考。     

农机具自动调平控制系统设计与试验

为了使农机具在田间作业时保持水平,该文设计了一种农机具自动调平控制系统。采用拖拉机横向倾角卡尔曼滤波算法融合加速度计和陀螺仪2个传感器数据获得拖拉机实时倾斜角度,直线位移传感器测量调平液压油缸伸长量并建立农机具和拖拉机的相对倾斜角度转换函数,通过控制电磁换向阀实现农机具水平控制。在三轴多功能转台上对拖拉机倾角实时测量算法进行了测试,并在田间对农机具自动调平系统进行了试验,结果表明,拖拉机横滚角传感系统能在动态条件下准确地测量拖拉机实时倾角,在转台上测量角度平均绝对误差≤0.15°,均方根误差≤0.18°,在水田激光平地机作业时测量角度平均绝对误差0.40°;自动调平控制系统能较好地实现平地铲调平控制,平地铲倾斜角度平均绝对误差0.52°,均方根误差0.24°,最大误差1.15°,相对于原水田激光平地机水平控制系统控制精度提高了0.5°。该研究为农机具水平自动调平提供了方法,能够提升农机具作业质量。     

果园高位作业平台自动调平前馈PID控制方法

为提高果园高位作业平台自动调平控制系统性能,该研究基于已开发的果园高位作业平台调平机构,提出了前馈PID控制的自动调平控制方法。首先对果园高位作业平台自动调平控制系统进行动力学分析,建立被控对象数学模型。然后在数学模型的基础上设计前馈PID控制算法,并对控制系统进行仿真分析。仿真结果表明,前馈PID较传统PID的控制性能更优,系统上升时间缩短18%,调节时间缩短19%,稳态误差控制在0.6%以内。最后,搭建果园高位作业平台自动调平控制系统,并对调平系统进行静态与动态试验。试验结果表明：前馈PID控制的调平性能优于传统PID控制,静态调平中,前馈PID上升时间平均缩短20%,调节时间平均缩短30%,稳态误差控制在0.6%以内;动态调平中,果园高位作业平台以2 km/h的速度行驶于起伏较大的路面,工作台俯仰角绝对值差最大为3.0°,平均绝对误差为0.79°,均方根误差为0.58°,工作台倾角稳定在±3°以内,较好地实现了果园高位作业平台自动调平控制,满足果园作业需求。     

履带式坡地玉米收获机设计与试验

针对中国丘陵山地玉米种植以小地块、坡地块较多制约玉米机械化收获的现状,设计了一款履带式坡地玉米收获机,实现山地丘陵地区复杂地形条件玉米机械化收获。该收获机采用横辊摘穗技术,解决了传统摘穗辊喂入性不流畅和复杂地形下玉米植株的喂入问题,提高割台的喂入量,有效缩短整机长度0.5～1.2 m左右;并采用可伸缩式履带行走底盘,通过调整履带轮距增大整机重力变化的安全范围,降低坡地作业机器侧翻风险,使整机在复杂地形条件下的行驶稳定性提高了27.34%;基于液压控制原理研制了双向作业操控系统,实现在山地丘陵等小地块条件下的转弯掉头作业功能;通过正交试验确定果穗损失率考核指标的影响因素,包括机具前进速度、摘穗辊间隙、摘穗辊转速;利用Design-expert建立各影响因素与指标间的数学回归模型,确定了最佳参数组合：机具前进速度为2 km/h、摘穗辊间隙为14 mm、摘穗辊转速为1 000 r/min;在该最优参数组合工况下,果穗损失率为1.25%。该机设计各项指标符合国家相关标准,能够满足丘陵山地地区玉米机械化收获需求。     

水田激光平地机调平系统动力学建模

为实现基于动态过程模型的控制,提高平地机调平控制系统控制精度和稳定性,该文建立平地机调平系统动力学模型。水田激光平地机调平系统是一种典型的机械电控液压一体化结构,该文建立其从比例阀输入电流至平地铲水平倾角的动力学模型。首先根据平地机调平物理系统结构与工作原理,在简化和假定条件下,建立平地机调平系统受力分析图,以此分析和建立基于微分一代数方程的动力学模型,即DAE(differential—algebraic equations)模型。通过求解DAE模型,得出输入电流与输出平地铲角度的仿真结果,并用试验方法将仿真结果与实际结果对比来验证模型。结果表明该文提出的系统模型能较好地描述平地机调平系统动态响应。该文提出的研究方法不仅对不同机型的平地机机械设计与控制系统设计有指导意义,还对其他机电液一体的农机作业机械动力学建模与试验验证提供参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.