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Summary In the Netherlands the winter of 1955/56 was very severe and the winter of 1956/57 very mild. The woolly aphid, being much more susceptible to low temperatures than its parasite, these two winters had remarkable consequences for the parasitism in the summers, following these winters. This is demonstrated by the graphs of fig. 1 and 2 and by table 1.In 1956 almost all woolly aphids were killed by the severe frost in February. In the autumn a small infestation by the woolly aphid was observed and also a low rate of parasitism. As a result of the mild winter of 1956/57 relatively many aphids survived. At the beginning of season of 1957 the ratio parasites to aphids was also very low. Hence the influence of the first generation ofAphelinus mali in May was hardly observed (in the preceding years there was very marked parasitism in this period). In the summer of 1957, however, the parasite recovered completely with respect to its host, the woolly aphid, and in September a parasitism of 68% was reached.  相似文献   

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The kinetics of dissolution of atrazine, propazine and simazine in water The solubaility and kinetics of solubilization of atrazine, propazine and simazine in water were studied at different temperatures. The apparent order of the dissolution reactions is 1 for atrazine and propazine and 2 for simazine. The solubility and rate constants are Increasing functions of the temperature. Activation energies of solubilization are of the order of 41 to 4–8 kcal/mole; they correspond to a 30% decrease in the time of a 50% solubilization when temperature increases by 10°C. It seems therefore that the effectiveness of a treatment can depend in part on the amount of rain and the soil temperature.  相似文献   

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M. BESRI  F. DIATTA 《EPPO Bulletin》1985,15(3):379-386
Le long du littoral atlantique marocain. Botrytis cinerea constitue actuellement une menace pour la tomate cultivée sous tunnels plastiques. Les principaux fongicides antibotrytis utilisés, soit en pulvérisation des plantes, soit en badigeonnage des chancres formés sur les tiges ou les deux à la fois, sont le bénomyl, le thiophanate-méthyl, la procymidone et la dichlofluanide. Cependant, malgré une intense protection chimique, le champignon continue á provoquer des dégâts importants sur la culture. L'étude faite au laboratoire sur la sensibilité de plusieurs isolats de B. cinerea vis-à-vis de quelques concentrations des quatre fongicides a montré que le problème de résistance au bénomyl et au thiophanate-méthyl est important sous tunnels plastiques de tomate. Des croissances mycéliennes ainsi que des germinations de spores ont été obtenues respectivement à 500 et à 50 ppm, des concentrations supérieures n'ayant pas été testées. Certains isolats de B. cinerea se sont développés á des concentrations maximales de 5 ppm de procymidone et de 10 ppm de dichlofluanide. Ces concentrations sont trop faibles pour conclure à l'existence de souches résistantes á ces deux produits. Le probléme de la résistance, particuliérement au bénomyl et au thiophanate-méthyl, se pose donc au Maroc et il faut prendre conscience de ce phénomène et adopter une stratégie de lutte pour limiter son impact.  相似文献   

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Extraction, purification and characterization of picloram, dicamba or TBA residues from straws or earthy mixes. The paper deals primarily with the establishment of a method for investigating picloram residues in straws by themselves or mixed with soil, combining bioassays with simple and conventional biochemical techniques. This method is reasonably reliable and precise with respect to picloram; it can, moreover, establish whether soil mixtures or straws contain other herbicides of the phytohormonal type.  相似文献   

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