不同年龄毛竹碳氮磷化学计量特征

以毛竹分布中心区的不同年龄毛竹为研究对象,比较不同年龄毛竹林碳、氮、磷含量及其比值,探讨毛竹不同生长阶段主要养分及计量比值的变化特征,揭示毛竹生长规律,同时为"生长速率理论"提供证据。结果表明:毛竹同一器官碳、氮、磷含量和碳氮比、碳磷比、氮磷比随着毛竹年龄的增大差异达到显著水平(P0.01),1~3年生竹叶、竹枝和竹根碳磷比和氮磷比呈降低的趋势,其后氮磷比升高,5年生氮磷比最高;1~3年生竹秆碳氮比、碳磷比和氮磷比与竹叶变化趋势相反,4~6 a竹秆碳磷比和氮磷比与竹叶变化趋势相同,反映了毛竹在不同的生长阶段碳、氮和磷含量和计量比值发生了变化,1~3年生毛竹具有较快的生长速度,竹根和竹叶氮磷比降低,随着毛竹生长速率的降低,氮磷比升高,符合"生长速率理论"。1~6 a竹叶N∶P分别为13.03、9.81、7.47、15.17、21.01、15.52,平均值为13.67,N∶P14反映了研究区毛竹生长主要受到N元素的限制。其中,2、3年生N∶P低于10,对2、3年生竹施用N肥可以促进竹子的更好生长;5年生毛竹根和叶的氮磷比值最高,5 a时采伐可以降低土壤P素缺失风险。     

缺磷对茶树幼苗养分吸收的影响

每周3次用含0、40、80、160、400、1000μmol/L磷(P)的营养液浇沙培10月龄扦插"黄观音"茶[Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Kuntze]苗17周。随供P浓度的增加,茶树根P含量呈线性增加,但茎和叶P含量呈曲线增加;在所有供P处理中,根P含量最高,其次是叶P含量,茎P含量最低,高供P处理的植株尤为明显。缺P降低茶树根茎叶K含量,但对根茎叶Ca含量影响不大。缺P降低根Mg含量,增加茎的Mg含量,但对叶Mg含量影响较小。不供P叶有稍高的C含量,较低的N含量和较高的C/N比;供P对根和茎C和N含量及C/N比影响较小。总之,缺P不仅影响茶树根茎叶营养元素的含量,也改变其在根茎叶之间的分配。     

不同生育时期干旱胁迫对大豆根系特性及产量的影响

盆栽试验条件下,以辽豆18为材料,分别在V2～R1,R1～R5,R5～R7期设置3个控水处理,控水结束后取样测定根系性状,成熟后测定产量。结果表明:干旱影响大豆产量的形成,干旱(W1)胁迫引起产量下降的程度要高于轻度干旱(W2)。不同时期干旱(W1)引起产量下降程度为:鼓粒期>花荚期>营养生长期。干旱胁迫(W1)主要通过降低大豆的单株荚数从而降低单株产量。大豆的根长比例和根表面积比例主要为根系直径为0～1.0 mm的细根,分别约占总根长的90%和总根表面积的60%。大豆根体积的分配比例主要是根系直径大于4.5 mm的粗根,其根体积所占比例在48%以上。R1～R5和R5～R7控水大豆细根(根系直径为0～1.0 mm)的根长和根表面积分配比例较V2～R1控水时增加。干旱降低了植株中直径大于4.5 mm粗根的根长比例、根表面积比例和根体积比例。随着生育进程的推进,根生物量密度逐渐增加,土壤干旱胁迫降低了根生物量密度。     

根际氧环境对水稻幼苗根系微形态结构的影响及其生理机制

【目的】研究根际氧环境对水稻幼苗根系微形态建成的影响及其生理机制,以期为水稻幼苗理想根型的构建提供理论依据。【方法】以春优84和秀水09为材料,用国际水稻所营养液配方进行水培试验。秧苗移栽一周后用在线溶氧仪(氮气、氧气调节)设定低氧(0~1.0 mg/L)、中氧(2.5~3.5 mg/L)和高氧(>6.0 mg/L,饱和溶解氧处理,在水稻生长过程中用充气泵连续向水体中充入空气)和常规水培(CK,不进行氧调节,水稻移栽一周后水中氧含量约为0.3~2.5 mg/L) 4个氧处理,研究水稻幼苗生物量、根系微形态结构、根系分泌有机酸、呼吸强度等指标。【结果】1）各处理水稻幼苗根系直径为d₁(0~0.50 mm)、d₂(0.51~1.00 mm)和d₃(1.01~1.50 mm)的细根占总根的比例均超过90%,对水稻苗期根系形态构建尤为重要。中氧处理后,春优84直径为d₁、d₂和秀水09直径为d₁、d₃的根的根长和根表面积均明显高于对照。2）低氧处理减少地上部和地下部生物量,抑制细根(d₁)生长,促进粗根(d₅, 2.01~2.50 mm)的生长,降低呼吸强度,增加有机酸分泌量。中氧和高氧处理后水稻植株的生物量均有增加,但生理反应不尽相同。中氧处理后水稻根系呼吸强度上升,而高氧处理后根系呼吸强度降低。各氧处理均减少水稻幼苗根系生长素(IAA)含量,中氧和高氧处理与对照间差异达显著水平。高氧处理显著增加根系一氧化氮(NO)含量,其他处理间差异不显著。3）相关分析结果表明,两供试品种总根和细根(d₂)的各形态指标(根长、表面积和体积)均与根系有机酸分泌量、呼吸强度、NO含量正相关,与生长素(IAA)含量负相关。【结论】适当增氧(中氧)处理增加水稻幼苗根系呼吸强度和有机酸分泌量,根系生理活性增强;增加细根(直径为0~1.50 mm)的根长、吸收面积的占比,优化其根系形态结构。因此,生产上可以通过栽培措施改变根际氧环境调控分蘖期水稻根系微形态结构,增强根系功能。     

隔根对小麦／玉米间套种植生长特性的影响

为了探讨作物根系与地上部的相互作用，通过田间和盆栽试验，研究了隔根对小麦/玉米间套复合群体的地上部和地下部的影响。结果表明，隔根使边行小麦减产11.15%-18.54%，玉米减产38.1%-43.4%。隔根使边行小麦和玉米对N、P、K的吸收量明显降低。在复合群体生育前期，隔根提高了小麦体内N、P、K含量和玉米含N量，降低了玉米P、K含量，随生育期的延续，隔根降低小麦、玉米养分含量的趋势加剧。隔根使复合群体作物根生活费大小发生变化，小麦和玉米的根数减少21.74%和23.04%，根长减少32.17%和20.99%，根体积下降19.23%和4.13%，同时使小麦、玉米的比活面也有所下降。     

不同氮肥水平下蚯蚓粪施用对水稻生长特性及产量的影响

以两优培九为材料,采用大田微区试验,研究不同氮肥水平(N1,9 g/m~2;N2,12 g/m~2;N3,15 g/m~2)下不同蚯蚓粪施用量(EC0,0;EC_1,16.88 kg/m~2;EC_2,33.76 kg/m~2)对水稻生长及产量形成的影响。结果表明,移栽40 d后EC_2和EC_1处理的茎蘖数均显著高于EC0(P0.05);幼穗分化期和乳熟期EC0处理的SPAD值均显著低于EC_1和EC_2处理(P0.05);齐穗期EC0处理的叶面积指数分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低32.7%和80.7%,地上部总干物质量分别比EC_1和EC_2处理低30.6%和59.8%;成熟期有效穗数、地上部干物质量和水稻产量均表现为EC_2EC_1EC0,EC_2和EC_1处理的有效穗数分别比EC0处理多41.5%和21.3%、地上部干物质量分别比EC0处理高47.7%和25.8%、产量分别比EC0处理高35.4%和34.3%。由此可见,施用蚯蚓粪便可促进水稻分蘖,提高水稻叶面积、SPAD值和地上部干物质量,进而提高水稻籽粒产量。     

海南中部典型槟榔-象草复合系统中根系空间分布及地下竞争

农林复合系统中，各组分根系的空间分布决定了其对系统内资源的竞争能力，是复合系统设计的重要依据。本文采用带状分层挖掘法，对槟榔–象草复合系统中二者的根系密度和空间分布进行研究，并用Levins提出的生态位重叠公式计算槟榔与象草的地下竞争指数。结果显示，槟榔根系的生物量密度(1343.88 g/m³)是象草(558.53 g/m³)的2.41倍。在水平方向上，槟榔细根(0～2 mm)、中根(2～5 mm)和粗根(>5 mm)的生物量密度、根长密度及竞争指数随根系距槟榔树干基部距离的增加呈下降趋势；象草的根系生物量密度、根长密度及竞争指数则随距离的增加呈上升趋势，且分布相对均匀。水平方向上，在距槟榔树干80 cm内时槟榔的整体根系生物量密度显著大于象草，120～140 cm处时象草的根系生物量密度显著大于槟榔，其余距离内二者之间的差异不显著；20～40 cm处槟榔的根长密度大于象草，但差异不显著，其余水平距离内象草根系的根长密度均显著大于槟榔；除距离树干20～60 cm处，其余区域内象草的竞争指数均大于槟榔。垂直方向上，0～20 cm土层内槟...     

不同降雨条件对不同耐旱型大豆根系的影响

为了明确耐旱型大豆根构型的特异性,田间条件下,以不同耐旱型大豆为研究对象,探讨不同降雨条件对大豆根系特性的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫降低了各时期大豆植株的根和地上部生物量;同一地点,R2和R4期取样,辽豆14的根和地上部生物量高于辽豆21。随着生育进程的推进,根冠比值逐渐增大;一般而言,V4~R4期,干旱胁迫提高了植株的根冠比。苗期干旱胁迫显著提高了大豆根长,但结荚期和鼓粒期干旱胁迫均降低了大豆根长、根表面积。大豆根长占比以细根为主,平均根直径≤2.5 mm的根长比例均在90%以上。根表面积占比也主要以细根为主,但大豆根体积分配比例较高的却主要是根系直径2.5 mm的粗根。研究结果进一步丰富了耐旱基因型大豆根器官应答干旱胁迫的理论知识,对大豆抗旱生产栽培具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。     

热带滨海台地典型森林类型凋落物及土壤有机碳特征

以海南岛滨海台地5种典型森林植被为研究对象,利用标准地调查法对不同森林类型土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度及单位面积有机碳储量的垂直分布特征进行比较分析,同时对不同森林类型凋落物及土壤表层细根的碳含量、碳密度和单位面积碳储量进行对比分析。结果表明:5种森林土壤有机碳含量介于1.79~10.60 g/kg之间,且随着土层深度的增加而降低;表层土壤(0~10 cm)有机碳密度和单位面积碳储量分别介于0.79~1.47 kg/m2和7.9~14.67 t/hm2之间;桉树林(2.11 t/hm2)和木麻黄林(1.73 t/hm2)凋落物单位面积碳储量高于其他3种林分;5种类型森林土壤表层细根单位面积碳储量介于0.29~0.47 t/hm2之间,木麻黄林最高(0.47 t/hm2),大叶相思林最低(0.29 t/hm2)。     

不同林龄橡胶凋落物叶分解特性与有机碳动态研究

通过网袋法,研究一年内6 a、12 a、20 a、28 a共4组不同林龄橡胶凋落物叶分解及有机碳动态变化的过程。结果表明:(1)不同林龄橡胶凋落物叶均表现为慢-快-慢的分解趋势,经1 a的分解,4组林龄组橡胶凋落叶残留率分别为28.33%、30.53%、31.59%和33.89%。(2)不同林龄橡胶凋落物叶分解系数为1.376 2~1.608 8,平均值为1.498 2,大小顺序为6 a>12 a>18 a>28 a,分解50%和95%所需时间分别为0.43、0.45、0.47、0.50 a和1.86、1.96、2.03、2.18 a。(3)林龄显著影响橡胶凋落物叶初始N含量、P含量、木质素/N比、C/P比与木质素/P比,但对C含量、木质素含量及C/N比影响不明显。(4)初始C/N比极显著影响橡胶凋落物叶分解速率,而初始P含量对凋落物分解影响不显著(5)4组林龄组橡胶凋落物叶有机碳浓度是一个先上升后下降的过程,研究结束时,4组林龄橡胶凋落物叶有机碳分别释放了77.58%、79.41%、75.89%和75.02%,其动态变化过程显著符合一元多项式模型,决定系数(R2)在0.88以上。     

Independence of seasonal patterns of root functional traits and rooting strategy of a grass‐clover sward from sward age and slurry application

Root functional traits (RFTs) are crucial for understanding nutrient cycling processes. However, seasonal variation of RFTs and their potential changes in root foraging pattern have been almost ignored in field studies. In this work, belowground net primary production (BNPP, g m^?2), root length density (RLD, km m^?2), specific root length (SRL, m g^?1), root N concentration and C/N ratio in defoliated grass‐clover swards of different sward ages and receiving different cattle slurry levels were investigated for 2 years. All measured RFTs showed significant seasonal variation: in general, seasonal variation was most marked between primary growth period (until heading stage of perennial ryegrass) and subsequent regrowth periods following defoliation; meanwhile, the rooting pattern also differed. These phenomena were not affected by current management or sward composition, but were correlated with plant C availability. Daily BNPP and RLD rates varied 7‐ to 8‐fold in the growing season. Moreover, BNPP and RLD were asynchronous due to seasonal variation in SRL. Rooting pattern and the relationship with shoot phenology are discussed. We conclude that root functional traits vary with season; thus, roots which develop in different seasons may be involved in belowground nutrient cycling processes with different turnover characteristics; trade‐off among traits may also involve temporal variation. Root‐C related investigations in grass‐clover swards should include root mass sampling rather than use of root length observations alone.     

春笋幼竹期毛竹地上生物量格局及养分动态变化规律

研究毛竹关键生理阶段春笋幼竹期各龄级母竹地上生物量分配格局与养分动态变化规律,并同小年期的相应值进行比较。结果表明,该时期,光合器官竹叶生物量分配比例随竹株年龄增大而减小,其干质量占地上器官生物量干重的7.09%,比小年期的相应值增大了36.4%。在春笋幼竹生长初期,母竹叶片中氮含量呈下降趋势,而竹根中则略有升高,此后均趋于稳定;钾元素在母竹叶片中的含量随春笋幼竹生长而迅速升高,5月份达最大值12.21 mg/g,磷在叶片和根部的含量均较低。同小年期相比,含量最高的氮元素在叶、枝、秆、根中的含量均较低。春笋幼竹期,新竹的快速生长对母竹生物量格局与养分分配产生了重要影响。     

茶树工厂化育苗适宜基质水分条件研究

研究了在不同含水率基质下培养的茶树扦插苗的生长参数、光合作用和叶绿素含量。结果表明:茶苗的新生物量在基质含水率80%~100%时最大,叶面积比(LAR)、比叶面积(SLA)、生根率及比根长(SRL)随基质含水率的增加而增加,根生物量比(RMR)随基质含水率的增加而降低;最大光合速率(Pnmax)随基质含水率的增加而降低,在70%~100%水处理时最大;叶绿素的含量基本上随基质含水率的增加而增加,而叶绿素a/b的值则随基质含水率的增加而降低。因此,在出根后的育苗期间适当降低基质含水率有利于幼苗的形态建成和提高茶苗的光合能力。     

Variation in root traits associated with nutrient foraging among temperate pasture legumes and grasses

Temperate pasture legumes (e.g. Trifolium and Medicago spp.) often have a higher phosphorus (P) requirement for maximum productivity than pasture grasses. This is partly attributed to differences between legumes and grasses in their ability to acquire P from soil. We are the first to report differences in root morphology traits important for soil P acquisition in a range of novel pasture legumes being developed for use in temperate pastures of southern Australia. Up to a 3·6‐fold range in specific root length (SRL) (79–281 m root g^?1 root) and 6·1‐fold range in root hair length (RHL) (0·12–0·75 mm) was found between the pasture species. The commonly used Trifolium subterraneum and Medicago sativa had relatively low SRLs and short root hairs, while Ornithopus compressus, O. sativus and Biserrula pelecinus had RHLs and SRLs more similar to those of two grass species that were also assessed. Specific root length was highly correlated with average root diameter, and root traits were relatively stable at different plant ages. We surmise that large differences among pasture legume species in the effective volume of soil explored could translate into significant differences in their critical P requirements (i.e. soil P concentration to achieve 90% of maximum shoot yield).     

水肥耦合对橡胶树根系垂直分布的影响

水分和养分是限制橡胶树生长和产胶量的重要因子.以17a树龄的热研7-33-97橡胶树为试验材料,通过田间小区试验研究了不同水肥耦合水平对橡胶树根系垂直分布特征的影响,结果表明:橡胶树吸收根系主要分布在0～20 cm土层,随土壤层次的加深,橡胶根系干重在垂直分布上呈递减趋势,可用乘幂函数模型表示.适量增施氮、磷肥均能促进0～20 cm土层根系的生长；氮肥施用量过大,深层根系比重增大；轻度降低土壤水分能够促进根系扎深.水肥耦合对根系生长和分布具有调节作用,本试验条件下,各土层根系干重总量以丰氮丰水和丰磷丰水组合处理最高,分别达0.33和0.31 kg/m3,并且根系在土壤剖面上的分布与养分分布具有一致性.     

Comparison of Root System Development in Two Rice Cultivars During Stress Recovery from Drought and the Plant Traits for Drought Resistance

Summary

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to compare root system development of two upland rice cultivars, IRAT 13 and Senshou, during recovery from drought stress and to identify the plant traits that confer drought resistance. From 62 days after sowing (62 DAS), drought stress was given for 6 d followed by rewatering for 14 d. Root length density (RLD) and root diameter (thickness) were measured at the end of the stress and rewatering periods. Control plants were well-watered throughout the study. Gultivar IRAT 13 had thicker roots and higher relative RLD (ratio of RLD in drought-stressed plants to that in control plants) than under drought stress, and significantly higher root growth recovery after rewatering cultivar Senshou. Related plant traits such as evapotranspiration (ET), leaf and stem dry weights and weight of senescent leaves (dead leaves) in IRAT 13 were significantly more favorable for drought resistance compared to Senshou.     

磷素对花生碳氮含量及生长发育的影响

为进一步明确磷素对花生生理特性及生育效应,采用水培与砂培试验相结合,研究了磷对花生不同生育时期植株碳、氮含量、碳氮比及生长发育的影响。结果表明:(1)水培条件下,磷胁迫处理降低了花生幼苗叶片净光合速率及各器官(根、茎、叶)蛋白质含量,增加了各器官可溶性糖、淀粉含量;抑制了幼苗生长发育,根茎叶干物质重分别降低4.2%、10.9%和9.7%。(2)砂培条件下,花生结荚期叶片净光合速率、碳含量、氮含量及碳氮比均随施磷量的增加而增加,施磷30~90kg/hm2范围内,上述4项指标较不施磷对照分别增加21.2%~34.2%、23.9%~42.1%、13.9%~22.3%和8.9%~17.0%;饱果期,花生叶片碳含量及碳氮比均随施磷量的增加呈先增后减的趋势,对叶片光合作用和氮含量影响较小;荚果产量随施磷量的增加而增加,施磷处理较对照增产11.3%~23.5%。因此,合理施磷能够有效调控花生植株碳氮代谢,进而促进生长发育及产量形成。     

Shoot growth potential drives N uptake in maize plants and correlates with root growth in the soil

Variation in nitrogen (N) acquisition ability is known to exist among maize genotypes. Field experiments were conducted and the N-efficient maize inbred line 478 and the N-inefficient line Wu312 were employed to illustrate whether the amount of N taken up in maize plants with different N acquisition ability was determined by the shoot growth potential or by the root size. To meet the accelerated growth of the shoot from the jointing stage to the grain-filling stage, the net N gain in whole plants of both genotypes increased dramatically and accounted for 77% and 74% of the total N increment in 478 and Wu312, respectively. Similarly, the 4th to 8th nodal root whorls were initiated predominantly between 35 and 76 d after sowing, which accounted for about 90% of the total root length on 93 d after sowing. The whole plant N content of the N-efficient 478 was significantly higher than that of the N-inefficient Wu312. 478 had also longer root length, including axial and lateral roots, of the embryonic roots and each whorl of shoot-borne roots, and greater root length density (RLD) than Wu312. In spite of the smaller root size, Wu312 had higher shoot N concentration than 478 during the whole growth period, implying that N was not limited for shoot growth in Wu312. It was concluded that maize root growth, especially initiation and development of the shoot-borne roots, as well as the amount of N taken up were coordinated with shoot growth and demand for nutrients. Although a large root system and high RLD in the soil profile were beneficial for efficient N acquisition, amount of N taken up by the two maize genotypes in the presence of sufficient N supply was determined by the shoot growth potential, and not by the root size.     

滴灌春小麦根系形态特征及内源激素含量对花期干旱及复水的响应

为探明北疆地区不同抗旱性滴灌春小麦品种根系形态及内源激素在开花期干旱后复水过程中的变化特征及其与生物量的关系,以春小麦耐旱性强品种新春6号和耐旱性弱品种新春22号为材料,在土柱栽培下设置常规灌溉（CK）、开花期轻度干旱和中度干旱3种水分条件,分析了干旱胁迫后复水条件下不同耐旱性小麦品种根系形态特征、渗透调节物质及内源激素和生物量的差异。结果表明,两个品种的根长密度（RLD）、根体积密度（RVD）、根表面积密度（RSAD）、可溶性糖（SS）含量、脯氨酸（Pro）含量、生长素（IAA）含量、赤霉素（GA₃）含量、玉米素（ZT）含量、地上部干物质积累量（SDM）以及产量均在干旱复水后随时间呈先增后降趋势,以轻度干旱后复水条件下表现最佳。两个品种比较,在轻度干旱后复水条件下新春6号的RLD、RVD、RSAD、SS含量、Pro含量、IAA含量、GA₃含量、ZT含量、ABA含量、SDM及产量较新春22号平均高出3.38%、4.30%、4.29%、21.84%、10.81%、5.99%、10.02%、16.05%、3.13%、6.86%和3.47%。经相关分析,两个品种于各处理下的RLD、RVD、RSAD、SS含量、Pro含量与IAA含量、GA₃含量和ZT含量间均呈显著正相关,与ABA含量呈显著负相关。综上所述,较优的根系生长及生理代谢是春小麦具有较高抗旱性的原因;轻度干旱后复水可调节滴灌春小麦根系渗透调节物质和内源激素含量变化,进而优化根系形态,促进干物质向穗部转运及产量形成,可作为新疆滴灌春小麦灌溉模式。     

灌水量和追氮方式对春小麦生态化学计量特征的影响

为探索陇中黄土高原丘陵沟壑区春小麦适宜水氮管理模式,在甘肃省定西市安定区李家堡乡开展大田试验,测定分析不同灌水量（W1:50 mm,W2:100 mm,W3:150 mm）和不同时期追氮（N1:孕穗初期追氮40 kg·hm^-2,N2:灌浆初期追氮40 kg·hm^-2,N3:孕穗期初期和灌浆初期各追氮20 kg·hm^-2）下春小麦各生育时期根、茎、叶的碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）元素含量、化学计量特征及其与产量之间的关系。结果表明,随着春小麦生长发育,根系C含量呈逐渐升高趋势,茎和叶C含量呈先升后降趋势,各器官P含量均呈逐渐降低趋势。灌水量和追氮对春小麦根茎叶的C、P含量影响均不显著;同一追氮方式下,春小麦N含量、N/P值随着灌水量的增加而增大,C/N值随着灌水量的增加而降低。C/P值不随外界环境因子的变化而变化,表现出强烈的内稳性。在同一灌水量下,孕穗期和灌浆期分两次追施氮肥处理的N含量、N/P值最大,春小麦单株生物量和籽粒产量与N含量、N/P值呈正相关。因此,在陇中黄土高原丘陵区小麦地,在灌水150 mm时,孕穗期和灌浆期各追施氮肥20 kg·hm^-2,更有利于提高小麦的产量和保持化学元素的平衡。