大豆抗胞囊线虫病S11700特异性抗性基因标记

大豆胞囊线虫病是世界大豆产区危害最重的病害之一.本文以高抗大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的黑豆品种小粒黑豆为父本,以高感大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的品种辽豆10号为母本配制杂交组合.利用分离群体分组分析法(BSA)对辽豆10号×小粒黑豆杂交组合的F2代大豆材料基因组DNA进行了RAPD分析,供试的143个随机引物有92个产生了RAPD扩增产物,其中产生RAPD多态性的随机引物有25个.筛选到一个与抗大豆胞囊线虫基因相关的特异性DNA片段S 11700,此RAPD标记具有较高的重复性和稳定性,可用于优良的抗大豆胞囊线虫新品种的辅助选育.     

大豆对胞囊线虫的抗性及分子标记研究

本文首次利用我国特有的抗病品种小粒黑豆与辽宁省的主栽品种辽豆10配制杂交组合,以F2代群体为试验材料,系统地应用分离群体分组分析法(Bulked Segregant Analysis,BSA)寻找与大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种抗性基因相关的DNA分子标记以及同工酶标记和低分子肽/氨基酸标记,为我国的大豆抗胞囊线虫病育种提供理论指导.主要研究结果如下:1.利用杂交技术构建了大豆胞囊线虫抗性的分子表达平台.本研究配制了辽豆10×小粒黑豆的杂交组合,并利用海南加代快速繁殖,应用毒力最弱的大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种对F2代群体进行抗性鉴定和移栽,为大豆对胞囊线虫抗性分子标记的筛选提供了均一遗传背景的试验材料.对该组合进行田间抗性鉴定,结果表明符合抗感分离1∶3的比率,表明在辽豆10背景下小粒黑豆对大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性是由一对以上的隐性基因控制的.2.应用分离群体分组分析法在辽豆10和抗大豆胞囊线虫的核心抗源中获得了一个与感病性密切相关的RAPD标记S11700.应用143个随机引物,对由小粒黑豆和辽豆10配制的杂交组合的抗感亲本和构建的抗感池进行筛选,有92个引物产生了RAPD扩增产物,25个引物产生了RAPD多态性,其中一个引物产生了与抗大豆胞囊线虫基因密切相关的特异性DNA片段S11700,经多次重复验证,该片段在感病亲本及感病池中被特异性扩增,而在抗病亲本及抗病池中未产生该片段.利用S11700对不同抗性大豆品种进行分子标记鉴定和辅助选择,验证了该特异性片段与大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种抗性紧密相关,可以用于抗胞囊线虫大豆新品种的分子辅助选择育种.3.利用BSA法对11个黑色种皮的大豆品种和12个黄色种皮的大豆材料的基因组DNA进行RAPD分析,获得一个与大豆黄色种皮相关的特异DNA片段S79500.采用该标记对辽豆10×PI437654杂交后代种皮颜色有分化的群体进行检测,结果表明这个RAPD标记具有较高的重复性和稳定性,可用于辅助选育优良的黄色种皮的大豆新品种.4.获得了一个与大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种抗性基因相关的SSR分子标记Satt187.应用204对SSR引物对辽豆10×小粒黑豆进行SSR分析,31对引物产生了扩增产物,其中15对具有多态性,从中筛选到一个与大豆胞囊线虫3号生理小种抗性基因相关的分子标记Satt187,其片段大小为172 bp和176 bp,为共显性标记,在F2代分离群体中的分离比为1∶2∶1,呈孟德尔式遗传.应用该标记对辽豆10x小粒黑豆F2代分离群体进行分子标记鉴定和辅助选择,在抗病单株中均检测到标记带Satt187-176 bp的存在,而在感病单株中检测到有Satt187-176 bp和Satt187-172 bp两种标记带或仅有Satt187-172 bp的标记带存在,分析表明该标记具有抗胞囊线虫分子标记辅助选择应用的前景.5.系统地研究了辽豆10×小粒黑豆和辽豆10×PI437654两对组合的亲本及其杂交后代植株体内防卫反应酶系,包括多酚氧化酶(PPO)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)酶活及根内可溶性蛋白含量的动态变化.研究结果表明,抗感亲本、子代在大豆胞囊线虫侵染后各种防御酶系和可溶性蛋白含量均产生相应的变化,表现出酶活及可溶性蛋白的变化与抗病性密切相关,可作为鉴定大豆抗源抗性强弱的一项辅助生化指标,在抗胞囊线虫病抗源筛选辅助选择中起到一定的作用.6.采用电泳技术,系统地研究了大豆胞囊线虫侵染后,抗感亲本及子代中PPO、POD、CAT、SOD等几种同工酶酶谱,获得了一条与大豆胞囊线虫抗性相关的特异性SOD谱带.研究结果表明,线虫侵染后,诱导植株体内PPO、POD、CAT、SOD及可溶性蛋白量的增加,抗病亲本诱导产生的酶蛋白及可溶性蛋白量均多于感病亲本,对于杂交后代,出现不同于亲本的新的同工酶和可溶性蛋白谱带.在两对组合的SOD酶谱中,分别出现一条特异性谱带(Rf=0.365和Rf=0.381),利用两对杂交组合F2代抗感单株进行SOD同工酶电泳分析,证明该带可以作为大豆抗胞囊线虫的一项较为可靠的生化标记.7.探讨了不同抗性大豆品种及杂交后代根系分泌物中低分子肽/氨基酸与抗性的相关性.应用简便快速的聚酰胺薄膜层析检测技术对不同抗性大豆品种及杂交后代根系分泌物中低分子肽/氨基酸与抗胞囊线虫的相关性进行了研究.结果表明,大豆胞囊线虫侵染后,抗感亲本和子代在出苗后不同时期根系分泌物中的低分子肽/氨基酸的种类和数量有所差异,出苗后1～6 d的变化明显,感病亲本及感病子代在D区和E区存在共有的荧光斑点,而抗病亲本及抗病子代则无,可将该项检测技术作为一种辅助手段,用于大豆对胞囊线虫3号生理小种的抗性鉴定.     

8种检疫线虫传入黑龙江的风险评估

根据国际植物保护公约(International Plant Protection Convention,IPPC) 的国际植物检疫措施标准11(International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures 11, 2001, ISPM 11)并参考欧洲和地中海植物保护组织(European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization,EPPO)有害生物风险分析风险评估指导标准(EPPO Standard PM 5 /3 Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis—Pest Risk Assessment Scheme),对马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、相似穿孔线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、水稻茎线虫、椰子红环腐线虫和松材线虫这8种检疫性线虫传入黑龙江省进行风险评估。风险评估表明,相似穿孔线虫传入黑龙江省具有高度风险,马铃薯金线虫、马铃薯白线虫、鳞球茎茎线虫、甜菜胞囊线虫、和松材线虫传入黑龙江省具有较高风险,水稻茎线虫风险较低、椰子红环腐线虫无风险。应该加强对风险较高的几种线虫的风险管理。     

甘蔗线虫病抗性基因的PCR检测研究

以38份未经线虫病常规鉴定的甘蔗种质资源为供试材料,根据番茄抗根结线虫病基因和甜菜抗胞囊线虫病基因的保守序列区域,分别设计了2条上游引物、2条下游引物,对设计的引物进行组合后,应用PCR特异扩增从中分别筛选出各1对特异引物。用抗根结线虫基因设计的特异引物进行扩增最终获得了1条大约460 bp大小的特异片段;用抗胞囊线虫基因设计的特异引物进行扩增最终获得了1条大约690 bp大小的特异片段,进一步进行了PCR-Southern杂交,确认了该2条特异引物的真实性。     

实时荧光RT-PCR方法检测黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒

根据黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒不同分离物外壳蛋白基因(CP)的保守序列,设计合成引物和TaqMan荧光探针,建立了黄瓜绿斑驳花叶病毒的实时荧光RT-PCR(Real time RT-PCR)检测方法.该方法利用TaqMan探针水解产生的荧光信号实时监测目标基因的扩增,实现PCR扩增与检测同步进行.结果表明,实时荧光RT-PCR方法检测灵敏度比普通RT-PCR高约10倍,并且具有快速、简便、准确的优点,适合于CGMMV的快速、高效检测.     

大豆胞囊线虫抗性机制的研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫病是一种世界范围内的大豆病害,严重影响大豆产量和品质,给大豆生产造成极大的危害。了解大豆胞囊线虫的致病过程,阐明杭病大豆品种的杭性机制,分离杭病基因,并通过现代分子育种技术改良和筛选抗胞囊线虫病大豆新品种,是解决胞囊线虫危害的有效方法。综述了大豆胞囊线虫的生理生化特征、危害症状、生理小种划分以及大豆胞囊线虫抗性机制、遗传基础和抗性相关基因的研究进展。     

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒RT-qPCR检测技术体系的建立

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒（PSTVd）是马铃薯生产中的一种重要病害,目前主要通过使用脱毒种薯及隔离措施来防控,探索高效、灵敏、特异性强的检测技术对于防治该病害具有重要意义。设计了3组引物,1条探针,从3组引物中筛选出最优组合,并以他们为引物,以PSTV 251T为探针,利用5′FAM、3′TAMRA标记,建立了PSTVd的RT-qPCR检测技术体系。利用该检测体系成功地检测了22份马铃薯样本。与灵敏度相对较高的RT-PCR技术相比,该检测技术体系的检测灵敏度又提升了100~1 000倍。     

大豆胞囊线虫VIGS载体的构建与鉴定

拟克隆大豆胞囊线虫肌钙蛋白(Hg-tnc)和酰胺样多肽(Hg-flp)基因的部分片段,构建胞囊线虫的病毒诱导基因沉默体系(VIGS),以期为大豆抗胞囊线虫抗性品种的培育及胞囊线虫基因功能验证的研究奠定理论基础。利用RT-PCR方法从大豆胞囊线虫中克隆出目的基因,电泳检测表明,克隆的Hg-tnc基因和Hg-flp基因部分片段分别约为1 000 bp和700 bp。将目的基因连接到烟草脆裂病毒载体pYY13上,转化大肠杆菌,利用PCR进行初步鉴定后进行序列测定。结果表明,大豆胞囊线虫Hg-tnc基因和Hg-flp基因已插入到pYY13载体上,VIGS载体构建成功。     

大豆抗大豆胞囊线虫DNA分子标记研究进展

大豆胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines)病是影响大豆生产最重要的病害,抗病育种是防治该病最经济有效的方法。如何采用现代分子生物学技术对抗胞囊线虫的抗源进行深入研究,加速大豆抗胞囊线虫的育种进程,DNA分子标记技术为大豆抗胞囊线虫分子辅助育种开辟了新的途径。本文概述了DNA(RFLP、RAPD、SSR、ISSR、SNP)分子标记技术在大豆抗大豆胞囊线虫病研究中的进展,比较了各种标记的特点,并对未来研究和发展方向进行了展望。     

葡萄苦腐病菌的分子检测方法

葡萄苦腐病菌(Greeneria uvicola)是我国检疫性有害生物.本研究根据G.uvicola的ITS基因序列,设计了PCR引物GUA-1和GUA-2以及实时荧光PCR引物GUA-P1和GUA-P2及荧光探针GUA-Probe-117.利用引物GUA-1和GUA-2进行PCR扩增,G.uvicola和感染G.uvicola的红提葡萄可产生354 bp的特异性片段;实时荧光PCR扩增,G.uvicola和感染G.uvicola的红提葡萄均出现强荧光信号(△Rn)增加.而葡萄上其他常见真菌样品以及健康的红提葡萄既无特异性扩增也无荧光信号增加.灵敏度测试中,普通PCR可检测到含G.uvicola DNA浓度0.05ng/μL以上的样品,实时荧光PCR可检测到含G.uvicola DNA浓度0.0005 ng/μL以上的样品.由此确立了G.uvicola的两种稳定可靠、灵敏的分子检测方法.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.