基于供需水量平衡分析的灌区机井布局模式

针对机井布局缺乏合理科学规划,造成的北方灌区地下水采补失调问题,以宝鸡峡灌区为研究区,在灌区地下水资源综合评价的基础上,划分地下水开发利用类型区;以充分灌溉和非充分灌溉条件下的灌区供需水量平衡分析为依据,拟定不同的井灌地下水开采规模方案,并通过地下水数值模拟计算,确定合理的地下水开采规模;运用传统计算方法和基于遗传算法的优化方法计算灌区规划机井数,单井灌溉面积及井距,确定灌区机井合理布局模式.计算结果表明：开采方案Ⅱ（采补平衡）条件下,灌区地下水位埋深年内变幅最小,且呈微小上升趋势,地下水采补基本平衡,缺水率可控制在1%左右,利于涵养地下水源.针对现有机井数量,灌区需做如下调整：塬上灌区需新建机井53眼,塬下灌区需减少机井242眼,以利于灌区合理开发利用地下水资源.     

Modelling seawater intrusion in the Burdekin Delta Irrigation Area,North Queensland,Australia

The Burdekin Delta is a major irrigation area situated in the dry tropics of North Queensland. It is unique in that (i) it overlies shallow groundwater systems that serve as a major water supply for the irrigation of sugarcane, and (ii) it is adjacent to the world heritage listed Great Barrier Reef. Water management practices include large recharge pits and surface spreading of water to assist with replenishment of the groundwater. This has been useful in maintaining groundwater levels to help control seawater intrusion. This technique, however, can be costly and ineffective in unconfined aquifer systems, which are subjected to large amounts of groundwater pumping for irrigation. There are more than 1800 production bores currently used for irrigation in the Burdekin Delta and the large volumes of water extracted have at times lowered the regional water tables and made it difficult to control seawater intrusion.     

干旱扬水灌区的水盐引排特点研究

通过对甘肃省景电灌区的水盐引排量的统计和土壤、排水沟水溶性盐组分浓度与TDS关系分析,总结了干旱扬水灌区引排水盐的特点。研究表明,干旱扬水灌区内的降水、潜水出露的径流、地下水灌溉等在灌区水盐循环中的作用与引黄灌溉量和干沟的排水量相比处于次要地位,人工的扬黄灌溉对灌区水循环的影响远远超过自然因素的影响强度,灌区内水土的水...     

Flexible delivery schedules to improve farm irrigation and reduce pressure on groundwater: a case study in southern Italy

This study was conducted on an irrigated area of southern Italy to analyze the current operation of a large-scale irrigation delivery system and the effects of the operation procedures on crop irrigation management and aquifer salinity increase. The area is characterized by relatively high levels of groundwater salinity in the summer that are probably due to intensive groundwater pumping by farmers during periods of peak irrigation demand, with the resulting seawater intrusion. Two alternative delivery schedules, namely the rotation delivery schedule and the flexible delivery schedule, referred to as RDS and FDS, respectively, were simulated using a soil-water balance model under different combinations of crop, soil and climatic conditions. The first set of simulations concerned the farm irrigation management constrained by the rotational delivery used by the local water management organization. The second scenario simulated the farm irrigation schedule most commonly used by growers in the area for maximizing crop yields. Based on crop irrigation management under RDS and FDS, two alternative operational scenarios were also developed at the scheme level and then compared for evaluation. Winter and summer salinity maps of the aquifer were developed by interpolating salinity measurements of the groundwater samples collected during the 2006 irrigation season. From these maps, a close relationship can be inferred among delivery schedule, aquifer exploitation and salinity increase, which justifies the need for implementing FDS that might reduce the groundwater demand for irrigation.     

扬水灌区封闭型水文地质单元的地下水盐动态研究

西北内陆干旱区的扬水灌区灌溉排水属外引内排方式,灌区内的水盐运移主要受控于灌溉水入渗,属于典型的入渗-蒸发型水盐运移。对扬水灌区封闭型水文地质单元15 a监测资料的分析表明,监测区的地下水运移具有径流滞缓、水盐积累的特点。灌溉水入渗带和溶质迁移带的地下水矿化度受入渗溶滤影响呈振荡变化型,汇水聚盐带的盐沼化面积由1993年的25.83 km2增加为2008年的30.88 km2,地下水矿化度和土壤含盐量均呈逐年上升趋势,地下水矿化度最高达172.15 g/L,水化学类型为Cl-—SO42-—(K++Na+)—Ca2+型。     

韦店井灌区开发利用规划模型

以灌区灌溉年净效益最大为目标,以地下水和地表水的可供水量、作物需水量、机电井出水能力、机泵提水深度、除涝防渍埋深等为约束条件,优化计算不同水平年农业最优种植模式及各种水源的最优分配,并提出最佳的灌溉工程运行形式。     

基于两阶段优化配置模型的济南泉域补给区灌溉水源置换研究

目前全球地下水能保持持续平衡的地区日趋减少,不合理农业灌溉成为很多地区地下水系统恶化的主要因素之一。济南市历城区地下水用于农业灌溉是当地地下水位下降的重要因素,对于济南泉域、白泉泉域喷涌有直接影响。针对研究区农业用水特点和水生态文明建设水源置换的要求,建立两阶段优化配置模型,将灌溉用水配置分为2个阶段,阶段一,以生态、节水和经济效益为目标,引入单位脉冲响应系数约束地下水利用量,实现区域地下水与地表水的合理配置;阶段二,以作物最大产量为目标,进行作物生育阶段水量配置和种植结构调整。结果表明,采取两阶段优化算法与用水结构调整后,可以有效减少地下水利用量,2011—2014年平均地表水与地下水用水结构由原来的3∶7调整为5.2∶4.8,较好地实现地下水源置换目标,同时地下水位计算值较实际年分别增加0.31、1.12、1.55和3.38 m,对保证泉域持续喷涌具有重要作用。     

A model for conjunctive use of groundwater and surface waters for control of irrigation salinity

Changes in the hydrologic balance in many irrigation areas, including those in the Murray Basin, Australia, have resulted in high watertables and salinity problems. However, where suitable aquifers exist, groundwater pumping and subsequent irrigation application after mixing with surface waters (referred to as conjunctive water use) can control salinity and watertable depth and improve productivity of degraded land. In order to assess where conjunctive water use will successfully control salinity, it is necessary to estimate the effects of pumped groundwater salinity on rootzone salinity. A simple steady rate model is derived for this purpose from mass conservation of salt and water. The model enables an estimate to be made of rootzone salinity for any particular salinity level of the groundwater being used in conjunction with surface water; this enables calculation of the required crop salt tolerance to prevent yield reductions. The most important input parameters for the model are groundwater salinity, the annual depth of class A pan evaporation, the annual depth of rainfall, the salinity of irrigation water, and a leaching parameter. For model parameters nominated in this paper, where groundwater salinity reaches 5 dS/m a crop threshold salt tolerance greater than 1.6 dS/m is required to avoid yield reductions. Where groundwater salinity approaches 10 dS/m, a crop threshold tolerance of 3 dS/m is required. Whilst the model derived indicates that rootzone salinity is sensitive to groundwater salinity, rootzone salinity is insensitive to leaching for leaching fractions commonly encountered (0.1 to 0.4). The insensitivity to leaching means that it could be expected that similar yields could be attained on heavy or light textured soils. This insensitivity also implies that there is no yield penalty from increasing the mass of pumped salt by pumping to achieve maximum watertable control in addition to leaching. The model developed is also used to estimate yield reductions expected under conjunctive use, for any particular levels of groundwater salinity and crop salt tolerance.     

Using economic incentives and regulations to reduce seawater intrusion in the Batinah coastal area of Oman

Excessive groundwater abstraction is a major problem in Oman, primarily in the Batinah coastal area where it results in seawater intrusion. The Government began to address the problem in the 1990s by encouraging the use of more efficient irrigation systems, replacing date palms with winter vegetable crops and using treated wastewater for municipal irrigation. However, 15 years later, seawater intrusion in the Batinah aquifers is still advancing at an alarming pace. This paper analyses the relative merits of strategies to control groundwater pumping based on water quotas, electricity quotas and electricity pricing. A cost benefit approach is used to evaluate the feasibility of three strategies over a period of 25 years and to compare them to the “business as usual” option. Results show that the net present loss to the community when no active policy is implemented amounts to (−$288) million. Imposing water quotas on tubewells would give a net present benefit of $153 million. However, such quotas would give the lowest present benefit and create inequity among farmers. Other possible approaches would be to control the pumping of groundwater from all wells - tubewells and dug wells - by enforcing energy quotas and by increasing the price of electricity used to pump water. The net present benefits would be greater and the costs to farmers would be more fairly spread. The results of cost-benefit analysis show that enforcing an electricity quota, coupled with removal of the subsidy on the electricity price, is the easiest and most equitable solution to implement.     

BP网络在焉耆盆地土壤积盐影响因素分析中的应用

以焉耆盆地为例，采用BP网络技术，对土壤舍盐量与各种影响因素的关系作了初步定量评价，发现潜水矿化度和潜水位埋深是土壤舍盐量的最敏感因素，其次是灌区引水量、引盐量和地下水蒸发量，其中灌区引水量大是焉耆盆地土壤次生盐渍化加剧的最主要因素；而潜水位埋深是土壤脱盐最敏感的因素。焉耆盆地土壤次生盐渍化防治应从减少灌溉引水量和降低地下水位入手。     

动态规划在小型灌溉泵站群布局优化与调整中的应用

机电泵站的改造与建设规划，必须随着灌区内用地布局的大面积调整而进行优化与调整．采用动态规划法，以泵站为阶段变量，水量为决策变量，泵站群灌溉净效益最大为目标函数，对区域灌溉泵站群进行优化，并根据优化结果提出泵站建设和改造的调整方案，对当前提高农村水利建设资金使用率和水资源利用率具有很重要的意义．通过对淮安市淮涟灌区的优化规划改造，提高了灌区工程的效益，保证了灌溉需求．     

气候变化和人类活动对灌区地下水埋深的影响

[目的]探析气候变化和人类活动对灌区地下水埋深的影响.[方法]利用年代波动性分析、突变检验、灰色关联分析、敏感性分析、双累积曲线法和相对贡献率分析了人民胜利渠灌区1952-2013年地下水埋深及其影响因素的变化和突变特征,并识别了地下水埋深与各影响因素间的响应特征.[结果]人民胜利渠灌区地下水埋深呈明显增加趋势(0.8...     

人民胜利渠灌区适宜井渠用水比研究

为合理利用灌区地表水和地下水资源,改善灌区生态环境,以人民胜利渠灌区为例,在对灌区地下水开发利用现状及其水位动态进行分析的基础上,将地下水模拟模型与GIS技术进行结合,并设置8个情景方案,预报了灌区5 a后地下水位变化趋势,并提出了灌区适宜的井渠用水比。结果表明,目前灌区地下水位呈不断下降趋势,削减灌区地下水开采量对地下水位的恢复有明显的作用。平水年削减10%的地下水开采量,人民胜利渠灌区井渠用水比例调整为1/0.78,上游调整为1/1.24,中游调整为1/0.85,下游调整为1/0.41,灌区机井数从原来的20 261眼削减到14 315眼,可以基本实现地下水的采补平衡。     

农业节水措施对地下水涵养的作用及其敏感性分析

以北京市大兴区为研究区,利用经校验的水平衡模型,通过调整灌溉满足率和灌溉水利用系数,探讨了不同农业节水措施对增加地下水补给量和减少地下水开采量的作用及其敏感性。结果表明,不同水文年型下,降低灌溉满足率及提高灌溉水利用系数都能减少地下水开采量,且降低灌溉满足率对减少地下净开采量的作用更为显著,有利于区域地下水涵养。在参数取值范围内,地下水净开采量对灌溉满足率的敏感性较大,而地下水补给量对灌溉水利用系数的敏感性较高。与提高灌溉水利用系数相比,对资源性缺水区域,采用先进节水技术,适度降低区域灌溉满足率,对促进水资源持续有效利用及加大地下水涵养具有更显著的效果。     

基于地下水均衡的灌区合理渠井用水比例

基于地下水均衡模型,分析了陕西泾惠渠灌区不同频率典型年的地下水均衡状况,结果表明降水入渗补给、渠系渗漏及田间灌溉入渗补给、井灌回归补给是灌区地下水的主要补给源,占总补给量的85.99%~82.89%;而人工开采是灌区地下水的主要排泄途径,农灌地下水开采量、人畜和工业用水开采量占总排泄量的69.7%~72.86%.以2010年为现状基准年,2020年为规划水平年,结合灌区发展规划,设置了4种不同的灌区发展情景模式,运用所建立的地下水均衡模型计算了不同情景模式下的地下水位埋深,其变化范围为0~0.07 m;以地下水位变幅最小为准则,得出了不同频率典型年合理的渠井用水比例范围为1.49~1.53,从而为灌区地下水资源的高效持续利用提供了依据.     

Greenhouse gas implications of water reuse in the Upper Pumpanga River Integrated Irrigation System, Philippines

Enhancing water productivity is often recommended as a “soft option” in addressing the problem of increasing water scarcity. However, improving water productivity, particularly through water reuse, incurs additional investment and may result in increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In this study, we analysed the water productivity and GHG implications of water reuse through pumping groundwater and creek water, and compare this with gravity-fed canal irrigation in the Upper Pampanga River Integrated Irrigation System (UPRIIS) in the Philippines.Water productivity indicators show that water reuse contributes significantly to water productivity. For example, water productivity with respect to gross inflow (WP_gross) with water reuse (0.19 kg grain/m³) is 21% higher than without water reuse (0.15 kg grain/m³). However, there is a tradeoff between increasing water productivity and water reuse as water reuse increases GHG emissions. The estimated GHG emission from water reuse (pumping irrigation) is 1.47 times higher than without water reuse (gravity-fed canal irrigation). Given increasing concerns about climate change and the need to reduce carbon emissions, we recommend that a higher priority be given to water reuse only in areas where water scarcity is a serious issue.     

时间序列模型在井灌水稻区地下水位预测中的应用——以三江平原为例

由于水田面积迅速增加,导致三江平原井灌水稻区地下水位持续下降,吊泵、局部超采现象时有发生.为了解决上述问题,以597农场为例,采用时间序列分析方法建立了597农场地下水埋深动态预测模型,对地下水埋深进行模拟和预测;同时,揭示了该区地下水动态变化规律,为三江平原地下水资源的可持续利用提供了科学依据.     

井渠结合灌区地下水开采方案设计研究——以泾慧渠灌区试验区为例

首先根据泾惠渠灌区试验区近60a的气象、土壤资料,利用CROPWAT模型计算区域冬小麦、玉米、棉花的灌溉需水量。根据研究区需水、供水之间的关系以及渠井适宜比理论提出3种地下水开采方案。在试验区水文地质条件的基础上,运用Visual Modflow软件建立了地下水流数值模型,并从地下水合理埋深、丰枯季地下水量构成等角度,对不同开采方案下的地下水动态变化进行了分析和验证。结果表明:通过对未来年地下水位的预测可知,3种开采方案下的地下水埋深都在合理的埋深范围内;对比分析发现第2种方案的地下水开采所引起的降深适中,开采量有可靠的补给保证,并在丰枯两季形成动态调整,为最优方案。该研究为今后试验区地下水的合理开采提供了科学依据。     

开都河流域农业灌溉区地下水化学时空分布特征研究

【目的】研究开都河流域农业灌溉区地下水化学时空分布规律及其影响因素。【方法】采用描述性统计、空间插值、Piper三线图示法和Gibbs图示法,基于2016年1月(冬季)、3月(春季)、7月(夏季)和9月(秋季)的4次开都河流域农业灌溉区地下水样品的采集及水化学主要参数的分析测试,开展了开都河流域农业灌区地下水化学特征方面的研究。【结果】①开都河流域农业灌溉区地下水整体水质良好,矿化度较低,地下水中主要离子为HCO3-、Na+、Ca2+、SO42-,溶解性固体总量(TDS)冬季高夏季低;地下水埋深与TDS变化具有一定的程度的关联性,灌溉季节地下水埋深变浅、水体TDS相对降低;②研究区地下水阳离子中Na+和Ca2+时空分布特征差异性较为明显,阴离子中SO42-时空分布差异较为明显;③研究区地下水主要水化学类型为HCO3--SO42--Na+-Ca2+型,水化学类型季节性差异较小;④地下水离子组成主要受岩石风化作用控制,在春季、夏季和秋季的绿洲区与滨湖区的地下水化学离子组成受人为干扰较明显,灌溉力度较小的区域和非灌溉季节的地下水受人为干扰较小。【结论】灌区在农作物灌溉季节应适当合理开采地下水并加强对地下水水质的监管工作。     

石家庄市平原区地下水资源量动态计算

运用GIS空间分析功能,对地下水位数据进行空间插值和计算,计算得到石家庄市平原区1995~2004年10年内各月份浅层地下水资源量动态变化和水位动态变化量,得出区域内这10年内地下水资源量减少了75.8×108m3。对结果进行分析,表明长时段内该地区地下水量变化与降雨量有明显相关性;地下水位下降幅度在空间上存在曲带状分异;农业灌溉抽取地下水造成该地区地下水资源量持续减少,但在非灌溉季节地下水资源量又能以较快速度恢复一部分。在空间上,平原区西部靠近山前地带地下水资源量减少程度比东部缓和。