油菜菌核病菌对腐霉利的抗性诱变及抗药菌株的生物学特性

从江苏省镇江市和扬州市采集菌核病植株的茎,从中分离获得油菜菌核病菌（Sclerotinia sclerotiorum）单菌核菌株。32个野生型菌株药剂敏感性（EC50）频率分布数据显示,病菌对腐霉利的敏感基线EC50值为0.1981 ± 0.0220 µg/mL,MIC（最小抑菌浓度）值为 1.1 ± 0.1595µg/mL。实验未发现田间抗腐霉利菌株。通过室内紫外线和药剂诱导,获得多株高抗腐霉利突变体（EC50>1000µg/mL）。这些抗性突变株经转管培养5~20代后抗药性稳定。它们对同类药剂异菌脲和有机磷类甲基立枯磷也表现高抗,但对苯并咪唑类多菌灵敏感。与野生型敏感菌株相比,抗腐霉利突变株菌丝生长较慢,对油菜茎杆和叶片的致病力均较弱。     

油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺和不同杀菌剂敏感性的相关分析

为了明确油菜菌核病菌对新型杀菌剂嘧菌环胺的敏感性和该药剂与其它杀菌剂的交互抗性,采用菌丝生长速率法测定江苏省不同地区的53个油菜菌核病菌菌株对嘧菌环胺的敏感性,并测定对嘧菌环胺不同敏感性的10个菌株对菌核净、异菌脲、腐霉利、多菌灵、咪鲜胺和戊唑醇等杀菌剂的敏感性。结果表明,菌株间对嘧菌环胺的敏感性差异显著, EC50（抑制中浓度）值在0.0342～1.087 6μg/mL之间;通过EC50值相关性分析,油菜菌核病菌对嘧菌环胺与上述杀菌剂之间不存在交互抗性。 关     

江苏省油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵的敏感性

为监测目前油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵抗性现状，对从江苏省各地采集的油菜菌核病病原菌菌株以及海安、苏州和高淳三地的油菜菌核病病原菌田间群体菌株进行了多菌灵的敏感性测定。结果表明，江苏省油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵的抗药性已经产生，不同地区菌株对多菌灵的抗性比率不同。在苏州的田间菌株群体中抗性菌株的比率达到28.12%，而在高淳等地的菌株中没有检测到抗性菌株的存在。抗性菌株都表现为高抗，其EC50 >100µg／ml。对抗性菌株的β-微管蛋白基因进行PCR扩增和酶切的结果表明，所有抗性菌株的β-微管蛋白基因的198位都发生突变，从而导致油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵抗性的产生。从江苏省范围来看，继续使用多菌灵防治油菜菌核病菌可能会导致抗性频率上升、抗性范围扩大。     

大豆菌核病菌生长特性及抗药性初步测定

采用单菌核分离法得到大豆菌核病菌,利用菌丝生长速率法测定了7株大豆菌核病菌的生物学特性及对多菌灵和腐霉利的抗药性.结果表明:供试菌株菌丝生长的最适温度是15～20℃,而菌核的产生则在15℃左右最多;大豆菌核病菌丝生长最适的环境为中性和偏酸性;不同菌核及病残体埋入土壤不同深度后越冬处理,病残体上菌丝不能越冬,而菌核能够越...     

油菜菌核病菌β-微管蛋白基因与多菌灵抗药性相关突变的研究

采集、分离获得江苏省通州市4乡镇油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiotum)的223个菌株,对多菌灵(MBC)和乙霉威(NPC)的敏感性测定得到2种表型,其中143个菌株为MBC^S NPCH^HR,其余80个菌株为MBC^HR NPC^S,后者对温度7—28℃不敏感。苯并咪唑类杀菌剂通过与抗药性相关的β-微管蛋白结合,抑制细胞的有丝分裂。克隆S.sclerotiorum 6个菌株的β-微管蛋白基因,获得大小为874个碱基、编码273个氨基酸的基因片段,与典型模式菌粗糙脉孢霉(Neurospora crassa)进行序列比较发现具高度同源性。研究证明S.sclerotiorum的β-微管蛋白198位氨基酸由谷氨酸(Glu)突变为丙氨酸(Ala),是导致油菜菌核病病原菌产生对多菌灵抗药性的主要原因;突变位点和突变类型与其他抗多菌灵真菌一致,与乙霉威之间存在明显负交互抗性。     

瓜类疫霉菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性及其室内抗药突变体研究

采用菌丝生长速率法,对采自广西6个冬瓜和黄瓜产区的116株瓜类疫霉菌进行烯酰吗啉的敏感性检测。结果表明:敏感菌株和中间型菌株分别占测试菌株的8.6%和91.4%,以中间型菌株为优势菌群,所有样区均未检测到抗性菌株;待测菌株的EC50值范围为0.081 3~1.340 0μg/m L,最不敏感菌株是最敏感菌株的16倍,平均EC50值为(0.274 6±0.092 8)μg/m L;116株瓜类疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性分布呈单峰曲线,未出现敏感性下降的亚群体,可将其单峰曲线作为瓜类疫霉对烯酰吗啉的敏感性基线,将烯酰吗啉对该病原群体的平均EC50值作为田间抗药性检测的参考标准。通过室内对敏感菌株进行药剂驯化选育20代,获得抗性指数大于2.0的抗药突变体3株;采用紫外线处理未获得有明显抗性的突变体。3株突变体的部分生物学性状结果表明,突变体对寄主的致病力明显弱于其亲本菌株,突变株DRGL-4和DRYL-154菌株几乎丧失致病力;在不同p H及不同温度培养条件下,部分抗药突变体菌丝生长率与亲本菌株相比均有不同程度的提高。综合分析表明,在当前的管理水平和栽培模式下,瓜类疫霉菌抗药突变体群体在田间难以形成和发展,烯酰吗啉属于低抗性风险的用于防治瓜类疫病的有效杀菌剂。     

戊唑醇对油菜菌核病菌作用机制的探讨

为探明戊唑醇对油菜菌核病的防治效果及作用机制,采用生物测定方法,研究戊唑醇的室内毒力、油菜菌核病菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的菌丝干重、菌丝蛋白质含量、菌核萌发、菌核致病力和菌丝体细胞膜电导率。结果表明:戊唑醇对油菜菌核病菌具有极强的抑菌作用,EC50和EC90值分别为1.3μg/mL和11.2μg/mL;用戊唑醇处理后,菌丝体干重差异显著,蛋白质含量、菌核萌发率和致病力均随处理浓度的提高而降低;戊唑醇对菌丝体电导率无影响,但对菌丝体的生长有抑制作用。表明戊唑醇通过抑制菌丝干重、菌核萌发率、蛋白质含量和致病力而控制病害发生。     

油菜菌核病菌对多菌灵的抗药性

从江苏句容市丘陵山区从未施用多菌灵（MBC）的白菜型油菜苗核病株上，采集了49个Sclerotiniasclerotiorum野生菌株，MBC抑制这些菌株的菌丝生长，平均EC50为0．2198±0．1083μg／ml，最低抑制生长浓度（MIC）值为5．0μg／ml。从镇江农科所油菜育种试验田中采集的S．selerotiorum菌核标样中，发现6个抗MBC的抗性菌株，其EC50值均大于2000μg／ml。抗性菌株对离体油菜叶片的致病力与野生的敏感菌株没有差异。油菜叶片经1000μg／mlMBC溶液浸渍后，敏感菌株对其不能侵染，而抗性菌株对这些叶片的致病力与对未浸药叶片的致病力无明显差异。     

油菜核盘菌对戊唑醇的敏感性及室内抗药性诱导

为了探明油菜核盘菌对戊唑醇的敏感性,对68株油菜核盘菌的戊唑醇室内敏感性进行了试验.同时通过室内诱导获得抗药性突变株,并分析了突变株的菌丝生长速率、产菌核能力及戊唑醇靶标酶基因,为戊唑醇的应用及其抗药性风险评估提供基础数据.结果表明,2016年和2018年从安徽、湖南、湖北、四川采集的68株油菜核盘菌对戊唑醇的EC50...     

哈茨木霉TRI-5腐解油菜菌核及其施用方法

油菜机械收获后菌核病菌(核盘菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的菌核会随着秸秆一起还田,给下茬油菜生长带来潜在危害。为降低菌核病发病率,研制哈茨木霉(Trichoderma harzianum TRI-5)可溶性粉剂,在油菜收获后立即喷施该粉剂。在实验室条件下,60h后TRI-5在菌核外表和内部均能生长良好,扫描电子显微镜结果显示,菌核的组织结构被彻底损坏。田间小区试验结果表明,喷施TRI-5可溶性粉剂30d后,与基质对照相比,核盘菌菌核萌发率下降22.06%,秸秆腐解率提高12.54个百分点,差异显著(P0.05);在水稻产量上,与基质对照相比,施用TRI-5可溶性粉剂提高水稻产量1.72%,但差异不显著(P0.05)。因此认为,哈茨木霉可溶性粉剂对油菜田间菌核病发生有生防效果。     

Preparation and characterization of fibers of waste and fresh polyethylene terephtalate and mixtures of them

Textile fibers were obtained from secondary polyethylene terephtalate (PET) and its mixtures with primary PET at initial orientation of 18000–33000 %, rate of additional orientation drawing 3.5–6.5 times and temperature of thermal fixation 363–413 K. The fibers’ tensile strength was found to decrease and elongation at break to increase with the decrease of their linear density under the conditions of fibers formation. For the fibers based on polymer mixtures, the presence of oxidized fragments in the secondary PET limited the compatibility of the two polymers which resulted in deteriorated tensile properties. The linear density (4–16 dtex), tensile strength (30–50 cN/tex) and elongation at break (20–60 %) of the PET fibers obtained were close to these for the industrially produced polymer fibers. The values of the average diameter of the fibers formed and oriented under laboratory conditions allows classifying them between the fine and the coarse textile fibers which makes them suitable for the textile industry.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Characteristics of photosynthesis and conductance of potato canopies and the effects of cultivars and transient drought

Gas-exchange characteristics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) canopies were determined with crop enclosures under condition of optimal water supply, during soil water depletion, and during recovery from drought-stress. The plants were grown under a rainshelter in large containers with 2-m² surface area. Control plants received water throughout the growth period. In Expt. 1, transient drought was imposed by interrupting water supply completely for 22 days. During the 33-day period of drought treatment in Expt. 2, the stressed plants received half the amount of water that was given to the control plants (irrigations 2–3 times per week).

During soil water depletion, stomatal conductance of the canopy was reduced earlier and more than photosynthesis. This resulted in a lower internal carbon dioxide concentration in the leaves of stressed plants and a higher ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance. The value of that ratio increased as soil water potential dropped.

Water-use efficiency ( ) increased during drought stress. The cultivar Bintje showed a larger ratio between photosynthesis and stomatal conductance of the canopy and a higher than cv. Saturna, both for optimal water supply and during drought stress.

Photosynthesis and conductance of the canopy started to recover immediately upon rewatering, even when relative values had declined to 20–30% during the preceding stress period. After release from stress, the leaves in the top layer of the canopy had a higher stomatal conductance in treated plants than in control plants.     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式示范

2017—2018年,在同安镇粮食产能区示范推广水稻病虫害绿色防控与统防统治融合技术模式,取得了显著成效。融合技术示范区比常规区减少用药2~3次,用药量减少37.6%,防治成本降低400元/hm^2;水稻产量增加12.8%,收益增加2 835元/hm^2。     

生物质能作物——甘薯开发利用现状及趋势

甘薯是世界上重要的粮食、饲料、工业原料及新型能源用块根作物，在我国乃至世界再生能源开发中起到重大作用，其分布地域广，适应性强，沙荒地、岗坡地均可种植。生物产量高，而且种植栽培容易。甘薯含淀粉15％～30％，晒干率20％～35％，世界各国以薯干或淀粉为原料生产乙醇有着悠久的历史。随着全球能源的日趋紧张，乙醇作为一种可再生的环保燃料．将快速步入全球成品油市场，在替代汽油供应方面起到越来越大的作用。各国正在推行或制定燃料乙醇计划，并着眼于生物燃料乙醇应用方案，认为甘薯可能是摆脱将来粮食和能源危机的“最后一张王牌”。     

棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术应用与推广

经过多年实践,探索总结出抗病虫品种、频振式太阳能杀虫灯、糖盆诱蛾、黄蓝板诱虫、生物多样性控虫等绿色防控技术,形成了切合库尔勒实际的棉花病虫全程绿色防控技术模式。介绍了上述技术措施及其在当地棉田的推广应用效果。     

热区蔬菜质量安全分析与评价

对影响我国热区主要蔬菜产前、产中、产后的质量安全相关因素与现状进行调研,获取基础数据与有关信息。对比分析国内不同生产区质量安全存在的差异与差距,研究我国热区蔬菜从生产至市场各个环节的质量安全评价方法,提出建立我国热区蔬菜质量安全评价体系方案。     

春季氮肥和多效唑调控对小麦生育和产量的影响

为明确春季调控措施对冬小麦生长发育和籽粒产量的影响,以冬小麦品种石新828为材料进行田间试验,4个处理分别为:起身期追全部氮肥(除基肥外,下同)并叶面喷多效唑(N1);起身期追2/3氮肥并喷多效唑+拔节期追1/3氮肥(N2);起身期追1/3氮肥+拔节期追2/3氮肥(N3);拔节期追全部氮肥(N4)。生育期间测定群体和个体生育特性,成熟期调查产量性状。结果表明,N1和N2处理小麦拔节期的总茎数、叶面积指数(LAI)和干物质积累量均显著高于N4和N3处理。孕穗期N4和N3处理小麦的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量显著高于N1和N2处理。开花到成熟期各处理的总茎数、LAI和干物质积累量差异均不显著。孕穗期前,不同处理的株高差异不显著,孕穗期后,N4处理的株高最高,且显著高于N1处理。各处理基部节间直径和中上部节间长的差异不显著,N4处理基部第一节间长度显著大于其他处理。随追氮时期前移或前期施氮量增多,不孕小穗数减少,结实小穗和穗粒数增加,N1比N4处理不孕小穗数显著减少,结实小穗和穗粒数显著增多。N1处理小麦成熟期的千粒重最高,且显著高于N4处理。N1处理的籽粒产量最高,且显著高于N3和N4处理。起身期追氮配合多效唑调控,可以获得比拔节期追氮更高的穗粒数和千粒重,从而获得更高的产量。     

施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响

采用盆栽试验，研究施镁量和施镁方法对烤烟生长发育和烟叶产量的影响，结果表明：适量施用镁肥，可以促进烟草的生长发育、改善其农艺学性状，影响烟株对其它营养元素的吸收与积累，提高烟叶产量，并能使烟叶N，P，K，Ca等营养元素含量更趋协调。随着施镁量的增加，烟叶中镁含量提高10．7％～71．4％，烤烟单株吸镁量、叶片叶绿素含量、干物质产量分别提高17．6％～115．4％，1．9％～23．ooA和6．3％～25．7％，而对烟叶含钾量没有明显影响。在镁比较缺乏的土壤上，镁肥作基肥施比叶面喷施的效果好，基肥施镁结合叶面喷镁的效果最佳；叶面喷镁，肥料用量少、成本低、见效快，是一种有效的镁肥施用方法；提高镁肥用量，施镁的效果更加显著。