抗蚜高产辣椒品种鉴定评价

为了有效满足海南辣椒产业发展需求,系统开展了适于海南种植的抗蚜辣椒品种鉴定与评价.抗蚜性鉴定结果表明,32个参试辣椒品种中,'猪大肠'石柱朝天红'博辣15号'辣丰三号'和'小米椒'5个品种对桃蚜表现为抗蚜,'福康8号'翡翠甜椒'翠玉甜椒'薄冠008'皇帝椒'新香2号'和'干辣3号'7个品种对桃蚜表现为感蚜,'大羊角椒'...     

烟蚜与烟草黄瓜花叶病田间消长动态研究

为建立烟草黄瓜花叶病（CMV）的预测预报系统,对烟蚜、烟草黄瓜花叶病的田间消长动态进行调查．调查结果表明：烟蚜在田间洧长规律呈单峰型,有翅蚜峰日早于无翅蚜峰日10天,僵蚜峰日落后无翅蚜峰日5天;烟草黄瓜花叶病的发生与有趣蚜的迁入消长紧密相关．     

莰酮对蚜虫生物活性的研究

进行了樟树(CinnamomumcamphoraL.)中的莰酮(CamphorC10H160)对蚜虫的触杀、熏蒸毒力和拒食活性研究。结果表明,处理后24h莰酮对菜缢管蚜、桃蚜和棉蚜触杀作用的LD50分别为3.12×10-3,2.04×10-3,0.68×10-3 ng/头,熏蒸作用的LC50分别为3.44,2.56,1.06mg/L,拒食作用的AFC50分别为3.34,2.98,1.32mg/L。经回归和相关分析,处理浓度与作用效果相关性均达到极显著或显著水平。莰酮在田间防治菜缢管蚜的效果显著。     

Insecticide toxicity to three strains of green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) reared on resistant and susceptible potato cultivars

Three green peach aphid (GPA) strains, Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) obtained from New York, Puerto Rico and Minnesota, were reared on resistant potato hybrid D888-4 and a susceptible cv. Red Pontiac. No significant differences in GPA mortality were observed when aphids were reared on either the resistant or susceptible potato cultivars and later exposed to methamidophos 4EC, pirimicarb 50 WP, azinphos-methyl 2EC or permethrin 2EC. The interaction between the four insecticides × three GPA strains was significant. Of the three aphid strains, those from Minnesota had the lowest susceptibility to permethrin, pirimicarb and azinophos-methyl. No mortality was observed in this GPA strain when tested with azinphosmethyl.     

Effect of repeated applications of insecticides to potatoes on numbers of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and on the frequencies of insecticide-resistant variants

Numbers of Myzus persicae on potatoes (Solanum tuberosum) receiving three insecticide regimes were recorded in 1985 and 1986. Frequencies of insecticide-resistant variants were determined using an immunoassay for esterase-4 (E4), the enzyme responsible. M. persicae was more abundant at the end of the season on plots sprayed alternately throughout the experiment with a mixture of pyrethroid with oil and pirimicarb, than on those treated with pirimicarb alone. Frequency distributions of E4 activity showed that very resistant variants intermediate between R₂ and R₃ levels accounted for >50% of the populations. Further samples of aphids, collected on separate farms from defoliated patches in late-growing potato crops where repeated spraying had failed to control aphids, showed that these highly resistant variants had again been selected. Possible reasons for the observed increase in numbers of M. persicae following pyrethroid/oil treatment and consequences for virus control are discussed.     

Behavioral Responses of Green Peach Aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), to the Volatile Organic Compound Emissions from Four Potato Varieties

Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is a serious pest of potato and causes severe yield loss to potato production worldwide. The volatiles emitted from potato plants influence host selection by M. persicae. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study how these volatile emissions vary among four potato varieties (IdaRose, Desiree, Chipeta and Russet Burbank) having different genetic backgrounds, and to compare the aphid responses to the volatiles emitted by these varieties. Results indicated that headspace volatiles detected, and aphid responses, differed significantly among the varieties. Myzus persicae arrestment was greater in response to Desiree and Chipeta than on Russet Burbank and arrestment on IdaRose was intermediate and did not differ significantly from any of the other varieties, but the arrestment was not related to the total concentration of volatiles released by these varieties. This indicates that the blend of volatiles was important for eliciting arrestment. Eigenvector weightings of principal component 1 were predominantly sesquiterpenes (especially caryophyllene, sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene and longifolene), whereas those for principal component 2 were predominantly aldehydes and green leaf volatiles (n-hexana1, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal and nonanal. The pedigrees of the varieties are not associated with the volatile blends or aphid responses.     

Monitoring of inflights of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), in New Brunswick potato fields by yellow pans from 1974 to 1983: Results and degree-day simulation

Based on 10 years of trapping with yellow pan traps it was determined that on the average inflights of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), start July 26 and cumulative catches of more than five aphids August 8. The lack of significant differences in the timing of first and cumulative catches of aphids between the northern and the southern section of the potato production area is additional evidence thatM. persicae does not usually overwinter in New Brunswick. Important yearly variations in the timing of the first cumulative catch of more than 5 aphids can be simulated by the thermal summation of 1188 DD and forecasted by regression on the timing of first inflights. The use of these results to improve the extension program is discussed.     

Methamidophos,Salithion, phenthoate,and R&H 0994 for control ofMyzus persicae(Sulzer) on tubers in Peru

The efficacy of methamidophos, Salithion, phenthoate, and R&H 0994 for control ofMyzus persicae (Sulzer) on stored tubers was determined. In Huancayo, Peru, which is in the Sierra, R&H 0994 proved to be most efficacious and protected tubers for 45 days. Phenthoate, at the rate tested, was not effective. In San Ramon, Peru, which is tropical in climate, methamidophos was most efficacious and protected tubers for 22 days. In both locationsM. persicae populations developed very rapidly on unsprayed tubers in rustic store.     

Rate of spread of PVYn by alateMyzus persicae (Sulzer) from infected to healthy plants under laboratory conditions

Summary Alate green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), tested in a flight chamber during their maiden flight period displayed behaviours ranging from repeated trivial flights to settling on the plants. The interaction of alate vector density and PVYⁿ spread was dichotomous, virus spread was significantly related to vector density in some trials but virus spread was nil or limited and not significantly dependent on vector density in others. The green peach aphid colony used in these experiments provided a mixture of active and highly active alate populations. Results suggest that inactive and active vectors came from the active and highly active alate populations, respectively. Therefore, winged aphids within a species cannot all be attributed the same vector efficiency unless known to originate from the same population. At a 15% inoculum level the intercept for the regression model for the spread of PVYⁿ was 5.03% indicating that there is a significant probability of propagation at aphid densities as low as one. However, over the range of aphid densities tested, the rate of spread per aphid was low, 0.08%, suggesting that reinfection of newly infected plants or movement interference between aphid vectors rapidly became important factors negatively affecting virus spread. Although these results cannot be directly transferred to field conditions they provide confirmation that lowM. persicae numbers can transmit unacceptable levels of mosaic and that low inoculum levels are required to decrease the risk of transmission by the small aphid numbers which cannot be realistically controlled.     

Identification of the Population Structure of Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on Peach Trees in China Using Microsatellites

In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in China using microsatellites. We expected that these data will reveal the genetic relationships among various populations of M. persicae and will be of value in the development of better methods for pest control. Four hundred sixty individuals from 23 areas over 13 provinces were collected in the early spring of 2010, all from their primary host, Prunus persicae. The markers analyzed were highly polymorphic, as demonstrated by the expected heterozygosity value (H_e = 0.861) and the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC = 0.847), which indicated that M. persicae maintains a high level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance revealed an intermediate level of population differentiation among M. persicae populations (F_ST = 0.1215). Geographic isolation existed among these populations, and, consequently, the genetic structure of the populations was split into a southern group and a northern group divided by the Yangtse River.     

The interaction of temperature and biotype on development of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulz.)

Thermal requirements per developmental stage, offspring production, and percent survival of three isolates of the green peach aphid,Myzus persicae (Sulz.), were determined over a range of constant temperatures from 12.4°–29.4°C. Isolates were collected from Pennsylvania, Maine, and Washington State potato producing regions. Offspring produced, survival, and thermal requirements were not different for all three isolates. Offspring production increased from 12.4°–15.6°C and then decreased as temperature increased. Percent survival averaged 78.2% except at 29.4°C where only 26.7% survived to reproduce. Thermal requirements, with 4°C as the lower developmental threshold, were 25.2, 27.1, 30.9, 30.7, 20.4, 74.2, 201.6 and 135.7 degree days, respectively, for instars 1–4, prereproductive adults, reproductive adults, longevity, and generation time. Data were used as the basis for a computer forecast system to predict aphid population development in potato fields.     

Reaction to the potato leafroll virus (PLRV) in diploid potatoes

Summary Diploid parents with some resistance to PLRV, were intercrossed to give 3 families with 191 clones which were evaluated for reaction to PLRV and yielding ability. After inoculation with PLRV the clones could be separated into those: 1) resistant, 2) susceptible, 3) intolerant, reacting with low virus concentration, 4) tolerant and 5) intermediate in reaction. Both the ELISA test and the evaluation of external disease symptoms were necessary to separate the clones. No correlation was found between resistance to PLRV and tuber yielding ability.     

桃蚜取食对抗、感蚜辣椒品种水杨酸、茉莉酸信号途径的影响

为了明确水杨酸及茉莉酸信号途径在辣椒抗蚜性中的重要作用,本研究在获得遗传稳定的抗、感蚜参照辣椒品种的基础上,系统开展了桃蚜为害前后抗、感蚜参照辣椒品种叶组织中水杨酸、茉莉酸含量及相关基因表达量的差异分析。结果表明,桃蚜为害后,水杨酸含量在抗蚜辣椒品种‘猪大肠’（ZDC）和感蚜辣椒品种‘大羊角椒’（DYJJ）中均比为害前显著提高,而茉莉酸含量在ZDC中显著提高,在DYJJ中则先显著降低之后又恢复到为害前水平。水杨酸信号途径相关基因PR1、EDS5、PAD4的表达量在ZDC、DYJJ被桃蚜为害后均能够显著诱导,并且桃蚜为害早期PR1和EDS5基因在ZDC中的表达量显著高于DYJJ。ZDC被桃蚜为害后,茉莉酸信号途径基因LOX2、AOC的表达量比为害前先显著提高,之后又逐渐降低至为害前水平,而这2个基因在DYJJ中的表达被显著抑制,并且也显著低于ZDC中的表达水平。研究结果表明,抗蚜辣椒品种可以同时激活水杨酸、茉莉酸信号途径抵御桃蚜为害,而感蚜辣椒品种激活水杨酸途径、显著抑制茉莉酸途径则有利于桃蚜为害。本研究从以上2个防御信号途径初步揭示了辣椒的抗蚜性分子机理。     

Cryotherapy of Potato Shoot Tips for Efficient Elimination of Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV) and Potato Virus Y (PVY)

Viral diseases constitute a major constraint to high yield and high quality production of potato. Potato leafroll virus (PLRV) and Potato virus Y (PVY) are among the most damaging potato viruses and are prevalent in most potato growing areas. In the present study, attempts were made to eliminate PLRV and PVY by three cryogenic protocols, i.e., encapsulation-dehydration, encapsulation-vitrification and droplet. Results showed that both PLRV and PVY could be efficiently eliminated by cryogenic treatments with 83–86% and 91–95% of frequencies of virus-free plantlets obtained for the former and latter, respectively. Frequencies of virus-free plantlets produced by cryogenic treatments were higher than those by meristem culture (56% for PLRV and 62% for PVY) and thermotherapy (50% for PLRV and 65% for PVY), and similar to those by thermotherapy followed by meristem culture (90% for PLRV and 93% for PVY). Survival (75–85%) and regrowth (83–89%) from cryo-treated shoot tips were higher than those from meristem culture (50–55%) and thermotherapy followed by meristem culture (40–50%), but similar to those from thermotherapy (80–87%). The morphology of the plantlets regenerated from cryo-treated shoot tips was similar to that of non-treated plantlets. Thus, cryotherapy would provide an alternative method for efficient elimination of potato viruses, and can be simultaneously used for long-term storage of potato germplasm and for production of virus-free plants.     

Jasmonate effect on in vitro tuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars under light and dark conditions

Summary Effects of jasmonic acid (JA) on in vitro tuberization of six potato cultivars were examined. Tuberization was carried out in the dark, or with 8 h photoperiod on MS media with vitamins, 8% sucrose, 0.6% agar and either 2.5 μM JA (JAMed) or no JA using explants either preconditioned with 2.5 μM JA (JAPret) or not. Cultivars Amisk, Russet Burbank, Sangre and Umatilla Russet produced the most (1.0–1.7) and the largest microtubers per explant. Tuberization was inconsistent in Shepody and poor in Atlantic. All cultivars tuberized significantly better in 8 h than in the dark. JA effects were cultivar specific and larger in the dark than in light. In the dark, Amisk, Atlantic and Umatila Russet tuberized better in JAMed than in JAPret. These cultivars did not benefit from JA treatments in light. Russet Burbank and Sangre tuberized in the dark better from JAPret cuttings than on JAMed medium. JA had no effect on tuberization in Shepody. JA double treatment in light vs. control and individual JA treatments significantly reduced tuberization in Shepody and Russet Burbank.     

Reducing potato leaf roll virus (PLRV) in potato by means of baiting aphids to yellow surfaces and protecting crops by coarse nets

Summary Surrounding half of the perimeter of potato plots with sticky yellow polyethylene sheets (HPS) stretched vertically at a height of 0.6 m above the soil, reduced the number, of winged aphids by ca. 70% and of PLRV infection by ca. 38%. A YPS mulch cuased an increase in aphid population, PLRV incidence and percentage of misshapen tubers. Covers of white coarse net (2.5×8.0 mesh per inch square ≈ 1×3.1 per mesh per cm square) reduced landing aphids to ca. 2% of those trapped in unprotected plots but increased by factors of ca. 5 to 6000 the number of apterae. PLRV incidence was greatly reduced in protected plots provided that no secondary infection occurred under the net. In plots planted with secondarily PLRV-infected seeds subsequent incidence under the nets was even higher than in the unprotected controls. The use of aphicides in addition to net covers completely prevented the spread of PLRV.

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Zusammenfassung Um die Infektion mit PLRV in Kartoffelfeldern zu vermindern, wurde versucht, die anfliegenden L?use mit gelben Poly?thylenfolien (YPS) zu k?dern (die besonders im 500–700 nm Bereich des Spektrums reflektieren) und den Bestand mit weissen, grobmaschigen (1×3,1 F?den/cm²) und relativ billigen Netzen zu schützen. Eine Abdeckung mit YPS erh?hte die Zahl der insgesamt anfliegenden L?use und die Zahl der gefangenenMyzus persicae (Abb. 1). Der Befall mit PLRV war in behandelten Parzellen 2,1% im Gegensatz zur Kontrolle mit 0,6%, die Zahl der missgestalteten Knollen verdoppelte sich durch diese Behandlung. Wurde die halbe Parzelle mit einer klebrigen YPS (2m×0,5m) abgeschirmt, die ausserhalb der Parzelle senkrecht in einer H?he von 0,6 m über dem Boden aufgespannt war, so verringerte sich sowohl die Blattlauspopulation als auch der Befall mit PLRV. Die Zahl der insgesamt anfliegenden L?use und die Zahl der geflügeltenM. persicae betrug in den geschützten Parzellen nur ca, 30% der in den Kontrollen gefangenen (Abb. 1, Tabelle 5) und der Befall mit PLRV wurde in 5 von 6 Versuchen auf 29–87% des in den entsprechenden Kontrollen beobachteten gesenkt (Tabelle 1). Dennoch war der Befall in den geschützten Parzellen noch h?her als in der Pflanzgutverordnung erlaubt (Tabelle 1). Abdeckungen mit doppelten Lagen von Netzen reduzierten den L?useanflug auf ca, 1% der in den unbedeckten Kontrollen gefangenen (Tabelle 5) und verhinderten vollst?ndig die Ausbreitung des PLRV. Billigere Abdeckungen mit einfachen Lagen von Netzen wurden in gr?sserem Umfang getestet (9 Versuche). In allen Versuchen wurde die Zahl der geflügelten L?use signifikant auf 1,4–2,6% der in den Kontrollen landenden gesenkt. Unter dem Netz stiegen jedoch, vor allem gegen Ende der Wachstumsperiode die Populationen der ungeflügelten L?use stark an, (Tabelle 3). Die Ausbreitung des PLRV war unter den Netzen stark eingeschr?nkt, unter der Voraussetzung, dass keine Sekund?rinfektion vorhanden war, im anderen Fall führte die unter dem Netz entstehende starke Blattlauspopulation zu einer verst?rkten Virusausbreitung (Tabelle 2). Die Netzabdeckung hatte keinen Einfluss auf den Gesamtertrag (Tabelle 6). Eine Kombination zwischen Netzabdeckung und Insektizideinsatz verhinderte die Ausbreitung des PLRV vollst?ndig, w?hrend in den ungeschützten und nicht gespritzten Parzellen 16% Knollen mit PLRV gefunden wurden (Tabelle 4). Es sollte daher m?glich sein, unter dem Netz und mit Insektizideinsatz Pflanzgut mit geringem PLRV-Befall zu erzeugen.

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Résumé Des essais ont été réalisés pour réduire l’infection d?e au virus de l’enroulement (PLRV) dans les parcelles de pommes de terre, soit en attirant les pucerons par des baches en polyéthylène jaune (ces baches jaunes réfléchissent la lumière dans la zone des 500–700 nm), soit en protégeant la culture par des filets blancs grossiers (1×3,1 fils par cm²). Un paillis réalisé avec les baches en polyéthylène jaune augmente le nombre total de pucerons et le nombre deMyzus persicae piégés (fig. 1). L’incidence du PLRV dans les parcelles traitées est plus importante que dans les parcelles témoins non traitées: 2,1% contre 0,6%, et le nombre de tubercules difformes est doublé par ce traitement. On entoure la moitié du périmètre des parcelles avec des baches de polyéthylène jaune (2m×0,5m), enduites de colle, placées à une hauteur de 0,6 m au-dessus du sol. Ceci réduit à la fois la population aphide et l’incidence du PLRV. Dans les parcelles protégées, le nombre total de pucerons et le nombre deM. persicae ailés représentent 30% de la population piégée dans les parcelles témoins (fig. 1, tableau 5). Dans cinq des six essais, l’incidence du PLRV est réduite à 29–87% par rapport à celle détectée dans les parcelles témoins (tableau 1). Cependant, l’incidence du PLRV dans les parcelles protégées est encore plus élevée que les niveaux permis pour la certification des semences (tableau 1). Dans des parcelles couvertes d’une double épaisseur de filet, le nombre de pucerons ailés représente 1% du nombre piégé dans les parcelles témoins (non couvertes) (tableau 5); l’infection d?e au PLRV ne se propage pas. La protection des parcelles avec une seule épaisseur de filet (cela revient moins cher) a été testée sur neuf essais. Dans tous ces essais, le nombre total de pucerons ailés est réduit de fa?on significative à 1,4–2,6% par rapport au nombre obtenu dans les parcelles témoins. Cependant, les populations de pucerons aptères augmentent sous le filet, notamment à la fin de la saison (tableau 3). La propagation du PLRV, favorisée par le développement d’importantes populations d’aptères (tableau 2) est notablement réduite sous le filet si aucune infection secondaire ne se manifeste. En outre, les filets n’affectent pas le rendement total (tableau 6). En combinant la protection des parcelles par des filets avec un traitement aphicide, on empêche totalement la propagation du PLRV, alors que dans les parcelles non protégées et non traitées on détecte 16% de tubercules virosés (tableau 4). Donc, une protection par des filets plus un traitement aphicide permettraient aux plants de pommes de terre de se développer avec un taux d’infection relativement faible.

     

Differences among potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars in northern India in performance of diffuse light stored seed potatoes

Summary Diffuse light storage (DLS) of potato seed tubers was evaluated in the Punjab, India. Seed tubers of seven cultivars were stored in a nylon mesh covered thatch-roofed DLS and their behaviour in store and subsequent performance in the field was compared with that of tubers stored traditionally in a refrigerated cold store (RCS). DLS of seed from March to October resulted in 34–82% loss by weight due to high temperature and low humidity compared to 6–8% in RCS. When the DLS seeds were planted in replicated field trials, they showed reduced germination, germination rate index, plant height and final yield (up to 37%) compared to seeds from RCS. However, in cvs. Kufri Lalima and Phulwa yields were not significantly reduced following DLS.