Hill Shape Effect on Yield,Quality, Stolon Length and Tuber Orientation of Two Potato Cultivars

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars are mostly planted using similar seed piece planting depths and hill shapes even though cultivars have unique tuber and stolon characteristics. A hill-shape study was conducted at Aberdeen, Idaho to determine the effects of hill shape on yield and field-green tuber yields and quality along with stolon length and tuber spatial orientation for two potato cultivars, 'Defender' and 'Summit Russet.' Plots were planted in late April to early May. Prior to emergence four hill shapes were formed: 1) plant-and-drag, 2) broad, 3) normal, and 4) peaked. Defender had higher total yield with the broad hill, but there were no differences among the remaining three hill shapes. For Defender, U.S. No. 1 yield was lower with the plant-and-drag hill shape, and the normal and peaked hills produced lower field-green tuber yield. Hill shape had no effect on total, U.S. No. 1, or field-green tuber yields of Summit Russet. The peaked hill resulted in a deeper uppermost tuber for Defender, while the uppermost tuber was deeper in the normal and peaked hills for Summit Russet. The broad hill resulted in a larger average tuber size for Defender, but hill shape had no effect on tuber size for Summit Russet. Total number of tubers per plant, stolon length and tuber spatial orientation were not affected by hill shape for either cultivar. Hill shape and height are important considerations in maximizing yield of saleable tubers, so needs to be customized according to cultivar-dependent stolon length and tuber orientation characteristics.     

马铃薯库建成动态研究

在马铃薯块茎的形成和增长过程中 ,小薯不断地形成、退化或转化成大中薯 ,其中出苗2 8d以后的 2～ 3周是决定大中薯数的关键期。在不同密度及施肥处理下 ,马铃薯块茎体积及干重的增长均呈S型曲线变化。单株块茎体积随密度增加而减少 ,适量施用氮、磷、钾 ,可增加块茎体积、单株结薯数和大中薯数 ,其中磷钾肥可使结薯时间提前 ,过量氮肥则推迟结薯时间 ;随密度的增加 ,块茎日增重逐渐降低 ,适量增施磷、钾肥可提高库的充实度 ,增加产量。在本试验因素中量 (适量 )组合 ,底西芮品种单株块茎体积最大增长速率为 2 5 7392ml d ,块茎干重的最大增长速率为 10 6 82 6 g d ;种植密度 4 5 0 0株 6 6 7m2 时 ,单株结薯数为 13 5个 ,大中薯数平均为 10个 ,单产可达 30 0 0kg 6 6 7m2 以上     

Reduction in potato growth at high temperature: role of photosynthesis and dark respiration

The relationship of photosynthesis and dark respiration to reduced potato growth at temperatures above 20°C was determined. Ten potato clones were propagated in vitro from sterile plandets and grown in a growth chamber at 20/15°C and 30/25°C (day/night) with an 18 hr. daylength. Plants were harvested 26 to 30 days after transplanting. Daylength was decreased to 12 hrs. to induce tuberization and plants were harvested at 45-51 and 75-79 days after transplanting. At each harvest one plant from each cultivar was chosen from each of five blocks and selected growth (tuber number and dry weight of leaves, stems, roots and stolons, and tubers) and physiological variates [leaf area, net photosynthesis, maintenance dark respiration, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters 0 (Initial), P (Peak), T (Terminal), P-O (Variable fluorescence) and P-T (Fluorescence quenching)] were measured. The high temperature decreased root and stolon, tuber and total dry weight and increased stem dry weight. Amongst physiological variates, the higher temperature decreased leaf area, net photosynthesis and maintenance dark respiration. The chlorophyll fluorescence parameter 0 significantly increased, which also increased the P and T parameters. Variable fluorescence (P-O) and fluorescence quenching (PT) were not significantly affected by the growth temperature. The analyses of covariance, in which physiological variates were used as covariates to remove significant differences in growth variates, indicated that the most effective covariate was the T chlorophyll fluorescence parameter. The least effective covariates were leaf dark respiration and the chlorophyll fluorescence parameters P-O and P-T. The changes in 0 fluorescence suggest that reduced photosynthetic efficiency, particularly in Photosystem II, plays a major role in reduced potato production at high temperatures.     

Utilization of potatoes for life support systems in space: III. Productivity at successive harvest dates under 12-H and 24-H photoperiods

Potatoes are among several crops under consideration for use in controlled ecological life support systems (CELSS) being proposed for space colonies. Efficient crop production for such life support systems will require nearoptimal growing conditions with harvests taken when production per unit area per unit time is maximum. To determine this maximum for potato, cv. Norland plants were grown in walk-in growth rooms under 12-h and 24-h photoperiods at 16 C and harvested at 42,63, 84,105,126 and 148 days from planting. At 42 days, plants were encaged in wire fence cylinders with a cross-sectional area of 0.2 m². The dry weights (dwt) of tubers and of the entire plants increased under both photoperiods until the final harvest date (148 days), reaching 572 g tuber dwt and 704 g total dwt under 12-h, and 791 g tuber dwt and 972 g total dwt under 24-h. At a spacing of 0.2 m² per plant, the 148-day tuber production from plants under continuous light would equate to nearly 40t ha^-1 dry matter (200t fresh weight), approximately twice that of exceptionally high field yields. Tuber productivity (g m^-2 day^-1) under the 24-h photoperiod reached a maximum of 29.4 g dwt m^-2 day^-1 at 126 days, but continued to rise throughout the experiment under the 12-h photoperiod, reaching 19.5 g dwt m^-2 day^-1 at 148 days. With a productivity of 29.4 g tuber dwt m^-2 day^-1, approximately 25 m² would continuously provide the daily dietary energy requirements for one human.     

Hill to hill variations in tuber yield of potatoes in Alberta

The hill to hill variation in tuber yield and mainstem number was studied on 18 potato farms. There were up to 14-fold differences in the tuber yield per hill among plants of Norland, Russet Burbank, Norchip, Carlton and Alaska Red. The mainstem number was more variable than tuber weight per hill in Norland, Russet Burbank and Alaska Red. However, the opposite was true in Norchip and Carlton. In nearly all comparisons, the number of tubers per hill was less variable than tuber weight and mainstem number per hill. The total variation in tuber weight found in about 50% of the samples could be explained by the variance of hills within rows. Even in samples where an added variance component due to differences among rows was present, relatively more variation occurred within than among rows. The correlation coefficients between the number of mainstems and tuber weight per hill were positive but significant (P&< 0.05) only in Norland and Norchip. The correlation coefficients between the number of mainstems and number of tubers per hill were also positive but slightly higher and significant (P<0.01) in all 5 cultivars. The coefficient of determination values indicated that variation in cut seed piece weight explained only about 10% of the total variation in tuber weight harvested per hill. At a spacing of 30 cm within the row, a major proportion of hill to hill variation in tuber yield had to be explained by factors other than the seed piece weight.     

Utilization of potatoes for life support systems in space. I. Cultivar-photoperiod interactions

The productive potential of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cvs. Norland, Superior, Norchip, and Kennebec) was assessed for life support systems being proposed for space stations and/or lunar colonies. Plants were grown in walk-in growth rooms for 15 weeks at 20 C under 12-, 16- and 20-h photoperiods of 400 μmol m^t-2s^t-1 photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). Norland yielded the greatest tuber fresh weight, producing 2.3, 2.4, and 2.9 kg/plant under 12-, 16-, and 20-h photoperiods, respectively. The respective yields for the other cultivars under 12-, 16-, and 20-h were: Superior, 1.9, 1.5, and 1.8 kg/plant; Norchip, 1.8, 1.4, and 2.0 kg/plant; and Kennebec, 2.3, 0.2, and 0.8 kg/plant. Shoot and total plant biomass increased with lengthening photoperiods except for Kennebec, which showed increased shoot growth but no change in total growth with the longer photoperiods. Kennebec shoot growth under the 20-h photoperiod, and to some extent under 16-h, was noticeably stunted with shortened internodes. In addition, leaves of these plants showed mild chlorosis with rusty “flecking” of the surfaces. The harvest index (ratio of tuber yield/total biomass) was highest for all cultivars under the 12-h photoperiod, with a maximum of 0.69 for Norland. Similarly, the tuber yield per input of irradiant energy also was highest under 12-h for all cultivars. The tuber yield expressed on an area basis for the highest yielding treatment (Norland under 20-h) equaled 2.2 kg dry matter m^t-2. Over 15 weeks this equates to a productivity of 20.7 g tuber dry matter m^t-2 day^t-1. Assuming 3.73 kcal per g tuber dry matter and a daily human dietary requirement of 2800 kcal, then 36 m² of potatoes could supply the daily energy requirement for one human. Potential for increasing productivity is discussed.     

Influence of Colorado potato beetle sample counts and plant defoliation on potato tuber production

Field experiments were designed to subject Superior potato plants to various levels of defoliation by the Colorado potato beetle (CPB)Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae. Defoliation occurred during each of five consecutive plant growth periods and CPB population, plant leaf area, and tuber weight data were recorded for each period. A visual defoliation rating scheme provided an accurate estimate of actual potato plant leaf area of defoliated plants. Data generated from regression analysis demonstrated a significant dependence of leaf area on CPB numbers per plant during some plant growth periods, but numbers of CPB accounted for very little of the total variation in tuber weight. Plant leaf area was the most important independent variable in the tuber weight regression model.     

Growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars Atlantic and Monona as influenced by seed type and size

Growth and yield of potato plants grown from several weight classes of whole “B” seed, unsorted “B” seed, and 56 g cut seed pieces were compared in Ohio in 1988 and 1989. Whole “B” seed classes were 8 g ranges with means of 35 g, 43 g, 51 g, and 58 g. Unsorted “B” seed was used as an experimental control. Treatment responses were inconsistent. Few significant differences were evident at bloom in leaf area, number of main stems, and total plant dry weight (without tubers) per hill. However, the number of tubers greater than 1 cm in diameter per hill at bloom was less for cut seed as compared with several whole seed treatments. Percent stand at four weeks was also less for cut seed compared with 51 g and 58 g whole tuber treatments. Significant differences in total and U.S. No. 1 yields were absent despite differences in several plant growth variables early in the 1988 and 1989 growing seasons.     

Comparison of Russet Burbank clones from various geographical regions of the United States and Canada

Ten ‘Russet Burbank’ potato clones collected from various geographical regions of the United States and Canada were evaluated for plant and agronomic characteristics for two years at Aberdeen, Idaho. Clonal differences were detected for emergence time, stem number per hill, expression of Verticillium symptoms, some measures of yield, and percentage of tubers with hollow heart. Eight of the ten clones were quite similar. Differences were slight or found only in a few characteristics. One clone, collected from northern Idaho, was similar to the homogenous eight clones in all respects except yield, which was probably due to chronic PVX infection throughout the trial period. Another clone, collected from New Brunswick, was distinct from all other clones and was markedly inferior with respect to many of the characteristics measured when grown in Idaho.     

Photoinduction of glycoalkaloids in cured potatoes

Curing of Sebago potatoes for 10 days at 25°C prior to common storage at 5°C, reduced the responsiveness of tubers to photoinduced glycoalkaloid synthesis. Continuous illumination with 15 and 25-Watt incandescent light for 10 days increased glycoalkaloid content of peelings (12–14% of tuber weight) in uncured potatoes by a factor of 3.2 and 2.8, respectively, while the corresponding factor for cured tubers was only 1.8 for both lights. The peeled tuber portion (86–88% of tuber weight) had negligible amounts of glycoalkaloids, averaging about 1 mg per 100 g of fresh weight. The rise of glycoalkaloid levels in peels of uncured tubers was nearly linear to 164.7 mg/100g (15W light) with no indication of levelling off. In peels of cured tubers, the rise began only after the 4th day of light exposure with an apparent maximum and levelling off at 94.7 mg or approximately 43% lower than the final TGA levels in uncured tubers.     

Anatomy and compositional variations within potatoes. IV. Total solids distribution in different cultivars

Distribution of cortical, perimedullary, and pith tissues and total solids content were determined on both a fresh and a dry weight basis for six potato cultivars grown concurrently in three locations in California. At one location, tubers harvested 80 days from planting were 1.0 to 2.5% lower in total solids than tubers harvested at later dates. The high solids cortical tissues ranged from 39 to 51% of whole tubers on a dry basis, and the amount appeared to be related to tuber shape. White Rose and Red LaSoda showed greater difference in per cent total solids between cortical and perimedullary tissues than did Kennebec, Lenape,³ Norchip, and Russet Burbank. The high total solids of the cortical tissues is particularly significant to processing losses. Any method of peeling that removes one half the linear depth of the cortical tissues can result in a loss of 25% or more of total tuber solids, depending upon cultivar and tuber shape. Tuber development and distribution of total solids and other components were previously described for Red Pontiac, Russet Burbank, and White Rose tubers obtained from the retail market (6,9,10,11). It was particularly noted that the high-solids cortical tissues, although averaging only about 6mm in depth, comprised between 40 and 50% of both fresh and dry tuber weights (6,11). Because this sort of distribution of solids is especially significant to peeling loss, possible differences in solids among cultivars and at different harvest dates were investigated.     

增产菌处理马铃薯的增产效应研究

增产菌不同时期处理马铃薯可明显缩短出苗期，延长苗期和初花期，且室内根和芽条生长量、大田单株主茎数、主茎粗度、单株叶面积和鲜重干重明显优于对照，用增产菌拌种，并在现蕾期和初花期两次根外喷雾，２品种单位面积产量较对照平均提高３７．７２％，块茎淀粉含量平均提高１２．７５％．     

Effect of Potato Microtuber Size on the Growth and Yield Performance of Field Grown Plants

Abstract

To examine the effect of the size of the potato microtuber (MT) produced in vitro on the posterior field performance, we examined the growth and yield of the late maturity cultivar Norin 1 using four sizes of MT: 0.3–0.5 g, 0.5–1 g, 1–3 g and 3–5 g, and conventional seed tubers (CT) (approximately 50 g). The experiment was conducted at Hokkaido University, Sapporo Japan in 1998 and 1999. The tubers were planted in May of each year, in a randomized block design with three replications. Plants from MT lighter than 0.5 g showed a slower initial leaf and tuber growth than heavier MT, but around the full flowering stage there was no significant difference with the MT size in leaf or tuber growth. CT plants showed higher initial leaf and tuber growth compared with MT plants, especially in 1999. No differences in growing period, number of tubers, and tuber fresh and dry yield were observed with the MT size. However, in 1999, the growing period was longer and tuber fresh and dry yields at harvest were higher in CT plants. MT of all sizes used in the study can be used for direct field planting, but more studies are needed to increase the yield stability of MT plants.     

马铃薯高产群体产量构成因素的数学模型

本试验以乌盟地区主栽品种紫花白为材料,设置5个密度处理,采用通径分析及数学模拟等手段进行数据处理分析,得到的结果是:决定产量的主要因素是密度X_1与中薯重率X_7,其次是每株块茎重X_3和大薯重率X_4,无论是相关系数或通径系数或决定系数均达显著或极显著水平.进行逐步回归分析,计算结果的最优回归方程为: ??=516.4685+803.9325x_1+3.5125x_3+6.26x_4+13.775x_7     

施氮量和遮荫对不同基因型水稻产量及一些生理特性的影响

以培杂泰丰、粤晶丝苗和天优998为材料,分别设置不施氮、中氮和高氮3个不同的氮肥水平(即施纯氮0、120和180kg/hm2,依次记为NN、MN、HN),研究始穗期遮荫(分别为双层遮荫、单层遮荫和不遮荫,依次记为DS、SS、CK)对不同基因型水稻产量及一些生理特性的影响。结果表明,与不施氮处理相比,遮荫处理结束后恢复5d高氮显著增加水稻叶面积指数、茎鞘干质量、总干质量、茎鞘物质输出量和茎鞘物质转运率,水稻剑叶的光合速率和气孔导度也显著提高。高氮处理下水稻的收获产量、有效穗数和每穗总粒数显著高于不施氮处理,而结实率和千粒重却显著降低。与不遮荫相比,双层遮荫处理水稻叶面积指数、茎鞘干质量、总干质量、剑叶的光合速率和气孔导度显著降低,双层遮荫处理水稻的收获产量和有效穗数也显著降低。氮肥和遮荫的互作效应对水稻叶面积指数、茎鞘干质量、总干质量、有效穗数以及收获产量的影响也达到显著水平。在单层遮荫条件下,增施氮肥可以减轻遮荫对水稻叶面积指数、叶片干质量、茎鞘干质量、总干质量、有效穗数和收获产量的不利影响。对不同品种而言,超级杂交稻天优998受到氮肥和遮荫的影响更大。     

种植密度与大薯留种对‘宣薯2号’产量的影响

以‘宣薯2号’为试验材料,探索了以大薯留种不同种植密度对其产量和结薯率的影响。结果表明:宣薯2号大薯留种以密度2.70万株/hm2为最佳,平均单产达34 654 kg/hm2,比常规种薯6万株/hm2和大薯留种2.25、3.15和3.75万株/hm2都增产增收,结薯率从适宜的种植密度2.7万株/hm2开始,随密度的增加单株结薯数变少和单株块茎重变轻,大中薯率有变化,但不成规律。‘宣薯2号’在宣威市大薯留种以密度2.7万株/hm2种植既能获得高产,又能获得较好的经济效益。     

Influence of irrigation regimes on growth and yield of potato cv. Spunta

Summary The effect of furrow and drip irrigation giving 0, 33, 66, 100 and 133% of the maximum evapotranspiration (ETM) was studied on leaf transpiration, stomatal resistance, tuber growth, yield and yield response of cv. Spunta. The research was carried out in Sicily in 1988 and 1989 on early potato crops grown during the winter/spring cycle. Increased water supply increased leaf transpiration, plant fresh weight, tuber growth rate, yield and earliness, and decreased stomatal resistance and tuber dry weight. A higher yield response was obtained at the lower water regimes (ETM of 33 and 66%). There were no significant differences between the two methods of irrigation.     

Dry-matter production,and nutrient uptake and removal bySolanum andigena in the Peruvian Andes

A Field experiment withSolanum andigena (cv. Renacimiento) at three levels of fertilization was conducted in the Mantaro Valley (Central Sierra) of Peru during the 1967–68 growing season. Dry matter and nutrient accumulation in tops and tubers of Renacimiento potatoes were determined at 3-week intervals between 72 and 172 days after planting (42 and 142 days after emergence). Tuber initiation took place during the interval 116–137 days after planting, and top growth reached its maximum shortly thereafter. Total growth rates of 200 kg/ha/day⁴ (178 lb/a/day) where estimated under medium and high fertilization, and tuber dry matter accounted for 70–75% of the total dry matter produced. Final tuber yields (fresh, 21% dry matter) ranged from 10m.t./ha (89 cwt/a) without fertilizer to 41 m.t/ha (366 cwt/a) when fertilized with 160 kg each of N, P₂O₅ and K₂O/ha (143 lb/a). Under high fertilization, total N, P, and K accumulation was estimated at 141, 19, and 403 kg/ha (126, 17 and 359 lb/a), respectively, with 77 kg (68 lb/a) of N, 14 kg (12 lb/a) of P, and 224 kg (200lb/a) of K being removed in the tubers.     

Zone-subsoiling effects on potato yield and grade

Soil compaction and erosion are problems in many Pacific Northwestern potato fields. We wanted to determine if zone-subsoiling would reduce these problems and improve potato yields and or grade without adversely impacting other production practices. Studies were conducted in Southern Idaho at six locations over two years on different soils and with different irrigation methods to assess the effects of zone-subsoiling immediately after planting on tuber yield and grade. Reservoir-tillage comparisons were made at three locations where sprinkler water application rates were higher than soil infiltration rates. Russet Burbank was represented by eight location-years and Russet Norkotah by two. Zone-subsoiling consistently improved tuber grade or increased tuber size. The biggest improvement was under furrow irrigation. Zone-subsoiling also tended to increase total yield in eight of ten location-years. Reservoir-tillage improved yield and grade, but zone-subsoiling did not without reservoir-tillage when water application rates were high. At no location did zone-subsoiling significantly decrease tuber grade or yield. Zone-subsoiling had no appreciable effects on hill configuration or seed-piece dislocation. Surface cracking and “water piping” occurred under furrow irrigation but were not significant problems. Results were similar for both cultivars. Additional studies will be needed to successfully incorporate zone-subsoiling into commercial production practices     

Accumulation of dry matter and N,P, K,by Russet Burbank,Oromonte and Red McClure potatoes

Potato plants of Russet Burbank, Oromonte and Red McClure varieties were studied in the San Luis Valley of Colorado to determine their dry matter and nutrient accumulation. The following observations were made in the 1967 growing season.

1. Growth patterns for the three varieties were similar, but average growth rate of Oromonte and Red McClure was higher than that of Russet Burbank.
2. Top growth reached its peak in 61, 55, and 50 days after emergence for Russet Burbank, Oromonte and Red McClure, respectively.
3. In the 3 weeks before killing forst, tuber growth equalled 50% of maximum tuber dry weight for Russet Burbank and about 61% for Oromonte and Red McClure.
4. Total N uptake with a yield of 300 cwt per acre was about 127 lb for each variety, assuming a linear relationship between tuber yield and nitrogen uptake. The tubers contained about 71% of the total N uptake.
5. Total P uptake with a yield of 300 cwt per acre was about 16 1b for each variety, assuming a linear relationship between tuber yield and P uptake. The tubers contained about 83% of total P uptake.
6. Total K uptake with a yield of 300 cwt per acre was 132, 187, and 147 lb (not significantly different) for Russet Burbank, Oromonte and Red McClure, respectively, assuming a linear relationship between tuber yield and K uptake. The Russet Burbank tubers contained 63% of the total K uptake and Oromonte and Red McClure about 52%.
7. Tuber dry matter per cent increased during the season until 2 weeks before a killing frost (65 to 69 days after emergence). At harvest, the dry matter approximated 21% for the varieties studied.