北方杂交粳稻米质分布现状及超亲优势分析

对北方杂交粳稻工程技术中心所配组的100个杂交粳稻进行了13个米质性状的分布分析和超亲优势的分布分析,结果表明:现有的杂交粳稻米质指标中整精米率表现出的差异较大,优质组合数相对较少,长粒品种少,宽粒品种多,长宽比差异不大,低垩白率、垩白度组合较多,大多杂交粳稻组合的食味指标较好,营养指标的差异不大。超亲优势分析表明:杂交粳稻在加工品质、外观品质方面超父本优势所占的组合数比例要好于超母本优势所占的组合数比例,说明现有的杂交粳稻母本的加工品质、外观品质优于父本,而在食味品质与营养品质方面现有的杂交粳稻父本要优于母本,在糙米率、粒宽、食味指标与营养指标中表现为超中亲优势的组合数的比例较高。     

中国杂交粳稻的米质及优质达标率研究

根据NY/T 593-2002《食用稻品种品质》标准,分析了中国近8 a(1998—2005)育成的267份杂交粳稻的米质及其达标率。结果表明,杂交粳稻的米质整体较优,各项米质指标的平均值,除垩白米率接近优质3级外,其它全部达到或超过优质3级标准。优质达标率在75%以上的米质指标有糙米率、精米率、透明度、糊化温度、胶稠度、蛋白质含量、直链淀粉含量、整精米率等8项,其中前6项的优质达标率在90%以上。全部10项米质指标均达到优质的组合数占测定总组合数的45.4%。在地域上,北方稻区杂交粳稻的垩白粒率、垩白度的平均值低于南方稻区杂交粳稻。与常规粳稻比较,杂交粳稻各项米质指标的平均值除垩白米率高7个百分点外,其它9项米质指标基本相同。改良垩白性状仍然是杂交粳稻育种的主要目标之一。     

杂交粳稻育种实践与思考

根据杂交粳稻发展的制约因素,结合育种实践提出杂交粳稻三系的选育方法及类型,尤其是高柱头外露率不育系和开花习性好的高异交结实不育系的选育,同时强调保持系米质性状、株叶形态等综合性状在杂种后代中的主导作用,恢复系米质对杂交后代品质也是很重要的,繁茂性好的籼粳交恢复系对杂种优势的影响是至关重要的。一个优良的杂交组合的推广应用,还需要良种良法相结合,区别于常规粳稻的栽培模式,充分发挥杂交粳稻的增产潜力。     

东北杂交早粳稻在长江中游地区作双季早稻种植初步研究

对3个东北杂交早粳稻组合在长江中游地区（湖南）作双季早稻种植进行了初步研究,结果表明,东北杂交早粳稻表现结实率较高、外观品质和食味品质较佳等优点,同时表现出丰产性一般、生育期较长、整精米率低等不足。提出在南方籼稻区籼改粳中,应选择耐高温能力强、米质性状对温度钝感、易脱粒的杂交粳稻组合或利用米质性状对温度钝感的热带粳稻、美国稻资源对国内现有杂交粳稻组合加以改良。     

近10年云南省育成的粳稻品种性状分析

云南省近10年（2011—2020年）已育成粳稻品种98个,根据区域试验组别和品种类型可分为中海拔常规粳稻、高海拔常规粳稻、三系杂交粳稻、两系杂交粳稻4种类型,比较分析了这4种类型高原粳稻品种的产量、抗性和米质。结果表明,育成的品种以常规粳稻为主,占比73.47%;育种主体以科研院所为主,占比90.82%;杂交粳稻产量较常规粳稻高6.16%,中海拔常规粳稻产量较高海拔常规粳稻高6.42%,每穗实粒数增加是近年高原粳稻增产的主要因素;对稻瘟病抗性总体不足,而对白叶枯病具有较强抗性;稻米品质总体不佳,中海拔常规粳稻米质优于高海拔常规粳稻,限制云南高原粳稻米质的关键因素是整精米率、垩白粒率、精米率和垩白度。适当增大个体,构建更高层次的个体群体协调平衡是高原粳稻育种的重点方向。     

优质、高产杂交粳稻新组合的筛选

本文对5个新选育的杂交粳稻组合与目前富阳市的杂交粳稻主导生产组合申优1号进行了比较分析,认为8优052和秀优5号综合性状表现较好,可代替申优1号在生产上推广应用。     

中国近25年来育成杂交籼稻组合的米质分析

为了解我国近25年来育成的杂交籼稻组合的米质状况和未来品质改良重点,分析了我国自1984年以来育成的4495份杂交籼稻组合的10项米质指标及其优质达标率。结果表明,检测的4495份杂交籼稻材料10项米质性状的优质达标率为34.2%～98.1%,平均78.5%。5项主要米质指标（整精米率、垩白度、透明度、直链淀粉含量和质量指数）全部达到优质标准的材料占29.9%。20世纪80年代、90年代和2001-2008年3个不同时期育成的杂交籼稻组合10项米质性状的平均优质达标率分别为64.2%、71.1%和81.4%,质量指数优质达标率分别为84.5%、86.4%和88.5%。2001-2008年期间育成的杂交籼稻材料5项主要米质指标全部达到优质标准的占32.9%,比20世纪80年代和90年代的分别高18.0和11.9个百分点,表明2001-2008年育成的杂交籼稻组合的米质总体优于20世纪80年代和90年代育成的组合。博优、中优和培优系列组合的米质较好。分析同时指出,我国杂交籼稻组合的垩白粒率和垩白度的优质达标率较低,仅34.2%和55.1%,是未来杂交籼稻米质改良的重点。     

北方杂交粳稻株型与稻米品质性状的关系

 为明确株型与稻米品质的关系,将株型育种与优质育种有机结合,运用典型相关分析及典型冗余分析等方法,以10个不育系与10个恢复系配组的100个杂交粳稻为材料,研究了株型与稻米品质间的关系。结果表明株型与部分米质性状之间关系密切;倒2叶基角、单穗重在株型性状体系中起重要作用;直链淀粉含量及粒长在米质性状体系中起重要作用。倒2叶基角、株高和单穗重对米质性状影响较大;直链淀粉含量、糙米率和透明度受株型性状影响较大。选择指数模型表明米质较优的北方杂交粳稻的株型为：剑叶、倒2叶较宽,倒3叶较短且窄,株高偏矮,秆长较短,穗子较长,穗数较多且单穗重较轻。     

从C418的育成再论北方杂交粳稻的发展形势

以１９９９年北方杂交粳稻有关Ｃ４１８系列组合的区试结果为依据，论述了北方杂交粳稻的发展形势；分析了Ｃ４１８在育种上的科技创新点。     

运用模糊数学方法对粳稻品质进行综合评判

依据农业行业标准NY147-88对10种粳稻品种进行米质测定,利用数学模糊综合评判模型,对10种粳稻的碾米品质、外观品质、蒸煮品质和营养品质进行综合评判。结果表明：明粳2号综合品质最优;Gun20、越定、龙双广综合品质较好;糯谷、玉米稻、Kang-bae do、Jineiya综合品质一般;Perurithuo．69．29、畸剑稻综合品质较差。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.