本溪桓仁京租稻被列入国家农产品地理标志

<正>记者日前获悉,本溪市桓仁满族自治县京租稻米栽培技术在成为"中国农业文化遗产"后,又被国家农业部列为国家农产品地理标志。据了解,早在1874年,桓仁京租稻就成为专供御膳用的米品。自2010年开始,为了挖掘京租水稻农耕文化,打造精品农业,桓仁县在县内和海南对京租稻进行了多代株系循环提纯选优,建立了不同的栽培模式,逐步总结了京租稻的栽培技术方法,建立了集科技、生态、文化、旅游为一体的优质米示范基地,使京租稻成为     

桓仁地区水稻高产栽培技术

桓仁县是辽宁省著名的绿色稻米生产基地,以京租稻、稻花香、沈农315等为主栽品种。从旱育秧整地做床、播前种子处理、播种、苗期管理及壮秧标准、本田建设与整地、合理移栽、配方施肥、节水灌溉、主要病虫害防治等方面总结了适合桓仁地区的水稻高产栽培技术。     

农业观光茶园生态景观的重要性与保护

观光农业的发展已经有六七十年的历史了,我国的观光农业起步比欧美等发达国家要晚很多。但是我国的农业资源毫不逊色于其他国家,蕴含千年文化底蕴的茶园更是我国观光农业可圈可点的宝贵资源。农业观光茶园的生态景观至关重要,生态景观的保护也事关这一产业的发展前景。本文立足于农业观光茶园的生态系统保护,阐述了我国农业观光茶园生态景观发展现状、重要性和保护措施,旨在为我国农业观光茶园的建设开发和保护发展提供个人的一得之见。     

保护农业生态环境 发展湘西现代农业

从保护和利用湘西州独特的农业生态环境,实现湘西州现代农业的发展和促进农业增产、增效、农民增收目标的角度,提出了加大生态循环农业建设、推进农业标准化开发、合理保护和利用农业资源、加大政策扶持等对策。     

低碳农业的发展模式研究

随着我国农业向现代化、规模化、产业化迈进,建立低碳农业有利于保护农业的生态环境,增强土壤的固碳能力,极大地减少碳排放量,是我国实现低碳经济的根本保证和重要领域。构建了较为全面的低碳农业发展模式,该模式由低碳农业的总目标、分目标、实现路径、实现方式以及理论基础等几部分组成。详细阐述了低碳农业发展模式各个部分的具体含义和措施,为我国发展低碳农业提供了参考和依据。     

农业文化遗产推进稻作文化发展的浙江实践探索

农业文化遗产是继承和弘扬稻作文化最具生命力的活态载体,研究重要农业文化遗产保护利用对推进稻作文化的发展具有十分重要的意义。目前浙江省是拥有中国重要农业文化遗产和全球重要农业文化遗产最多的省份。本文阐述了农业文化遗产与稻作文化之间的关系,介绍了浙江省重要农业文化遗产的资源,对浙江农业文化遗产推进稻作文化发展的路径和取得的成效进行分析探讨,为推进稻作文化发展提供一个新的路径和视角。     

中国农业植物新品种保护与DUS测试技术发展现状

作为农业知识产权体系中一项重要内容,植物新品种权发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文介绍了国内外植物新品种保护的发展历程以及中国农业植物新品种保护和DUS测试技术发展现状和存在的问题。     

智慧农业技术在农作物土壤保护中的应用研究

农业作为国民经济发展的基础,与社会的安宁稳定和百姓的日常生活息息相关。在城市不断发展、经济建设进程日益加快的影响下,我国的农业环境问题突出,人地矛盾越发突出,水土流失、土壤污染等问题直接影响了农作物的生长,制约了我国农业的发展。讨论土壤质量对生态农业的影响,分析智慧农业技术对农作物土壤保护的影响,提出智慧农业技术在农作物土壤保护工作中的具体应用措施,探讨未来智慧农业技术发展前景。     

加强知识产权保护 促进农业快速发展

随着高新技术的迅速发展，知识产权在国民经济发展中的作用日益受到各方面的重视，如何运用知识产权法律制度保护农业技术创新，促进农业快速发展已成为目前科研单位刻不容缓的迫切任务。介绍农业知识产权保护的法律依据和保护范围，并提出加强知识产权保护工作的几点建议。     

提升茶叶生产理念,实施可持续发展战略

可持续发展战略的核心是经济发展与保护资源、保护,生态环境的协调一致,让子孙后代能够享有充分的资源和良好的自然环境.而可持续农业与农村发展是当今世界农业发展的热点.其中心内涵是农村经济社会发展与农业资源、生态环境相协调,其核心是农业资源的永续利用.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).