丙酸镁对西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆营养物质瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头年龄3.5岁,体况良好,体重(500±20)kg的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究日粮添加丙酸镁(100 g/d)、丙酸(87 g/d)和氧化镁(24 g/d)对玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:日粮添加丙酸镁、丙酸和氧化镁对玉米秸秆DM、OM瘤胃有效降解率(P)无显著影响(P>0.05);玉米秸秆NDF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)和降解常数(c)及ADF降解常数(c)差异不显著(P>0.05),丙酸镁组ADF瘤胃慢速降解部分(b)较对照组显著降低(P<0.05),NDF和ADF瘤胃快速降解部分(a)和瘤胃有效降解率(P)较对照组显著提高(P<0.05)。日粮添加丙酸镁提高了玉米秸秆NDF和ADF瘤胃有效降解率(P)。     

过瘤胃蛋氨酸对西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头3.5岁,体重500 kg装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4x4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米青贮为基础日粮,研究过瘤胃蛋氨酸、硬脂酸和蛋氨酸对玉米秸秆瘤胃降解率的影响.结果表明:过瘤胃蛋氨酸组玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的瘤胃有效降解率(P)和降解速度常数(C)较对照组显著提高(P＜0.05).日粮添加过瘤胃蛋氨酸可以有效提高玉米秸秆瘤胃有效降解率,提高劣质玉米秸秆的利用率.     

异戊酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃营养物质有效降解率的影响

选用4头体重420kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究异戊酸(0、0.02、0.04和0.06g/kgW)对瘤胃营养物质有效降解率的影响。结果表明:0.04g/kgW组和0.06g/kgW组豆粕干物质、有机物质和粗蛋白质有效降解率显著低于对照组(P<0.05);0.04g/kgW组玉米秸秆干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的有效降解率显著提高(P<0.05)。异戊酸的适宜添加水平为0.04g/kgW。     

日粮添加甘油对牛精料瘤胃降解率的影响

选用4头体重500kg,年龄3.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究甘油(0、100、200和300g/d)对精饲料瘤胃降解率的影响。结果表明:200g/d组精饲料干物质(DM)和有机物质(OM)的有效降解率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05);添加甘油后精饲料粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率较对照组降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。根据试验结果推断日粮中甘油的适宜添加水平为200g/d。     

硫酸钠对奶牛瘤胃纤维物质降解的影响

本文旨在研究不同添加水平的硫酸钠对泌乳中期奶牛瘤胃纤维物质降解的影响。试验选用4头体重、胎次、产奶量均相近的荷斯坦奶牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,分4个处理组,在基础日粮基础上分别添加0%(对照组)、0.4%(试验1组)、0.8%(试验2组)和1.2%硫酸钠(试验3组),试验分为4期,每期18 d(预试期14 d,正试期4 d)。结果表明:(1)饲粮中添加硫酸钠后,各试验组玉米秸秆DM的瘤胃有效降解率均显著提高(P<0.05);(2)饲粮中添加硫酸钠后,各试验组玉米秸秆中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)瘤胃有效降解率均有所提高,其中试验1组和试验2组显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果提示,日粮中添加0.4%和0.8%的硫酸钠可以显著提高玉米秸秆DM、NDF、ADF的瘤胃有效降解率。     

异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃营养物质降解的影响

选用4头平均体重420kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛(阉牛),采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮,研究日粮添加异丁酸(0、0.02g/kgWd-1、0.04g/kgWd-1和0.06g/kgWd-1)对瘤胃营养物质降解的影响。结果表明:0.02g/kgWd-1组豆粕干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质动态降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.04g/kgWd-1组玉米秸干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的降解率显著提高(P<0.05)。根据本试验结果推断日粮中异丁酸的适宜添加水平为0.04g/kgWd-1。     

益生素对梅花鹿仔鹿和羔羊日粮营养物质消化率的影响

4只5月龄梅花鹿仔鹿和3只7月龄安装永久瘤胃瘿管的小尾寒羊,先后饲喂基础日粮(定量颗粒饲料和自由采食玉米秸秆;对照组)和基础日粮添加4 g益生素(BioLac;试验组),观察添加益生素不同动物干物质采食量,日粮营养物质的消化率和秸秆在小尾寒羊瘤胃中的降解情况。结果表明,添加益生素可显著提高仔鹿和羔羊干物质的采食量,仔鹿干物质采食量由未添加益生素的441.4 g/d提高到506.0 g/d;羔羊的干物质采食量由未添加益生素的598.8 g/d提高到719.6 g/d。但试验组干物质、有机物、粗蛋白和中性洗涤纤维的消化率(仔鹿分别为:49.3％、52.1％、57.4％和49.3％;羊分别为:53.6％、56.7％、47.9％和53.0％)显著低于对照组(仔鹿分别为:56.4％、58.7％、65.0％和56.4％;羊分别为:61.0％、64.0％、58.8％和61.0％)。结果仔鹿可消化干物质的采食量在对照组(248.9 g/d)和试验组(249.1 g/d)间无显著差异,试验组羔羊可消化干物质采食量(384.9 g/d)略高于对照组(365.7 g/d)。瘤胃降解试验结果表明,秸秆干物质,有机物质和中性洗涤纤维2-48 h,在饲喂益生素的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率均略高于未添加益生素的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率,粗蛋白在饲喂试验日粮的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率在2 h时高于在饲喂对照日粮的羔羊瘤胃内的降解率,其他时间低于在饲?     

甘油对西门塔尔牛日米良养分表观消化率及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头体重500 kg,年龄3.5岁的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,以混合精料和玉米秸秆为基础日粮(精粗比为40:60),采用4×4拉丁方设计,研究甘油(0、100、200 g/d和300 g/d)对日粮养分表观消化率及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响.结果表明:日粮添加甘油200 g/d组干物质(DM)、有机物(OM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗脂肪(EE)、无氮浸出物(NFE)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)表观消化率较对照组显著提高(P<0.05),且尿嘌呤衍生物(PD)和瘤胃微生物蛋白质(MCP)产量显著高于对照组(P<0.05).根据本试验结果可推断日粮中甘油的适宜添加水平为200 g/d.     

日粮补充苹果酸对牛瘤胃发酵和养分消化代谢的影响

选用8头体重462 kg、年龄3岁、装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4重复拉丁方设计,对照组饲喂基础日粮,处理组分别在基础日粮基础上添加苹果酸70,140和210 g/d,研究苹果酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵、尿嘌呤衍生物含量、日粮养分表观消化率、能量代谢及氮平衡的影响。结果表明,140和210 g/d组瘤胃pH值显著低于对照组,瘤胃乙酸摩尔比、乙酸/丙酸、氨态氮浓度和乳酸含量显著低于对照组和70 g/d组(P<0.05),瘤胃总挥发性脂肪酸浓度、丙酸和丁酸摩尔比显著高于对照组和100 g/d组(P<0.05)。140 g/d组玉米秸秆干物质、有机物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维瘤胃有效降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);210 g/d组混合精料干物质、有机物质和粗蛋白质瘤胃有效降解率显著低于对照组、70和140 g/d组(P<0.05)。140 g/d组尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物含量显著高于70和210 g/d组及对照组(P<0.05);140和210 g/d组有机物质、粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维表观消化率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);140 g/d组消化能、代谢能、沉积能及沉积能/消化能显著高于对照组(P<0.05);140 g/d组沉积氮显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。综合各项指标,苹果酸的适宜添加水平为140 g/d。     

异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

本文旨在研究异丁酸对西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、NH3-N、VFA和营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响。选用4头平均体重420 kg,年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4×4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,在基础日粮中分别添加异丁酸0、0.02、0.04和0.06 g/(kgW.d)。结果表明:各组瘤胃pH差异不显著(P>0.05),0.04 g/(kgW.d)组和0.06 g/(kgW.d)组NH3-N浓度极显著低于对照和0.02 g/(kgW.d)组(P<0.01);0.02 g/(kgW.d)组豆粕干物质、有机物和粗蛋白质动态降解率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);0.04 g/(kgW.d)组玉米秸干物质、有机物、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维的降解率显著提高(P<0.05),0.04 g/(kgW.d)组瘤胃乙酸、乙酸/丙酸、总挥发性脂肪酸和尿嘌呤衍生物显著增加(P<0.05)。根据试验结果推断日粮中异丁酸的适宜添加水平为0.04 g/(kgW.d)。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …     

鸡败血支原体垂直传播模式及其阻断方法

以国际标准强毒Ｒ株人工感染非免疫产蛋鸡,定时扑杀,分别从鼻窦、眶下孔、气管、肺、气囊、卵巢和输卵管分离ＭＧ,并收集感染鸡所产蛋分离ＭＧ。结果表明,人工感染４８小时后上、下呼吸道及肺已被全面感染,９６小时气囊已被感染,１２０小时输卵管已能分离到ＭＧ,卵巢始终分离不到ＭＧ。人工感染鸡自１４４小时便能在其所产蛋中分离出ＭＧ。药物治疗能在７２小时内消除感染,油乳剂苗则需２４天后逐渐降低蛋内ＭＧ分离率,药物卵内注射、种蛋药浴、高温处理均能杀死卵内ＭＧ,但以研制的种蛋浸泡剂药浴效果为最好。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.