鲟鱼苗直接开口培育技术

从上世纪90年代末期开始,鲟鱼养殖业蓬勃兴起。虽然商品鲟鱼的价格从最初的800元／kg下降到现在30～50元／kg,但其利润空间仍然相对较大。鲟鱼育苗技术复杂,一直是鲟鱼养殖业发展的主要瓶颈。     

免疫多糖投喂海参幼体试验

2001—2002年,在海参的越冬生产中,进行了口服型免疫多糖的投喂试验。饵料中添加3%的免疫多糖,试验组的成活率、平均尾重分别比对照组提高15%、13%,单位水体增加产量0.86kg。     

暗纹东方鲀开口饵料的室内大规模培养

轮虫是淡水生态系统中重要的生态类群之一。它能摄食一些不能被鱼、蟹直接利用的细菌和碎屑 ,进而转化为能被鱼类利用的饵料。轮虫繁殖速度和周转较快 ,在浮游生物量中占有很高的份额 ,最高可达 30 % ,在食物链中具有重要地位 (王家楫 ,196 1;黄祥飞 ,1985;Ｎｏｇｒａｄｙ ,1993)。同时 ,轮虫个体小 ,游泳速度慢 ,很容易被鱼苗捕获、消化吸收。目前 ,至少有 6 0种海水经济鱼类和 18种以上的甲壳动物的育苗阶段中均以轮虫作为开口饵料生物。轮虫已成为一种极不可替代的重要生物饵料。淡水轮虫的大规模培养却因为淡水捕食性浮游动物 (如晶囊轮…     

Comparison of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis as a choice of live feed with dry feed in rearing Coregonus lavaretus fry

This experiment, designed for the first time in the Middle East region to sustain Coregonus lavaretus production, examined the efficacy of a live organism ( Brachionus plicatilis ), an artificial diet (48% crude protein) and a mixed feed for the first 3 month of rearing fry. Nine rearing cages were floated on the surface of a natural pond supplied with hyporheic-zone river water, each containing 150 numbers of white fish fry, where they were treated with each of the three diets in triplicates. The fry were fed eight times daily starting at the onset of exogenous feeding. Results showed that fry utilized live organisms more efficiently than the artificial and mixed diets. Rotifer-fed group consistently showed higher growth rate during the entire experiment. Length increment (29.6 mm), weight gain (572.3 mg) after 12 weeks of feeding were higher ( P  < 0.05) in this group. Also, their mean weekly specific growth rate (4.97% day⁻¹) was the highest and feed conversion rate (2.97) was the lowest among all treatments. Survival rates of the fry declined from 75% to 61.4%, from 74.3 to 45.8% and from 72.7 to 54.5% for live feed, mixed diet and artificial diet, respectively.     

Breeding and larval development of Holothuria mammata,a new target species for aquaculture

Sea cucumber commercial fisheries in the North‐eastern Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea started in Turkey in the 1990s. Due to ineffective management practices, the sea cucumber resource was overexploited. Holothuria mammata is one of the sea cucumber species exploited from this geographical area, showing high potential for its aquaculture. This research was undertaken to develop the breeding, larval and juveniles rearing techniques for development of H. mammata aquaculture. Broodstocks collected from Ria Formosa (Faro, S Portugal) were successfully induced to spawn by thermal stimulation from July to October, yielding up to 6.95 million eggs/female. The eggs and larvae were reared and their development described. H. mammata showed the five typical larval stages of most aspidochirote holoturians. Juveniles stage was reached after 21 days post‐fertilization. This is the first work focused on the aquaculture biotechnology of H. mammata, however, further research is need to improve the survival of juveniles to ensure the future production of this species.     

三种开口饵料试喂蓝星鱼和斑马鱼仔鱼效果的研究

蓝星鱼 (Ｔｒｉｃｈｏｇａｓｔｅｒｔｒｉｃｈｏｐｔｅｒｏｕｓ)和斑马鱼(Ｂｒａｃｈｙｄｏｎｉｏｒｅｒｉｏ)是世界性淡水热带观赏鱼 ,其摄食都以动物性饵料为主。尤其在内源性营养转化到外源性营养的过渡阶段 ,开口饵料是其生长 ,存活的重要条件。实际养殖中各种原因往往造成鱼苗大量死亡 ,因此 ,这一过渡阶段 ,被一些学者称为“敏感时期”。观赏渔业的迅速发展 ,对鱼苗需求量增大、质量要求更高 ,开口饵料更加引起广泛的关注。目前关于不同开口饵料试喂蓝星鱼和斑马鱼仔鱼效果的研究尚未见报道。为此 ,笔者选用天然饵料、杨氏饵料和蛋黄…     

Potential of three new krill products for seabream larval production

The objective of this study was to evaluate three products derived from krill as sources of essential fatty acids, protein and, particularly, phospholipids in microdiets for larval gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata). Their effect on larval performance, biochemical composition and histological development was investigated. The addition of krill phospholipids, rich in highly unsaturated fatty acids, improved larval sea bream growth in terms of weight and length, enhanced hepatic utilization of dietary lipids and reduced the incidence of enterocyte injuries. These results confirm the higher nutritional value of marine phospholipids for the early development of marine fish larvae in comparison with soybean phospholipids.     

脉红螺附着变态与食性转换的研究

为实现脉红螺苗种的规模化生产,本实验通过对脉红螺幼虫培育、采苗、稚螺培育等方面的系统研究,探索了脉红螺苗种繁育过程中幼虫附着变态率低和饵料转换难的问题。结果显示:脉红螺浮游幼虫前期(0~12 d)生长较快,壳高平均日增长21.8μm;中期(13~18 d)生长较慢,壳高平均日增长3μm;后期(19~30 d)生长加快,壳高平均日增长46.8μm。用取自沉淀池中的新鲜海水对脉红螺浮游幼虫进行附着变态诱导,诱导第1天脉红螺浮游幼虫开始出现附着变态,第4天时,附着变态活动基本结束,附着变态率为40%。为变态后的稚螺投喂刚附着的长牡蛎和魁蚶稚贝,第1~8天,稚螺壳高平均日增长65.6μm;第9天开始,稚螺生长速度加快;第9~12天,稚螺壳高平均日增长136.4μm;第13~16天,稚螺壳高平均日增长307.3μm;第17~20天,稚螺壳高平均日增长445.8μm。研究表明,用取自沉淀池中的新鲜海水诱导脉红螺浮游幼虫的附着变态效果好,刚附着的长牡蛎稚贝和魁蚶稚贝可以作为脉红螺稚螺培育阶段的适宜饵料。     

Growth and feed efficiency of Octopus vulgaris fed on dry pelleted

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two dry extruded diets on growth and nutritional composition of digestive gland (DG) and muscle of Octopus vulgaris. Both artificial diets (FMK and 3FMK) were composed of gelatin, maltodextrin, yolk, fish and krill meal. The 3FMK diet contained more fishmeal (3×) than the FMK diet. These diets were compared with a control frozen diet consisting of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) and crab (Liocarcinus depurator). The 3FMK diet promoted higher intakes and feed efficiency than FMK diet, resulting in larger growths (296 respect to 158 g in 42 days; 0.81% vs. 0.78% body weight/day). There was significantly lower moisture, protein and ash content in digestive glands of animals fed pellets (P < 0.05). No significant differences were observed on nutritional composition of muscle among the three groups. Even though the results were still below those of the control group (increase of 1258 g), the good performance in terms of acceptance and growth showed that this extruded diet can be the starting point to develop a commercial feed for this species.     

Scale model of a new midwater trawl system for sampling pelagic larval and juvenile fish

SUMMARY: A new midwater sampling trawl was designed to collect pelagic larval and juvenile fish. It has a rigid square frame of 2.25 m², with a 12.5 m high strength polyethylene net. The cambered V-type depressor with a camber ratio of 15%, aspect ratio of 6.0, and dihedral angle of 20° was hung to the bottom of the frame with four slings based on the principle of the parallelogram. A 1/5 scale model net of the prototype was made to examine the towing performances in a circulating water tank. The depth of the net and the attack angle of the depressor were measured at various flow velocities ranging from 30 to 100 cm/s with warp lengths of 260, 310, 360, 410 cm. The depressor held the setting angle closely, and the fluctuating range of the net depth was only 2% for the longest warp length over a wide range of flow velocities. This sampling trawl could maintain near constant depth under various flow velocities by the results of model experiment.     

Ultrastructural aspects of a serious disease of hatchery reared larval oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thtinberg

Abstract. Ultrastructural observations on a possible aetiological agent and tissue changes in a previously described disease of hatchery reared larval oysters Crassostrea gigas Thünberg are reported. Spherical bodies, implicated in gastro-intestinal impaction, show a strong resemblance to the marine fungus, Hyalochlorella marina . Similarities include a thick outer wall structure, plate-like mitochondria and dense cytoplasm with small vacuoles.
The dense fascicular masses, previously observed histologically at epithelial surfaces, consist of accumulations of irregular electron opaque bodies. Large accumulations of these bodies appear to exacerbate tissue damage and prevent normal velar function. In comparison with the reported virus-like particles in this disease, these dense inclusions and associated lesions are more frequently observed and thus seem to be more important in the disease process.
Notes on normal epithelial surfaces of larval Crassostrea spp. are included.     

饲料中维生素C水平对稚鳖生长的影响

在配合饲料中添加不同水平的Vc多聚磷酸酯 ,对稚鳖进行饲养试验。试验结果 ,饲料中添加80 0～ 12 0 0mg/kg的Vc多聚磷酸酯为最佳     

First feeding of common wolffish on formulated dry feed diets in a low water-level raceway system

Wolffish (Anarhichos lupus) larvae were first fed in a low water-level raceway system, with two new types of formulated dry feed diets. Water level in the rearing tank was 1.5 cm. The fish showed a high preference for feeding from the surface. During the first week the fish experienced a drop in dry weights. The highest SGR of 5.8% was obtained between day 35–60. The best feeding regime gave a survival rate of 82 (2.5)%. Results indicate failure to initiate feeding as a main cause of mortality in the fed groups. Death by starvation occurred after 30–40 days. It is speculated whether the large difference in growth rates between the two feeding regimens is due to differences in carbohydrate levels between the two feed types. The rearing tank technology proved, with minor adjustments, to be self-cleaning and well suited for first feeding of wolffish.     

草鱼对九种饲料的干物质、蛋白质和脂肪的表观消化率

本试验采用外源指示剂 (Cr2 O3) ,测定了草鱼种对玉米、麦麸、次粉、米糠、标粉、小麦、大麦、玉米糟和稻谷九种能量饲料的干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪的表观消化率。试验结果表明 :草鱼对九种能量饲料的干物质表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦 (88 17% ) >标粉(79 39% ) >玉米 (77 5 7% ) >麦麸 (6 2 6 7% ) >玉米糟 (6 2 6 1% ) >次粉 (6 1 6 4% ) >大麦(5 9 97% ) >稻谷 (5 1 2 1% ) >米糠 (4 7 41% ) ;粗蛋白表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦(87 0 6 % ) >米糠 (76 36 % ) >麦麸 (73 2 0 % ) >次粉 (71 5 3% ) >玉米糟 (70 99% ) >标粉(6 7 0 3% ) >玉米 (6 4 5 43% ) >稻谷 (6 4 33 % ) >大麦 (5 9 36 % ) ;粗脂肪表观消化率大小顺序为 :小麦 (82 49% ) >玉米糟 (78 32 % ) >标粉 (75 2 2 % ) >玉米 (73 0 9% ) >稻谷(5 8 99% ) >次粉 (5 3 2 2 % ) >麦麸 (5 2 42 % ) >大麦 (5 0 0 9% )。     

甲壳素、壳聚糖生产工艺研究

本文以虾壳为原料探讨了甲壳素、壳聚糖的最佳提取工艺。试验中利用稀氢氧化钠溶液除去虾壳中的粗蛋白质,稀盐酸溶液除去虾壳中的灰分,并通过单因素试验得出制备甲壳素的最佳工艺条件为:先用5.0%氢氧化钠溶液脱粗蛋白质,处理时间5h,然后用5.0%盐酸溶液脱灰分,处理时间3h,循环处理直至加酸无气泡产生,甲壳素得率为6.0%,色泽白度为50.3,灰分为2.0%。通过正交试验探讨出甲壳素脱乙酰制备壳聚糖的最佳条件为:氢氧化钠溶液浓度50%,温度90℃,时间12h,料液比1∶70。壳聚糖脱乙酰度(D.D%)为84.8%,粘度(浓度1%)为38.3mPa.s。     

冬季泡沫板全池覆盖保温培育幼鳖试验

冬季温室采用暖气片加热,并用泡沫板覆盖,进行增温保温养殖,培育幼鳖。水温、气温可分别提高８℃,１０℃。节约褐煤１２吨,烟煤８吨,幼鳖成活率９１．８％,饲料系数１．７２。     

Morphoecology in larval fin-fish: a new candidate species for aquaculture, Diplodus puntazzo (Sparidae)

This study was aimed to acquire information ontrophic behavior of Diplodus puntazzolarvae and juveniles, by studing theontogenetic sensory development, except vision.D. puntazzo specimens were observed usinga scanning electron (n = 67) and a lightmicroscope (n = 7). The results concerned fourontogenetical stages of sharpsnout seabream:larval, post-larval, transitional, and juvenilestages. The yolk-sac larval stage was notdetected as the smallest larvae at our disposal(3.1 mm TL; 2nd day from hatching) showedno external appearance of the yolk. During thelarval stage (3.1–4.7 mm TL), sharpsnoutseabream is equipped with free neuromasts andolfactory ciliated receptor cells. In thepost-larval stage (5–28.6 mm TL), mechano- andchemo-reception is implemented: the inner andouter taste buds differentiation, the nasalformation, the lateral line system canalizationoccur. The precocious differentiation ofchemo-receptors makes post-larvae particularlysensitive to the organoleptic properties ofadministered preys. D. puntazzo, at theend of this phase, could be considered ajuvenile (complete squamation is acquired),except for the mouth and pharyngeal teeth.During the subsequent phase (`transitional'),in fact, eight chisel-type and two lateralseries of molar-like teeth progressivelysubstituted the conical ones on each jaw, andthree different types of teeth on the upper andlower pharynx differentiated. So, the juvenilephase is reached in individuals longer than58 mm TL.     

Natural zooplankton as larval feed in intensive rearing systems for juvenile production of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)

The growth potential of cod larvae is not fully achieved when rotifers (Brachionus spp.) are used as live feed. In this experiment, we studied the effect of natural zooplankton (mainly copepods) on the growth of cod (Gadus morhua L.) larvae reared in intensive systems. Using a growth model developed for cod larvae, the growth rates observed could be evaluated and compared with growth rates reported previously. The cod larvae showed optimal growth rates until age 19 days post hatch (DPH) when they reached 9.77 ± 0.25 mm standard length (SL). Early weaning (20–25 DPH) resulted in significantly longer larvae at age 30 DPH compared with late weaning (25–32 DPH); however, in this period, the zooplankton concentrations were low. The experimental larvae showed considerably higher growth rates compared with rotifer (Brachionus spp.)‐reared cod larvae in previous experiments. The nutritional composition of cod larvae was analysed and compared with published results on rotifer‐reared larvae. The levels of iodine, manganese, selenium and n‐3 PUFA were considerably higher in larvae fed copepods compared with larvae fed rotifers. The differences in nutritional status may well explain the differences in growth observed between copepod and rotifer‐reared larvae.