Coastal sea surface temperature and coho salmon production off the north-west United States

A time series of mean weekly sea surface temperature (SST) images was used to investigate the relationship between fluctuations in the marine survival of hatchery-reared coho salmon and coastal ocean dynamics off the north-western United States (51° to 37°N) between 1985 and 1996, using univariate and nonlinear bivariate regression analysis. Ocean conditions were matched against survival for a number of different annual time frames according to the sum of negative or positive weekly SST anomalies. From the univariate analyses, the sum of negative anomalies from April to June, when the juvenile salmon first enter the ocean, was found to have an R ² of 0.88 against survival with 1991 excluded as an outlier. The bivariate multiple regressions used the sum of negative anomalies from April to June as the first independent variable. When the sums of positive anomalies from the following periods during the fishes' second calendar year in the ocean were each used as the second independent variable, the R ² values were all greater than or equal to 0.92 (with no data points excluded): January to June, February to June, April to June, March to June. These results are discussed within the context of coastal ocean processes. It is concluded that the analysis of SST image time series might allow management to make reasonable forecasts of hatchery-reared coho salmon survival.     

Marine temperatures experienced by postsmolts and the survival of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in the North Sea area

The survival of two Atlantic salmon stocks that inhabit rivers confluent with the North Sea was examined in respect to historical distributions of sea surface water temperatures. The rivers Figgjo and North Esk are relatively small salmon rivers in southern Norway and eastern Scotland, respectively. Wild salmon smolts have been tagged in these rivers since 1965. Tag returns were used to evaluate the survival of salmon in the North Sea. Survival rates of one-sea-winter (1SW) and 2SW fish were correlated within stocks, as well as between stocks. Survival rates were compared with the areal extent of thermal habitat in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. A positive correlation was found between the area of 8–10°C water in May and the survival of salmon. A reciprocal negative correlation was also found between survival and 5–7°C water in the same month. An analysis of sea surface temperature distributions for periods of good vs. poor salmon survival showed that when cool surface waters dominate the Norwegian coast and North Sea during May, salmon survival has been poor. Conversely, when the 8°C isotherm has extended northward along the Norwegian coast during May, survival has been good. The effect of water temperature distributions on the growth of postsmolts and other survival factors are discussed.     

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场分布与海表温度锋的相关关系

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔业是我国重要的经济渔业之一,其渔场分布与海表温度及温度变化息息相关。本研究通过海表温度（SST）的遥感数据计算海表水平温度梯度（SSTG）,根据2013—2015年中国（不含中国台湾省）北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔业生产数据,分析海表温度锋与秋刀鱼资源丰度和渔场时空分布的关系。结果显示,秋刀鱼作业渔场主要分布于37°~49°N,145°~165°E;SST为10~14 ℃时,单位捕捞渔获量（CPUE）与SST呈负相关,SST为14~17 ℃时呈正相关,最适宜SST为12.5~14.5 ℃。当SSTG为0.01~0.06 ℃/km时,CPUE与SSTG呈显著线性正相关,最适宜SSTG为0.01~0.05 ℃/km。作业海域温度锋与CPUE呈显著正相关,相关系数为0.81;CPUE作业点到锋面的距离（DIST）表现出明显的季节特征,在夏季6—8月,当DIST为0~100 km范围内时,CPUE与DIST呈线性正相关,在秋季9—11月,CPUE与DIST呈对数负相关,90%以上的作业点出现在DIST为0~50 km范围内。研究表明,海表温度影响着秋刀鱼洄游渔场分布,亲潮黑潮交汇区形成冷水楔,海表温度锋集聚,进而秋刀鱼鱼群集群,形成高产渔场。     

Competition between Asian pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and Alaskan sockeye salmon (O. nerka) in the North Pacific Ocean

The importance of interspecific competition as a mechanism regulating population abundance in offshore marine communities is largely unknown. We evaluated offshore competition between Asian pink salmon and Bristol Bay (Alaska) sockeye salmon, which intermingle in the North Pacific Ocean and Bering Sea, using the unique biennial abundance cycle of Asian pink salmon from 1955 to 2000. Sockeye salmon growth during the second and third growing seasons at sea, as determined by scale measurements, declined significantly in odd‐numbered years, corresponding to years when Asian pink salmon are most abundant. Bristol Bay sockeye salmon do not interact with Asian pink salmon during their first summer and fall seasons and no difference in first year scale growth was detected. The interaction with odd‐year pink salmon led to significantly smaller size at age of adult sockeye salmon, especially among younger female salmon. Examination of sockeye salmon smolt to adult survival rates during 1977–97 indicated that smolts entering the ocean during even‐numbered years and interacting with abundant odd‐year pink salmon during the following year experienced 26% (age‐2 smolt) to 45% (age‐1 smolt) lower survival compared with smolts migrating during odd‐numbered years. Adult sockeye salmon returning to Bristol Bay from even‐year smolt migrations were 22% less abundant (reduced by 5.9 million fish per year) compared with returns from odd‐year migrations. The greatest reduction in adult returns occurred among adults spending 2 compared with 3 years at sea. Our new evidence for interspecific competition highlights the need for multispecies, international management of salmon production, including salmon released from hatcheries into the ocean.     

Pacific herring, Clupea pallasi, recruitment in the Bering Sea and north-east Pacific Ocean, II: relationships to environmental variables and implications for forecasting

Previous studies have shown that Pacific herring populations in the Bering Sea and north-east Pacific Ocean can be grouped based on similar recruitment time series. The scale of these groups suggests large-scale influence on recruitment fluctuations from the environment. Recruitment time series from 14 populations were analysed to determine links to various environmental variables and to develop recruitment forecasting models using a Ricker-type environmentally dependent spawner–recruit model. The environmental variables used for this investigation included monthly time series of the following: southern oscillation index, North Pacific pressure index, sea surface temperatures, air temperatures, coastal upwelling indices, Bering Sea wind, Bering Sea ice cover, and Bering Sea bottom temperatures. Exploratory correlation analysis was used for focusing the time period examined for each environmental variable. Candidate models for forecasting herring recruitment were selected by the ordinary and recent cross-validation prediction errors. Results indicated that forecasting models using air and sea surface temperature data lagged to the year of spawning generally produced the best forecasting models. Multiple environmental variables showed marked improvements in prediction over single-environmental-variable models.     

Differences in stability effects on the marine survival of hatchery pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) within the upwelling and downwelling domains of the northeast Pacific Ocean

Regional coastal conditions have a strong influence on juvenile salmon survival during their critical first months in the marine environment. Salmon (genus Oncorhynchus) survival has been thought to be favored within the high latitude downwelling domain if water column stabilities increase, whereas stability may have the opposite effect in upwelling‐dominated lower latitudes. In this study, the relationships between water column stabilities during early marine residence of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in both the upwelling and downwelling domains of the northeast Pacific Ocean and marine survival rates for hatchery stocks ranging from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, to Kodiak Island, Alaska, were explored. Contrary to expectation, there was no clear difference in the effect of stability on marine survival rates in the downwelling and upwelling domains. In both domains, marine survival rates increased for pink salmon stocks that experienced below‐average stability on the inner shelf during early marine residence. Stability effects from the outer shelf showed no consistent relationship to marine survival within the northeast Pacific.     

Spatial patterns of whiting abundance in Scottish waters and relationships with environmental variables

This paper uses objective classification methods, a combination of principal components analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis, applied to long-term average data, to define areas of similar seasonal patterns of whiting abundance in Scottish waters, based on fishery data on landings and effort (by month and by ICES rectangle). A geographic information system (GIS) is used to qualitatively describe the relationships of these spatial patterns of whiting abundance with (a) trawl survey catch rates by age-class, and (b) environmental factors. The results show that the spatial patterns of whiting abundance are related to age, as well as to depth and to spatial patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) in winter. The area (within the North Sea) of highest whiting abundance, and the largest seasonal change in whiting abundance, corresponds to the area of highest survey catch rates for older (>2 years old) whiting in winter, a particular spatial pattern of SST in winter and water depths of 100–200 m. This spatial pattern of SST may indicate an effect of the inflow of the North Atlantic water. This study provides a guide for selecting study areas for future quantitative analysis and the methods proposed may also provide a useful management tool.     

Computer simulations of homeward-migrating Fraser River sockeye salmon: is compass orientation a sufficient direction-finding mechanism in the north-east Pacific Ocean?

Computer simulations were used to investigate whether compass orientation is a sufficient guidance mechanism for sockeye salmon migrating to the Fraser River from their ocean foraging grounds in the north-east Pacific Ocean. Daily surface ocean currents, simulated by the ocean surface current simulations (OSCURS) model, were used to test the influence of currents on the return oceanic migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon. High seas tagging and coastal recover data of Fraser River sockeye salmon were used for the migration simulations. Surface currents were shown to increase the speed of the homeward-migrating sockeye salmon, as well as to deflect the fish in a north-eastward direction. In spite of ocean currents, all Fraser River sockeye salmon were able to reach their destination with a fixed direction and bioenergetically efficient swimming speed when migration was delayed until the last month at sea. Compass orientation alone was shown to be a sufficient direction-finding mechanism for Fraser River sockeye salmon.     

东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼中心渔场的月间变动研究

根据2003年～2011年中国东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼（Trachurus murphyi）大型拖网渔捞数据和海表温度（SST）数据,利用ArcGIS 10.0绘制渔场产量重心时空分布图,用最短距离法对中心渔场进行聚类,对智利竹筴鱼渔场月间重心变动规律及其与SST之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,随着月份的变化,中心渔场从3月开始由南逐渐向西北方向移动,到10月之后逐渐向东南方向移动。3月～6月渔场主要分布在80°W～90°W、40°S～45°S,最适宜SST为12～14℃;7月～8月渔场主要分布在80°W～90°W、35°S～40°S,SST为13～14℃;9月～10月渔场分布为85°W～95°W、30°S～35°S,SST这15～16℃;11月～12月渔场分布在90°W～95°W、30°S～40°S,SST为16～17℃;而1月～2月渔场分布在85°W～95°W、35°S～45°S,最适宜SST为16～17℃。     

中西太平洋鲣鱼时空分布及其与ENSO关系探讨

根据1990-2001年中西太平洋海域(20°N~25°S,175°W以西)金枪鱼围网作业产量和作业次数,结合海水表面温度SST、3.4区SSTA等海洋环境数据,对鲣鱼产量时空分布及其与厄尔尼诺-南方涛动指数(ENSO)关系进行分析。研究表明,鲣鱼主要产量分布在表温28~30℃,尤以29~30℃为主,其结果经K-S检验;主要作业渔场分布在E140~175°海域,各年作业重心有所不同,与ENSO关系密切。以年为单位进行时间序列分析,发现高产区经度重心、平均经度较ENSO指标有一年的滞后。     

Growth variability of Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae under contrasting environments across the Kuroshio axis: survival potential of minority versus majority

Growth variability was examined for Pacific saury Cololabis saira larvae under contrasting environments across the Kuroshio axis, based on samples collected during the winter spawning season in 2013 and 2014. The growth rate index (residual of the otolith marginal 3‐day mean increment width from the linear regression on knob length) of larvae was compared among three areas: the inshore side of the Kuroshio axis, the Kuroshio axis, and the offshore side of the Kuroshio axis in relation to sea surface temperature (SST), salinity (SSS) and chlorophyll‐a (CHL) concentration. The larvae were more densely distributed in the Kuroshio axis and offshore areas of higher temperature and salinity and lower chlorophyll‐a concentration than in the inshore areas of lower temperature and salinity and higher chlorophyll‐a concentration. No marked differences in the growth rate index were found among the three areas, even though the larvae in the inshore areas showed slightly higher growth rates in 2013. Despite the broad ranges of environmental factors, no clear relationship between the growth rate index and any environmental factor was detected. The survival potential of Pacific saury larvae was considered to be at least comparable under contrasting environments across the Kuroshio axis. Such a geographical homogeneity is concluded to be attributable to compensable effects of physical and biological factors. We hypothesize that the minority under physically‐unfavorable but biologically‐favorable conditions on the inshore side of the Kuroshio axis could survive equally well as the majority under physically‐favorable but biologically‐unfavorable conditions around the Kuroshio axis and on the offshore side of the Kuroshio axis.     

Long‐term changes in recruitment of age‐0 Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) and environmental conditions around Japan

Recruitment of age‐0 Pacific bluefin tuna (Thunnus orientalis) from 1952 to 2014 was examined by a sequential regime shift detection method. The regime shifts in recruitment were detected in 1957, 1972, 1980, 1994 and 2009. The durations of regime shift ranged from 8–15 years and averaged 13.0 years. In both the total (1952–2014) and data rich (1980–2014) periods, negative relationships were found between recruitment and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation in autumn, and positive relationships were found between recruitment and sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the northern part of the East China Sea, in the southwestern part of the Sea of Japan, and in the waters off Shikoku and Tokai in summer and autumn. The 1994 and 2009 regime shifts in recruitment occurred in the same years as shifts in SST anomalies in the northern part of the East China Sea in summer. These results suggest that the ocean conditions in the northern part of the East China Sea are closely related to recruitment of Pacific bluefin tuna, and that the warmer conditions result in higher recruitment of the species.     

太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔获分布及渔场环境浅析

本文主要根据收集到的渔获量数据、海水表层温度数据和有关文献资料 ,应用GIS技术对太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔业进行了定量或定性分析。结果表明 :太平洋大眼金枪鱼延绳钓渔场主要分布在 2 0°N～2 0°S之间的热带海域 ,具纬向分布特征。对渔获产量同海表温度的分月统计显示 :太平洋大眼金枪鱼渔场最适月平均表层水温约 2 8～ 2 9℃ ,渔场出现频次为偏态分布型。最后 ,结合有关文献综合讨论分析了海表温度、溶解氧含量、海流等环境因子与金枪鱼渔场分布和形成机制的关系     

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼生物学特性研究

根据1985—2013年日本秋刀鱼(Cololabis saira)生产数据,结合海表温度(sea surface temperature,SST)、海表温度距平值(sea surface temperature anomaly,SSTA)及亲潮、黑潮环境数据,探究太平洋年代际振荡(Pacific decadal oscillation,PDO)冷、暖2种气候模态下秋刀鱼产卵场、索饵场海况特征及资源丰度差异。结果表明,PDO暖期内单位捕捞量努力量(catch per unit effect,CPUE)略高于冷期,另CPUE与PDO指数存在滞后关系,且前者滞后于后者3年时相关系数最大(– 0.318);PDO冷、暖模态转换对索饵场SST影响较产卵场大(P<0.05),产卵场及索饵场SSTA与PDO指数间均呈负相关性,滞后时间分别为 –1和0年时相关系数最大;PDO暖期内黑潮经向流量年间变化率低于冷期,冷、暖2种模态下亲潮春季占有面积存在显著差异(P<0.01),且冷、暖模态转换对亲潮影响程度大于黑潮。研究表明,2种气候模态通过影响秋刀鱼产卵场及索饵场的海表温、海况环境,进而对西北太平洋秋刀鱼资源量产生年间波动影响。     

中西太平洋鲣鱼丰度的时空分布及其与表温的关系

中西太平洋是全球金枪鱼围网的主要海域,鲣鱼(Katsuwonus pelamis)是金枪鱼围网的主要作业对象。本研究利用1983～2007年中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获物数据,结合海洋表层温度(SST)数据,分析中西太平洋鲣鱼资源丰度在时间序列和空间位置上的分布规律。研究表明,1983～2002年,各年平均CPUE在时间序列上呈一定的上升趋势,1983～2002年,平均SST在一定范围内上下波动,平均CPUE和平均SST无显著相关性;2003～2007年,平均CPUE和平均SST均呈较大幅度上升,两者呈显著相关。从空间位置分析,鲣鱼资源量集中出现在SST为28～30℃之间的海域,在5°N和10°S附近海域CPUE反映的总体资源量较高,而在0°和5°S的资源量较低。鲣鱼资源量较大区域分布在冷暖水团交汇处。     

环境因子变化对锯缘青蟹后期幼体及仔蟹变态存活率的影响

通过实验对锯缘青蟹Z、M、C1～C4仔蟹在不同温度、盐度及干露时间的条件下，观察变态及存活率的差异。结果表明：1．温度改变对Z5变态率有影响，30—26℃温度突变其变态率为53％，30-28～25℃温度渐变变态率为60％，对照组(30℃)为57％；温度改变对M的变态存活率和变态时间间隔无影响．但C1变态为C2的时间间隔比对照组延长24～48h。2．盐度改变对青蟹Z5及C1-C4。仔蟹存活和变态的影响不同,在直接由盐度33移至28、21、15、8的不同条件下，Z5和M的盐度忍耐下限分别为21和15；C1-C4仔蟹在以上的盐度变化条件下均能成活、变态，但C4仔蟹在28、33高盐度下部分个体蜕壳不遂或蜕壳后死亡。3．蟹苗及仔蟹耐干露能力随着个体长大而增强；同规格蟹苗在干露6～18h条件下，变态时间间隔随着干露时间的增加延长24．48h；M在潮湿海绵和不透风的条件下放置12h，可正常变态，离开海绵则在6h内全部死亡；但C1-C4仔蟹即便离开海绵18h，也能正常存活变态。     

Potential trophodynamic and environmental drivers of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) productivity in the North Pacific Ocean

Information on prey availability, diets, and trophic levels of fish predators and their prey provides a link between physical and biological changes in the ecosystem and subsequent productivity (growth and survival) of fish populations. In this study two long‐term data sets on summer diets of steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in international waters of the central North Pacific Ocean (CNP; 1991–2009) and Gulf of Alaska (GOA; 1993–2002) were evaluated to identify potential drivers of steelhead productivity in the North Pacific. Stable isotopes of steelhead muscle tissue were assessed to corroborate the results of stomach content analysis. We found the composition of steelhead diets varied by ocean age group, region, and year. In both the GOA and CNP, gonatid squid (Berryteuthis anonychus) were the most influential component of steelhead diets, leading to higher prey energy densities and stomach fullness. Stomach contents during an exceptionally warm year in the GOA and CNP (1997) were characterized by high diversity of prey with low energy density, few squid, and a large amount of potentially toxic debris (e.g., plastic). Indicators of good diets (high proportions of squid and high prey energy density) were negatively correlated with abundance of wild populations of eastern Kamchatka pink salmon (O. gorbuscha) in the CNP. In conclusion, interannual variations in climate, abundance of squid, and density‐dependent interactions with highly‐abundant stocks of pink salmon were identified as potential key drivers of steelhead productivity in these ecosystems. Additional research in genetic stock identification is needed to link these potential drivers of productivity to individual populations.     

Genetic parameters of growth and survival in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas

The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas is a representative bivalve mollusc that is widely cultured in the world and is the largest molluscan group cultured in China. In order to assess the feasibility of improving survival of C. gigas through genetic selection, the heritability and genetic correlations for growth and survival traits between different life stages were examined. Genetic parameters were estimated based on intraclass correlations of 49 full‐sib families (29 half‐sib families) in larvae (4 and 20 days after fertilization) and spat (140 days after fertilization) stages. The heritability for growth traits in larvae and spat was 0.30–0.86 and 0.53–0.59, respectively, and varied with ages. The heritability of survival was low in larvae (0.13 ± 0.05 and 0.17 ± 0.04, respectively for 4 and 20 days after fertilization) but medium (0.39 ± 0.07) in spat, suggesting that selection for increasing spat survival was feasible. The genetic correlation between growth traits within age was medium to high and positive (ranging from 0.47 to 0.96, respectively, between shell length (SL) and shell height (SH) at 20 days and between SL and SH at 140 days after fertilization), suggesting that selection to improve single growth trait will cause positive response in another growth traits in C. gigas. The genetic correlations between survival and growth traits at 140 days were low but positive (ranging from 0.23 to 0.27, respectively, between survival and SH and between survival and SL at 140 days after fertilization), suggesting that selection for survival may not have a negative response in growth. Overall, this study suggests that survival traits should be taken as improving target of next selection breeding programme in C. gigas.     

Distribution and feeding of juvenile Pacific salmon in freshwater tidal creeks of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia

Abstract This study examined juvenile salmonid use of a freshwater tidal creek system draining a wetland on the floodplain of the lower Fraser River, British Columbia, Canada. Chum, Oncorhynchus keta (Walbaum), chinook, O. tshawytscha (Walbaum), and sockeye, O. nerka (Walbaum), salmon fry were abundant in the tidal creeks in spring. The fry were found in non-natal habitat up to 1.5 km from the main channel of the river. The salmon fry ate dipteran adults, larvae and pupae, cyclopoid and harpacticoid copepods, and Collembola. Mysids Neomysis mercedis Holmes (Walbaum), and amphipods, Crangonyx richmondensis occidentalis (Hubricht and Harrison), were also consumed. The upper reaches of an undisturbed creek were the winter rearing habitat for presmolt coho salmon, O. kisutch (Walbaum), where this species ate dipteran pupae and larvae as well as a freshwater isopod, Asellus communis Say (Walbaum).     

海洋环境对中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔场影响的GIS时空分析

根据2008年～2012年中西太平洋金枪鱼（Thynnus）围网的渔获生产数据,并结合利用遥感信息技术手段同期获取的海表温度、次表层和温跃层温度、叶绿素等海洋环境数据,分析了围网主要捕获品种渔获量、资源丰度与渔场重心的时空变化及其与主要环境因子之间的关系。结果显示,目前中西太平洋金枪鱼围网渔获量分布在10°N～10°S、140°E-180°E,中心渔场经度重心集中在150°E～165°E,大体走向是由西向东;纬度重心在1°N～3°S,呈现先南后北的走向。渔场主要适温在28～32℃,最适海表温度为29～31℃,次表层50m,适温为26．84～29．47℃,100m适温为24．71～28．57℃,温跃层上界深度在54．09～121．49m,对应的海水温度为27．10—29．18℃;主要渔获产量集中在叶绿素质量浓度0．02～0．35mg·m-3内,叶绿素质量浓度处于0．04—0．18mg·m-3时渔获产量出现频次最高,为渔场的最适叶绿素质量浓度范围。