论农业生态工程

依据我国多年生态农业及农业生态工程建设的实践,论述了生态工程,农业生态工程的产生与发展;生态工程与农业生态工程的概念,我国农业生态工程的有关理论;技术特征;在与西方生态工程比较的同时,指出了我国当前农业生态工程存在的问题。     

我国农业生态工程的兴起与发展

通过我国生态农业的产生、发展历程与现状分析，探讨了正在兴起的中国农业生态工程的定义、内涵、所遵循的基本原理及实施的手段。通过与国外生态工程的比较，提出了目前存在的问题及今后发展的趋势。     

我国有机废弃物农业利用生态工程

论述了我国有机废物农业利用的现状与水平,分析了作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、沼气发酵力有机垃圾农业利用的主要生态工程技术及效益,探讨了当前有机废弃物农业利用存在的主要问题及发展趋势。     

我国有机废弃物农业利用生态工程

论述了我国有机废弃物农业利用的现状与水平,分析了作物秸秆、畜禽粪便、沼气发酵残留物和有机垃圾农业利用的主要生态工程技术及效益,探讨了当前有机废弃物农业利用存在的主要问题及发展趋势。     

精确农业发展与农业生态工程创新

分析了西方精确农业研究及实践的主要目标及技术思想,比较了中国农业生态工程研究与精确农业的异同点。提出了农业生态工程研究及实践具有独特的功能与作用,同时亦应正视自身发展中存在的问题,吸收精确农业有关原理、方法,在理论规范化、手段现代化、过程监测及其控制自动化、高新技术含量增加、与信息技术和机械工程专业有机结合提高工程设计可操作性等方面努力,推动农业生态系统设计与管理的信息化与知识化,逐步形成一个基于信息技术、生物技术及机械工程装备的农业生态工程技术体系,为建立可持续发展的农业系统与实现以科学技术化为本质特征的农业现代化作出贡献。     

留民营农业生态工程能量流分析与计算

对北京市大兴县留民营村农业生态工程能量流进行了分析与计算。能量流的分析步骤应包括确定 系统边界,分析系统结构,测定系统的能量输入和输出,绘制能流图。能量流分析对提高系统的生产力、保障农业生态工程建设的实施具有重要作用。     

留民营农业生态工程能量流分析与计算

对北京市大兴县留民营村农业生态工程能量流进行了分析与计算,能量流的分析步骤应包括确定系统边界,分析系统结构,测定系统的能量输入和输出,绘制能流图。能量流分析对提高系统的生产力,保障农业生态工程建设的实施具有重要作用。     

南水北调东线山东段防治农业面源污染农业生态工程建设

阐述了南水北调山东段防治农业面源污染生态工程建设的指导思想、控制范围及目标。对三种类型的控制区因地制宜地提出了切实可行的农业生态建设工程和保障措施。     

洞庭湖区渔业生态工程初论

洞庭湖是我国第二大淡水湖,自古以来盛产鱼虾、莲藕,素有“鱼米之乡”之称。由于水生生物品种繁多,饵肥资源丰富,发展水产业,特别是渔业具有得天独厚的条件。但是随着现代工农业的生产发展,因缺乏科学的配套体系引起生态环境改变,使鱼类生活条件恶化,阻碍了渔业的发展;岳阳市1985年人均占     

农村能源生态工程建设与农业持续发展的整体协调性分析

农村能源生态工程建设与农业持续发展关系密切。为了探讨农村能源与农业持续发展的内在联系、有机结合途径和整体协调性机制，本文以天津市津南区为例，运用通径分析方法，定量与定性相结合分析它们之间的关系及相互作用机制和效应。     

An approach to assessment of management impacts on agricultural soil carbon

Agroecosystems contain about 12% of the terrestrial soil C and play an important role in the global C cycle. We describe a project to evaluate the degree to which management practices can affect soil C in agroecosystems. The objectives of the project are to determine if agricultural systems can be managed to conserve and sequester C and thereby reduce the accumulation of CO₂ in the atmosphere, and to provide reference datasets and methodologies for agricultural assessments.     

An approach to extrapolate categorical agricultural soil data to nonmapped areas using majority vote

Soil maps are indispensable base material for planning processes and risk analyses. For many studies, however, area‐wide uniformly scaled soil maps are not available. Our objective was to develop a GIS‐based method for providing information for NoData areas of the Medium‐Scale Agricultural Site Mapping (MMK). NoData areas represent nonagricultural zones, in this case especially forests. A grid‐based methodology for extrapolating soil mapping units of agricultural areas to the entire landscape was developed and tested in Mecklenburg–Western Pomerania (total area 23,170 km²). The principle of the extrapolation method is based on a statistical neighborhood analysis implemented by the moving‐window technology considering selected site features as geology, altitude, and relief energy. Results were illustrated exemplarily for soil‐moisture conditions, which are expressed as “hydromorphy association types”. Four different indicators were derived to ensure a spatially differentiated evaluation of the extrapolation quality. The precision with which it is possible to extrapolate already mapped MMK units in terms of the hydromorphy association type was used to validate the extrapolation method. Evaluation of the results was based on the percentage of Correctly Extrapolated Pixels (CEP), which were derived from a confusion matrix. The percentage of CEP was 26% when the 15 single classes of the hydromorphy association type were considered separately. The percentage of CEP rose up to 65% after grouping the hydromorphy association types into three practically combined categories. It could be demonstrated that the extrapolation technique applied represented an objective and relatively fast and cost‐effective method to obtain an area‐wide MMK mapping.     

Eco-economic approach to evaluation of agricultural lands polluted by chemicals and radionuclides

A comparative analysis of the existing methods of land evaluation has shown that none of them ensures a comprehensive assessment of the diverse economic and ecological functions of soils. An original methodology developed by the authors includes the evaluation of the soil ecological quality in addition to the traditional cost assessment of land plots, and adequate correction coefficients accounting for the chemical and radioactive contamination of soils are suggested. The effect of changes in the market price of the land on the inflation processes is analyzed.     

农村生活污水生态处理工艺研究与应用

农村生活污染源成为影响水环境的重要因素,特别在水源地、库区对尤其明显.通过分析城市污水处理和乡村污水处理的不同之处,将生物方法与生态工程有机结合,研究开发既节省成本和运行费用,又能达到稳定的除磷脱氮效果的农村污水处理新工艺是非常必要的.该文以实际工程为依托,研究建立了“五环”式(ACGMP, anaerobic, constructed wetlands, genetic engineering of rice, microorganism, pond)生态高效农村生活污水处理工程系统,该系统在进行自然村污水各户连接的基础上,建设污水厌氧反应器、人工湿地,种植高吸附主要污染因子的水生植物,投入高效污水分解专用微生物,利用天然池塘等5个环节,整个工程系统无电力,实现完全自流动,处理后的污水达到国家规定的排放标准.该系统在三峡库区应用,取得了明显的效果,pH值、化学需氧量COD、总磷、总氮、氨氮、活性污泥浓度、六价铬、等10个指标,都达到了国家排放标准.对于农村污水处理,特别在水源地和水库水质保护方面是非常重要和成功的工程化措施,具有广阔的应用推广前景.     

An engineering approach to fingered vadose pollutant transport

Results of many independent experimental findings related to fingered preferential flow are combined into a concise, conservative engineering methodology for predicting pollutant transport through fingered flow paths. Preferential flow can occur in all textures of soil, with fingering occurring in less structured coarse soils, giving over to macropore flow in finer-textured soil regimes. A simple example comparing groundwater loading of naphthalene using plug flow and fingered flow assumptions illustrates that fingered flow can increase contaminant loading to groundwater aquifers by over two orders of magnitude at sites with coarse vadose zone materials.     

An approach to the essence of soil fertility

After a brief historical review of the study of soil fertility it is shown that in studying the essence of soil fertility, both the ?physique”? and the ?pedon structure”? of soil should be investigated. Under proper cultivation and fertilization, it is possible to maintain and enhance the level of fertility of black soils. Humic substances combined with the surface of mineral particles are the soil constituents restricting the fertility of black soils, and may be used as the main index to characterize the level of fertility of these soils. The humification and turnover of organic matter are regulated by the soil enzymes. The enzymatic activities in black soils form an important supplementary index of their fertility status. Soil particles aggregating more stable and forming a looser fabric play an important role in maintaining and harmonizing the status of soil moisture, nutrients, air and heat throughout the soil profile. The resistance power or self-regulating capability of soil against unfavourable factors is an overall index reflecting the essence of soil fertility.     

Multivariate approach to characterizing soil microbial communities in pristine and agricultural sites in Northwest Argentina

Land use effects on microbial communities may have profound impacts on agricultural productivity and ecosystem sustainability as they are critical in soil quality and health. The main aim of this study was to characterize the microbial communities of pristine and agricultural soils in the central Yungas region in Northwest Argentina. As a first step in the development of biological indicators of soil quality in this region, a comprehensive approach involving a structural and functional evaluation of microbial communities was used to detect changes in soil as consequence of land use. The sites selected included two pristine montane forest sites (MF1 and MF2), two plots under sugarcane monoculture for 40 and 100 years (SC40 and SC100), one plot under 20 years of soybean monoculture (SB20), a recently deforested and soybean cropped site (RC), and two reference sites of native forest adjacent to the sugarcane and soybean plots (PF1 and PF2). We used three microbial community profiling methods: denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR amplified 16S rRNA genes, community-level physiological profiling (CLPP) using a BD oxygen biosensor system (BDOBS-CLPP) and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Deforestation and agriculture caused expected increases in pH and decreases in organic carbon and microbial biomass. Additionally, shifts in the microbial community structure and physiology were detected with disturbance, including reduced diversity based on PLFA data. The higher respiratory response to several carbon substrates observed in agricultural soils suggested the presence of microbial communities with lower growth yield efficiency that could further reduce carbon storage in these soils.Using an integrated multivariate analysis of all data measured in this study we propose a minimum data set of variables (organic carbon, pH, sucrose and valeric acid utilizations, a17:0 and a15:0 PLFA biomarkers and the value of impact on microbial diversity) to be used for future studies of soil quality in Northwest Argentina.     

An approach to landscape analysis with emphasis on soils

Principal components of landscape are defined. The soils portion is termed the landscape pedoplasma, distinct geographic subdivisions of which are called soilscapes. Some concepts of morphology and fabric of soil pedons are adapted for application to entire landscapes. Terminology and numerical indices are suggested for characterizing polypedons and multi-polypedonic units, including soilscapes, as to size, shape and arrangement of the geographic units, population density of polypedons per unit area, and pedologic diversity in terms of local relief, slope, and soil drainage conditions, and in taxonomic terms. Some results of application of specific methods of soilscape analysis to published soil and topographic maps are reported. Geographic trends in soilscape variability are found on a broad regional scale as well as in local landscapes. This approach to landscape analysis is deemed useful in systematizing the great volume of cartographic data of modern published soil surveys and may help in the location of sites for detailed pedogeomorphic and land use field studies.     

农业绿色发展系统研究思路与定量方法

农业绿色发展研究是融合多学科知识,以食物系统为研究对象,重点剖析系统内不同单元间关联和互馈关系,进而阐明粮食安全、国民健康、资源节约、环境保护等目标的协调机制,探索全产业链技术途径,并致力于协同实现农业"绿色"和"发展"的科学。传统研究方法往往忽视对农业绿色发展的系统思考和定量分析,无法统筹农业绿色发展的各环节和协调多类目标的实现。在本研究中,我们首先基于系统研究的思路,明确了"土壤-作物生产-畜牧业生产-食品加工-家庭消费—环境"整个食物系统是农业绿色发展系统研究边界;其次,结合农业绿色发展全链条和多尺度特性,提出并论述了"自上而下"和"自下而上"的定量研究思路;随后,以上述两方面研究思考为基础,构建了由1个核心模型[食物系统养分流动模型(NUFER)]、3个定量分析模块(水、大气和土地利用分析模块)和1个指标关联模块[耦合驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应概念框架(DPSIR)、可持续发展指标体系(SDGs)和星球边界理论框架(PBs)]组成的农业绿色发展系统分析耦合模型(NUFER-AGD);最后,梳理了农业绿色发展定量研究的案例。案例研究通过多指标关联分析和指标评价,协同国家农业绿色发展的总体目标;在流域尺度以绿色环境与资源阈值为约束,定量设计农业绿色发展系统解决方案;系统分析全产业链农业绿色发展的技术实现路径。该研究不仅能为农业绿色发展理论和应用研究提供系统思路和定量方法,还可为国家农业绿色发展战略提供科学支撑。     

提高农业机械化水平促进农业可持续发展

在中国农业现代化建设中,影响农业资源可持续发展的主要因素是土、种、肥、药、水。精准耕整技术、精准播种技术、精准施肥技术、精准施药技术和精准灌溉技术是提高农业资源利用率的几项关键技术。提高农业机械化水平,是促进农业资源可持续发展的重要途径之一。该文介绍了提高农业资源利用率的机械化精准作业关键技术与机具。为了进一步发挥农业机械化在提高农业资源利用率、促进农业可持续发展中的作用,该文建议:进一步加强农机农艺融合,加强相关基础理论研究;进一步加强相关关键技术的研究;进一步加强相关机械与装备制造的自主创新能力;进一步加强推广应用。