我国毛皮动物疫病流行的特点与正确的疫病防制措施

本文对我国毛皮动物疫病流行的特点进行了全面论述,针对毛皮动物疫病的流行特点,提出了以防为主,防重于治的防治扑灭措施。     

饲养毛皮动物卫生防疫管理要点

随着畜牧业不断发展,养殖经济动物越来越被人们所重视。由于毛皮动物与家养动物训化动物在生物特性、消化特点、对疫病易感性等方面都有很大差距。为了控制毛皮动物疫病发生,促进毛皮动物健康发展,就如何搞好毛皮动物的卫生防疫工作提出个人的看法和建议,供参考。     

基层动物流行病学调查工作存在的问题及建议

<正>动物疫病流行病学调查是通过及时评价、预测、预警及风险评估,提出科学有效的动物疫病防控措施,为疫病的及时有效控制、扑灭和前瞻性预防提供技术支撑。因此,认真开展好动物疫病流行病学调查工作,对动物疫病预防和控制有着及其重要的意义。本文通过对基层动物流行病学调查工作中存在的问题提出一些建议,以供有关动物疫病预防控制机构参考。1动物疫病流行病学调查的重要性开展动物疫病流行病学调查能够及时了解本地区疫病     

毛皮动物饲养场的卫生与防疫措施

<正>对于毛皮动物的疫病,必须坚持防重于治的原则,否则一旦发生疫病,将使生产受到很大的损失.一、卫生措施(一)饲料卫生1.绝对禁止从疫区采购饲料.有很多传染病是家畜和毛皮动物共患的疫病,如果毛皮动物吃了患病家畜的肉类饲料,则会引起疫病暴发,造成不应有的经济损失.2.控制饲料霉败变质.对不新鲜、变质的饲料不能饲喂.实践证明,毛皮动物吃了腐败变质的饲料,轻者厌食、拒食、感染各种疾病,导致妊娠母兽胚胎吸收、死胎、烂胎、流产等.重者造成大批死亡.所以管好库房卫生,防止饲料霉败变质,是保证毛皮动物健康的关键.     

毛皮动物常用疫苗使用的方法及注意事项

近10多年来,毛皮动物疫病仍以传染病的危害为重,犬瘟热、传染性肠炎、水貂阿留申病或狐狸脑炎仍在流行,而新的疫病不断出现给毛皮动物养殖业造成了极大的损失。1常用疫苗的使用方法多年来我国毛皮动物疫苗有2类。一类是由农业部审定批准生产的疫苗,在说明书和瓶签上有准许生产文号,属规程产品。另一类是未经农业部审定列入规程的,在说明书和瓶签上未标明生产文号的＂中试＂产品。     

山东省毛皮动物疫病流行现状及防治建议

近几年,毛皮动物养殖业获得了较高的经济效益,吸引更多人投资毛皮动物养殖,不断扩大种群。这使一些地区养殖密度不断增大,加上饲养管理水平不足,导致各种疫病流行,给毛皮动物养殖产业带来严重危害,应引起重视。从2012年11月份到2013年10月份的一年中,     

毛皮动物常见病流行概况及防控建议

正随着我国毛皮动物养殖业不断发展,毛皮动物在各养殖区域的疫病防控压力不容乐观,传统病毒性疾病仍然呈现小范围流行,细菌病受环境条件影响发病率仍较为复杂,混合感染、继发感染严重;养殖水平及大环境差异营养代谢病、皮肤病、繁殖障碍疾病等屡见不鲜。以下就近几年毛皮动物常见疾病流行概况及防控策略加以介绍,供广大养殖同仁参考。     

山东省毛皮动物疫病流行现状及防治建议

<正>近几年,毛皮动物养殖业获得了较高的经济效益,吸引更多人投资毛皮动物养殖,不断扩大种群。这使一些地区养殖密度不断增大,加上饲养管理水平不足,导致各种疫病流行,给毛皮动物养殖产业带来严重危害,应引起重视。从2012年11月份到2013年10月份的一年中,笔者对山东省各地区送诊的208例毛皮动物病例进     

毛皮动物规模养殖场的消毒技术

动物养殖实践证明,环境卫生控制是疫病防控的根本。消毒是动物养殖过程中无害化的处理过程,做好环境控制和生物安全控制的重要措施,是贯彻"预防为主"方针的一项重要举措,还是疫苗免疫和药物防治缺陷的补充。通过消毒工作减轻外界病原对养殖场的压力,保证毛皮动物健康成长,减少疫病危害的机会。本文介绍了消毒种类、养殖场消毒设施、消毒方法、技术要求、常用消毒剂、消毒制度、消毒效果检查及消毒记录等内容。力求提高毛皮动物养殖场生物安全控制和公共卫生安全防护。     

基层开展动物流行病学调查工作的现状及建议

开展动物流行病学调查是查找传染源、追踪传染源、切断疫病传播途径、控制疫病的重要措施.规范的动物流行病学调查工作,可以全面掌握动物疫病发生规律,科学判断动物疫病发生风险和流行趋势,系统评估动物疫病流行状况和防控效果,不断提升主要动物疫病预警预报和防控水平.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -