微生物发酵中草药在动物生产中的应用

中草药饲料添加剂具有低毒性、无抗药性、多功能性等优点,且已在畜牧生产中得到广泛应用。而微生物在中草药发酵过程中发挥着强大的分解转化能力,并能产生丰富的次生代谢产物,可大幅提高中草药中活性成分的含量,提高疗效,降低毒副作用。本文对发酵中草药的特点及其在动物生产中的应用进行了综述,并对今后的研发方向提出了自己的观点。     

发酵中草药在动物生产中的应用研究进展

发酵中草药是利用益生菌的生物转化作用提高中草药的生物利用度，使中草药转化为疗效更高、毒副作用更小的发酵药物。发酵中草药能够改善动物的肠道菌群，提高动物生长性能，预防和治疗疾病，改善饲养环境。文章综述发酵中草药的工艺、功效及其在动物生产中的使用效果，为了解现代发酵工艺赋予中草药新的作用特点、发酵中草药作为动物饲料添加剂在实际生产中的应用效果提供参考。     

中草药发酵技术在动物生产中的应用

发酵法作为中草药常用炮制方法之一具有增效减毒、扩大用药范围等优势。近年来，国家实行“全面禁抗”，发酵中草药作为饲料添加剂在提高动物生产性能、增强机体免疫功能等方面具有巨大的潜力和市场。文章系统综述了中草药发酵过程中的关键因素和中草药发酵后在动物生产中的应用，并分析了中草药发酵技术目前存在的问题及未来的发展方向，为后续深入研究和开发利用中草药资源提供科学思路与指导性参考。     

微生物发酵中草药在养猪业中的应用

随着规模化养猪的不断推进,传染性疾病已成为危害养猪业生产效益的首要因素,严重影响了畜牧业的可持续发展。相比抗生素和化学合成药,发酵中草药具有安全、绿色、无残留等优点,本文探讨了发酵中草药的原理和发酵方式、微生物发酵对中草药的有益作用以及微生物发酵中草药在养猪生产中的应用,以期为微生物发酵中草药在养猪生产中的推广应用起到积极的作用。     

微生物发酵中草药的特点及其在猪生产中的应用研究

微生物发酵中草药可提高中草药活性物质水平、增强药效、降低毒副作用等,将其应用在猪生产中,具有提高猪只生长性能、增强机体免疫、改善肠道健康等效果。本文主要对微生物发酵中草药的作用特点及其在猪生产上的应用进行综述,为发酵中草药的进一步研究和合理应用提供参考。     

中草药渣发酵工艺及其在动物生产中的应用

目前，中草药提取后剩余的中草药渣主要以堆放、燃烧等方式进行废弃处理，已造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费。研究表明，中草药渣中含有丰富营养价值及多种活性物质，其经发酵处理后可作为一种健康的、新型的饲料替代品或添加剂产品应用到畜牧生产中。本文通过对中草药渣的发酵工艺、作用特点及其在动物生产中的应用进行综述，为发酵中草药渣在动物养殖中应用研究提供理论参考。 [关键词] 中草药渣|生物发酵|畜禽养殖|应用     

发酵中草药微生态制剂替代饲料中抗生素对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本研究旨在用发酵中草药微生态制剂替代饲料中抗生素对肉鸡生产性能的影响。选取1日龄至42日龄出栏的AA肉鸡31000只为试验对象,分为中草药试验组和抗生素对照组2个组。试验对比各组日增重、饲料转化率、死淘率和免疫抗体滴度。结果表明,饲料中添加发酵中药微生态制剂能显著提高肉鸡生产性能,试验组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:用发酵中草药微生态制剂替代饲料中的抗生素饲喂肉鸡,能够显著改善和提高肉鸡的生产性能,加快促进肉鸡生长,提高免疫力和抗病力,减少和降低肉鸡发病率。     

益生菌发酵中草药的特性及在动物生产中的应用

益生菌发酵中草药是传统中草药经过微生物发酵技术处理,具有增强中草药的药性,促进中草药成分的转化,降低某些毒性成分的含量,以及益生菌和中草药的协调增效等作用。发酵中草药作为饲料添加剂应用于畜牧生产上已有很多研究。本文综述了发酵中草药的特性以及在动物生产上的应用现状,为发酵中草药的进一步研究和合理应用提供参考。     

发酵中草药在猪生产中的研究进展

中草药作为一种饲料添加剂在畜牧行业中备受青睐,与抗生素相比,其具有无毒无害无残留等诸多优势,然而部分中草药中含有一定量的有毒有害成分和抗营养因子,抑制了其在生猪养殖产业中的应用。研究表明,发酵中草药制剂可以显著降低中草药中有毒有害物质和抗营养因子的含量,同时提高中草药的营养含量和活性组分,并且可以产生新的药效成分,使中草药得到更充分的利用。本文综述了中草药发酵技术、方法、优势,以及在猪生产中的应用,为畜牧业的健康发展提供理论依据。     

发酵芪连四君子汤用于猪生产的研究进展

<正>1前言中草药因低残留、安全、无耐药性广泛应用于养猪生产中,发酵中草药与普通中草药相比具有增加药效、降低毒性、提高免疫力和改善肠道菌群等优势。黄芪、党参、白术、炙甘草、茯苓单独用于养猪早已屡见不鲜,以这几种中药复合方剂用于医疗也很常见,但发酵方剂应用于养猪还未有报道,所以查阅资料欲开展发酵芪连四君子汤用于养猪生产。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -