Interannual variability in stock abundance of the neon flying squid, Ommastrephes bartramii, in the North Pacific Ocean during 1979–1998: impact of driftnet fishing and oceanographic conditions

Variability in catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) was examined for the autumn cohort of Ommastrephes bartramii collected with research driftnets during 1979–1998 along five longitudinal transects passing through the Subarctic, Transitional and Subtropical Domains in the North Pacific. CPUE was generally low during the period of intensive commercial driftnet fishing (1980–1992) and increased following the 1992 moratorium on the use of large-scale driftnets. However, CPUE levels were low for the cohorts hatched in 1992 and 1996 (captured in subsequent years owing to a one-year life of O. bartramii ) that experienced low sea surface temperatures from hatching to recruitment. Among similar-aged squid collected from 180° and 179°30'W in June, mantle lengths were significantly greater in 1997 than during 1995–96. These findings suggest that the driftnet fishery and sea surface temperatures from hatching to recruitment strongly affected stock abundance and possibly growth.     

Wind‐induced stock variation of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) winter–spring cohort in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean

Our examination of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) winter–spring cohort catch per unit effort (CPUE, an index of stock) revealed significant positive correlations with the interannual variations of observed chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) concentration and autumn–winter mixed layer depth (MLD) in the winter–spring feeding grounds of paralarvae and juveniles (130–170°E, 20–27°N). These correlations suggest the importance of integrated bottom‐up effects by the autumn–winter MLD for the neon flying squid stocks. However, the influence of autumn–winter MLD interannual variation in the forage availability for paralarvae and juveniles, i.e., particulate organic matter and zooplankton, has still been unclear. In this study, we use the lower trophic ecosystem model NEMURO, which uses the physical environmental data from the ocean reanalysis dataset obtained by the four‐dimensional variational (4DVAR) data assimilation method. The model‐based investigation enables us to clarify how the autumn–winter MLD controls the particulate organic matter and zooplankton abundance in the feeding grounds. Further, our investigation of the autumn–winter MLD interannual variation demonstrates that the stronger autumn wind in the feeding grounds develops a deeper mixed layer. Therefore, the deep mixed layer entrains nutrient‐rich water and enhances photosynthesis, which results in good feeding conditions for paralarvae and juveniles. Our results underline that the wind system interannual variation has critical roles on the winter–spring cohort of the neon flying squid stock.     

Differing body size between the autumn and the winter–spring cohorts of neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) related to the oceanographic regime in the North Pacific: a hypothesis

The neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii), which is the target of an important North Pacific fishery, is comprised of an autumn and winter–spring cohort. During summer, there is a clear separation of mantle length (ML) between the autumn (ML range: 38–46 cm) and the winter–spring cohorts (ML range: 16–28 cm) despite their apparently contiguous hatching periods. We examined oceanic conditions associated with spawning/nursery and northward migration habitats of the two different‐sized cohorts. The seasonal meridional movement of the sea surface temperature (SST) range at which spawning is thought to occur (21–25°C) indicates that the spawning ground occurs farther north during autumn (28–34°N) than winter–spring (20–28°N). The autumn spawning ground coincides with the Subtropical Frontal Zone (STFZ), characterized by enhanced productivity in winter because of its close proximity to the Transition Zone Chlorophyll Front (TZCF), which move south to the STFZ from the Subarctic Boundary. Hence this area is thought to become a food‐rich nursery ground in winter. The winter–spring spawning ground, on the other hand, coincides with the Subtropical Domain, which is less productive throughout the year. Furthermore, as the TZCF and SST front migrate northward in spring and summer, the autumn cohort has the advantage of being in the SST front and productive area north of the chlorophyll front, whereas the winter–spring cohort remains to the south in a less productive area. Thus, the autumn cohort can utilize a food‐rich habitat from winter through summer, which, we hypothesize, causes its members to grow larger than those in the winter–spring cohort in summer.     

Identifying potential habitat distribution of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) off the eastern coast of Japan in winter

Habitat suitability index (HSI) models were applied to identify the potential habitat distribution of the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) off the eastern coast of Japan during winter. We used an ocean reanalysis product, a satellite‐derived dataset, and commercial fisheries data during 2003–2008 to develop the HSI models, and illustrated the characteristics of the ocean environments at the fishing ground of the neon flying squid, focusing on a typical fishing ground formation event in 2006. The estimated HSI fields of the neon flying squid using three‐dimensional (3D) ocean environmental parameters showed a clear relationship between the squid habitat and the edge of a warm core ring south of the Oyashio water; this is considered a key characteristic of fishing ground formation, as noted in Sugimoto and Tameishi (Deep‐Sea Research, 39, 1992 and S183). This result suggests that mixing of the warm and nutrient‐poor Kuroshio water and the cold and nutrient‐rich Oyashio water at the edge of the ring could provide favorable conditions for the foraging of the neon flying squid. The warm water condition in the subsurface layers could be a further advantage to the formation of a stable fishing ground for the neon flying squid. Comparison of the Akaike Information Criteria among a satellite‐data‐based model, a reanalysis‐based model using the same parameters as the satellite‐based model, and a reanalysis‐based model using 3D ocean environmental parameters, showed an apparent improvement in the performance of the reanalysis‐based model using the 3D parameters, reproducing realistic features of the squid fishing ground during the winter of 2006.     

Impact of paralarvae and juveniles feeding environment on the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) winter–spring cohort stock

In this study, we found that there were significant positive correlations between the catch per unit effort (CPUE, a squid abundance index) for the neon flying squid (Ommastrephes bartramii) winter–spring cohort and the satellite‐derived chlorophyll a concentrations in their spawning grounds located at 140–160°E where 21°C < sea surface temperature < 25°C from February to May. The spawning grounds of the winter–spring cohort are located in a quiet stream region, and a particle tracking experiment, based on the velocity field obtained from an ocean data assimilation system, showed that paralarvae and juveniles aged <90 days remained in their spawning grounds and the chlorophyll a concentration in their habitat had a significant positive correlation with the CPUE. A backward particle tracking experiment also showed that the chlorophyll a concentration in the spawning grounds had a significant positive correlation with the autumn–winter mixed layer depth. Based on these results, we hypothesize that the CPUE interannual variability is caused by variations in the feeding environment of the paralarvae and juveniles, which may be linked to autumn–winter mixed layer depth variations.     

基于最大熵模型模拟西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布

为模拟西北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)潜在栖息地分布,分析柔鱼渔场时空变化和环境变化规律。利用2011—2015年中国鱿钓船在西北太平洋海域获得的柔鱼渔业生产数据,结合该海域海洋环境遥感数据,包括海表面温度(sea surface temperature, SST)、叶绿素a (Chlorophyll-a, Chl a)浓度、净初级生产力(net primary productivity, NPP)、混合层深度(mixed layer depth, MLD)及海平面异常(sea level anomaly, SLA),采用最大熵模型对柔鱼潜在栖息地进行模拟,并利用ArcGIS软件对栖息地适宜性进行评价。结果显示,7月柔鱼最适宜区主要分布在39°N～43°N, 150°E～163°E。8月柔鱼最适宜区向东移动,较适宜区向北扩张至46°N。9月柔鱼最适宜区和较适宜区面积向西缩小,主要集中在40°N～46°N, 150°E～160°E。10月最适宜区和较适宜区向南移动,主要分布在40°N～45°N,150°E～165°E。各月影响柔鱼潜在分布的重要环境因子有所差异,7—8月为SST,9月为MLD和SST,10月为NPP和SST。研究表明西北太平洋柔鱼分布受海洋环境因子的影响,时空变化明显,最大熵模型对西北太平洋柔鱼潜在栖息地分布的模拟精度非常高。     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场浮游动物数量分布及与渔场的关系

根据2001年6-7月在北太平洋152°E～171°W、39°～42°N水域生态环境和资源综合调查资料,分析结果表明调查水域浮游动物总生物量均值为92.12mg·m-3(0.81～1035.68 mg·m-3),其中中部(160°～180°E、39°～42°N)及西经水域(170°～178°W、40°～41°N)为113.51mg·m-3,西部水域(152°～157°E、41°～43°N)为22.89mg·m-3;桡足类丰度居首(42.11%),其次为海樽类(30.91%);伪细真哲水蚤(Eucalanus pseudattenuatus)、太平洋哲水蚤(Calanus pacifica)和软拟海樽(Dolioletta gegenbauri)为主要优势种.甲壳类的分布与柔鱼中心渔场存在较好的对应关系,中心渔场位于浮游动物总生物量高密集区(250～500mg·m-3)和甲壳类的最高丰度区(50～100 ind·m-3)内或边缘区;头足类幼体分布于磷虾类和端足类的高丰度区(10～25ind·m-3)内或边缘水域.     

北太平洋柔鱼渔场的环境特征

采用棋盘式定点大面调查和中心渔场专项调查2种方式,于2001年5～8月对北太平洋柔鱼(Ommastrephesbartrami)渔场进行了渔业资源与渔场环境特征调查。调查范围为北太平洋152°00′E～171°00′W、39°00′N～43°00′N海域,渔场环境特征要素主要为各站点的温度、盐度、浮游植物、浮游动物和叶绿素a含量。调查海域的柔鱼资源密度采用渔场海域每个经纬度的单位捕捞力量渔获量表示。结果显示,北太平洋柔鱼中心渔场中部与西经渔场表温为18℃左右,100m水温为9℃左右;西部渔场表温为16～20℃,100m水温为7～8℃;在有温跃层海域的跃层面下易形成高产渔场。浮游动物生物量较高的海域与中心渔场的位置基本保持一致;浮游植物生物量较高的海域和叶绿素a含量高于0.1mg/m3的海域,以及它们东侧海域易形成高产渔场;盐度与中心渔场的关系不明显。     

基于支持向量机的西北太平洋柔鱼渔场预报模型构建

柔鱼(Ommastrephes bartramii)是中国在西北太平洋主要的鱿钓捕捞对象。准确预报柔鱼渔场,对减少寻鱼时间、节省油料和提高渔获产量均有积极的意义。该研究将2002年~2012年中国在西北太平洋鱿钓产量数据、渔场时空数据以及海表温度、叶绿素a浓度、表温梯度强度和叶绿素梯度强度等海洋环境因子作为训练数据,基于支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的方法,建立了以月为时间分辨率、0.5°×0.5°为空间分辨率的西北太平洋柔鱼渔场的预报模型。该模型以径向基函数(RBF)为核函数,利用10折交叉验证和网格选优法,确定了最优惩罚项因子和核函数参数值的组合(C,γ),分别为1.41和2.83,样本分类精度达73.6%。利用2013年7月~11月环境数据,对模型进行了精度检验,预报准确率为53.4%~60.0%,平均准确率为57.4%。研究认为,在训练数据不够充分的条件下,SVM模型可成为西北太平洋柔鱼渔场预报的一个有效手段。     

Albacore (Thunnus alalunga) fishing ground in relation to oceanographic conditions in the western North Pacific Ocean using remotely sensed satellite data

Satellite‐based oceanographic data of sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface chlorophyll‐a concentration (SSC), and sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) together with catch data were used to investigate the relationship between albacore fishing ground and oceanographic conditions and also to predict potential habitats for albacore in the western North Pacific Ocean. Empirical cumulative distribution function and high catch data analyses were used to calculate preferred ranges of the three oceanographic conditions. Results indicate that highest catch per unit efforts (CPUEs) corresponded with areas of SST 18.5–21.5°C, SSC 0.2–0.4 mg m^?3, and SSHA ?5.0 to 32.2 cm during the winter in the period 1998–2000. We used these ranges to generate a simple prediction map for detecting potential fishing grounds. Statistically, to predict spatial patterns of potential albacore habitats, we applied a combined generalized additive model (GAM) / generalized linear model (GLM). To build our model, we first constructed a GAM as an exploratory tool to identify the functional relationships between the environmental variables and CPUE; we then made parameters out of these relationships using the GLM to generate a robust prediction tool. The areas of highest CPUEs predicted by the models were consistent with the potential habitats on the simple prediction map and observation data, suggesting that the dynamics of ocean eddies (November 1998 and 2000) and fronts (November 1999) may account for the spatial patterns of highest albacore catch rates predicted in the study area. The results also suggest that multispectrum satellite data can provide useful information to characterize and predict potential tuna habitats.     

基于耳石微结构的西北太平洋柔鱼群体结构、年龄与生长的研究

根据2007年7—10月在西北太平洋柔鱼传统作业渔场采集的样本,利用耳石微结构对其渔获群体结构、年龄与生长进行了研究。分析认为,雌性个体胴长为200～395 mm,日龄为123～258 d;雄性个体胴长为200～353 mm,日龄为127～274 d。7、8月渔获样本的优势日龄为151～180 d,9月为181～210 d,10月为211～240 d。孵化日期为2006年12月下旬至2007年6月上旬,其中1—4月为高峰期。雌性个体的胴长绝对生长率平均为(1.175±0.127) mm/d,雄性为(0.952±0.213) mm/d。其胴长、体质量与日龄的关系可分别用线性和指数方程来拟合,雌、雄个体胴长和体质量生长存在显著差异。研究认为,传统作业渔场中大多数渔获属冬春生群,7—10月各月优势日龄组呈现出随月变化一致的趋势,进一步印证了柔鱼轮纹为日周期的结论。推测认为,柔鱼孵化后,从产卵场洄游至索饵场需要4～6个月的时间。     

北太平洋柔鱼资源与渔场的时空分析

利用相关系数和灰色关联评价方法对1995-2001年北太平洋各海域鱿钓产量及其作业渔场进行时空分析,结果表明主要作业渔场分布在145°E～148°E、153°E～161°E海域,其产量约占各年总渔获量的70%～85%。从作业纬度来看,1999年以前主要产量集中在40°N～43°N海域,而2000和2001年则分布在39°N～41°N和43°N～45°N海域。相关系数分析表明,2000和2001年作业渔场和各海域产量比重均发生了较大的变化,特别是在160°E以西和170°E以东海域,而在1999年以前未发生较大变化。灰色关联评价表明,1998年北太平洋柔鱼资源状况为最好,而2000、2001和1996年较差,1999、1995和1997年处在中间水平。这与实际生产情况和海洋环境条件基本上是相符的。2000和2001年北太平洋资源状况下降,可能与150°E～160°E海域的柔鱼种群资源出现下降有关。     

西北太平洋柔鱼渔场分布与水温关系的研究

根据卫星遥感获取的海表水温和多年来我国在西北太平洋的柔鱼生产统计资料 ,探讨西北太平洋柔鱼渔场与水温分布特征。研究结果表明 ,15 0°E以西的柔鱼渔场 ,中心位置位于 4 1°N、14 6°E附近 ,渔场表层水温范围在 10～ 19℃之间 ,中心渔场表层水温为 13～ 18℃ ;15 0～ 16 0°E之间的柔鱼渔场 ,中心位置位于 4 2°0 0′N、15 5°0 0′E附近 ,渔场表层水温范围为 14～ 2 1℃ ,中心渔场表层水温约为 15～ 2 0℃。温度场特征分析显示 ,柔鱼中心渔场分布与冷水锋面、冷暖水切变锋面和暖水舌锋的变动密切相关。     

东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼中心渔场的月间变动研究

根据2003年～2011年中国东南太平洋智利竹筴鱼（Trachurus murphyi）大型拖网渔捞数据和海表温度（SST）数据,利用ArcGIS 10.0绘制渔场产量重心时空分布图,用最短距离法对中心渔场进行聚类,对智利竹筴鱼渔场月间重心变动规律及其与SST之间的关系进行分析。结果表明,随着月份的变化,中心渔场从3月开始由南逐渐向西北方向移动,到10月之后逐渐向东南方向移动。3月～6月渔场主要分布在80°W～90°W、40°S～45°S,最适宜SST为12～14℃;7月～8月渔场主要分布在80°W～90°W、35°S～40°S,SST为13～14℃;9月～10月渔场分布为85°W～95°W、30°S～35°S,SST这15～16℃;11月～12月渔场分布在90°W～95°W、30°S～40°S,SST为16～17℃;而1月～2月渔场分布在85°W～95°W、35°S～45°S,最适宜SST为16～17℃。     

西北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场浮游动物数量分布的初步研究

根据2005年7—10月在北太平洋E 150°~158°56′、N 42°34′~46°25′进行秋刀鱼资源探捕所获得的15个站点浮游动物样本资料,测得甲壳纲的桡足类、端足类、糠虾类、磷虾类,毛颚类、腔肠动物以及被囊动物等的代表种。其中桡足类占绝对优势,隶属于1目4科5属8种。浮游动物生物量4~699 mg/m3,均值168.6 mg/m3。根据浮游动物的种类、分布状况及优势种类的强弱,判断和分析黑潮暖流的强弱趋势,对确定秋刀鱼渔场的南北位置具有重要参考价值。     

北太平洋巴特柔鱼渔业2001年低产原因分析

中国在1993年开始试捕北太平洋巴特柔鱼后,数年间在该海域无论是船只数也好(年年维持在三、四百艘左右),渔获量也好(年产量在10×104t左右),中国的鱿钓船队已发展成为该渔业的主要生产力量。但2001年却遇到了前所未有的挫折,年产量跌到7×104t多。通过对2001年的渔海况进行综合分析研究,结果表明2001年度从海况方面而言,2001年存在的不利于柔鱼生长、集群的因素主要有:黑潮大蛇行、黑潮势力偏弱、北部水温过低和渔汛期流隔不明显。从资源情况而言,西部资源较大幅度的下降是使得渔获量减少的主要原因。而饵料不足也是渔获量降低的原因之一。此外,对东部渔场鱿鱼洄游、分布规律了解不够,使得这一群体未得到充分利用。所以,2001年低产是多方面因素造成的,且在不同海区其主要原因各不相同。     

北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场初步分析

根据2004年7~11月“中远渔1号”调查船北太平洋公海秋刀鱼渔场探捕调查的生产情况,对秋刀鱼渔场进行分析。结果发现:①秋刀鱼渔场可根据渔场位置分为北部渔场和南部渔场,北部渔场范围为44°~45°N、156°~158°E,南部渔场范围为41°~42°N、150°~151°E,南部渔场的分布范围小于北部渔场。②秋刀鱼的生产以11月份生产最好,平均日产量达22.7t,其中最高日产量为60.42t;8月份的秋刀鱼生产最差,平均日产量为2.95t,与2003年的12.05t反差较大,主要是由于受到渔场环境因子变化的影响,鱼发位置偏至俄罗斯专属经济区内的缘故。③秋刀鱼舷提网作业平均日放网次数达7.6次,最高1天放网次数达到16次,而最高网次产量为11.05t。④秋刀鱼渔获组成以中小型鱼为主,占80%以上,除7月份渔获中特大型秋刀鱼占有较大比例外,其余月份很少有特大级秋刀鱼。⑤在相近的渔场位置,秋刀鱼个体随着生产月份的推迟,鱼体呈变小的趋势。     

渔场渔情分析预报业务化应用中的关键技术探讨

利用空间信息技术开展渔场渔情分析及预报对渔船捕捞作业及渔业管理等具有重要意义。本文在开展有关研究和所开发的大洋渔场渔情信息服务系统业务化应用的基础上,对渔场渔情分析预报业务化应用中涉及到的渔场环境数据精度、渔场环境数据融合、实时渔场信息获取、渔场分析方法及渔场预报模型等关键技术问题进行了较全面的探讨分析与总结,并对将来的应用或技术发展进行了展望,以期为今后的相关技术开发提供借鉴。     

不同气候模态下西北太平洋柔鱼渔场环境特征分析

柔鱼冬春生群体广泛分布于西北太平洋,其种群分布与大小受气候变化和环境因子调控。本实验根据中国鱿钓组提供的1995—2011年渔业捕捞数据和海洋环境数据包括海表温度(SSTA)、海表面高度(SSHA)和混合层深度(MLDA)的距平值,分析不同气候模态下(PDO暖期和PDO冷期)柔鱼渔场环境的变化。结果显示,PDO暖期时,柔鱼CPUE高;PDO冷期时,CPUE变低。柔鱼渔场SSTA、SSHA和MLDA年间变化显著,各环境变量的时间变化与PDO冷暖相位对应。SSTA和SSHA与PDO指数负相关,滞后时间分别为–9~10月和–20~17月,且均在0月时相关系数最大;而MLDA与PDO指数呈正相关,滞后时间为–6~5月,在–1月相关系数最大。利用经验正交函数分析了SSTA、SSHA和MLDA时空变化的主要模态,前5个模态特征向量分别反映了西北太平洋柔鱼渔场SSTA、SSHA和MLDA分布场78.73%、32.82%和64.57%的信息。研究表明,气候模态变化驱动柔鱼渔场环境的变化,进而对西北太平洋柔鱼资源丰度产生显著影响。     

北太平洋150°～165°E海域柔鱼鱿钓渔场及其预报模型研究

根据1998-2000年8～10月在150°～165°E海域我国北太平洋鱿钓生产数据以及海况资料,分析柔鱼中心渔场与海洋环境之间的关系,建立柔鱼渔场预报模型。结果显示,黑潮势力的强弱及其分支分布与柔鱼渔场形成关系密切。8～10月柔鱼作业渔场基本上处在黑潮第2、第3暖水分支的前锋。柔鱼渔场分布与月份、20℃等温线分布的关系密切。8～10月中心渔场的预报模型为:经度方向FGLong=141.535+1.8435×T;纬度方向FGLati=-8.461+1.165×T+(Lat155+Lat160)/2。