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More than 131 x 10(6) metric tons (MT) of inorganic sediments accumulated in coastal wetlands when Hurricanes Katrina and Rita crossed the Louisiana coast in 2005, plus another 281 x 10(6) MT when accumulation was prorated for open water area. The annualized combined amount of inorganic sediments per hurricane equals (i) 12% of the Mississippi River's suspended load, (ii) 5.5 times the inorganic load delivered by overbank flooding before flood protection levees were constructed, and (iii) 227 times the amount introduced by a river diversion built for wetland restoration. The accumulation from hurricanes is sufficient to account for all the inorganic sediments in healthy saltmarsh wetlands. 相似文献
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Day JW Boesch DF Clairain EJ Kemp GP Laska SB Mitsch WJ Orth K Mashriqui H Reed DJ Shabman L Simenstad CA Streever BJ Twilley RR Watson CC Wells JT Whigham DF 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,315(5819):1679-1684
Hurricanes Katrina and Rita showed the vulnerability of coastal communities and how human activities that caused deterioration of the Mississippi Deltaic Plain (MDP) exacerbated this vulnerability. The MDP formed by dynamic interactions between river and coast at various temporal and spatial scales, and human activity has reduced these interactions at all scales. Restoration efforts aim to re-establish this dynamic interaction, with emphasis on reconnecting the river to the deltaic plain. Science must guide MDP restoration, which will provide insights into delta restoration elsewhere and generally into coasts facing climate change in times of resource scarcity. 相似文献
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von Storch et al. (Reports, 22 October 2004, p. 679) criticized the ability of the "hockey stick" climate field reconstruction method to yield realistic estimates of past variation in Northern Hemisphere temperature. However, their conclusion was based on incorrect implementation of the reconstruction procedure. Calibration was performed using detrended data, thus artificially removing a large fraction of the physical response to radiative forcing. 相似文献
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Russelle MP Morey RV Baker JM Porter PM Jung HJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5831):1567; author reply 1567
Tilman et al. (Reports, 8 December 2006, p. 1598) argued that low-input high-diversity grasslands can provide a substantial proportion of global energy needs. We contend that their conclusions are not substantiated by their experimental protocol. The authors understated the management inputs required to establish prairies, extrapolated globally from site-specific results, and presented potentially misleading energy accounting. 相似文献
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Klein et al. (Reports, 7 December 2007, p. 1642) used individuals with a polymorphism adjacent to the dopamine receptor 2 gene as naturally occurring models for reduced brain dopamine receptor density in a probabilistic learning task. We raise the concern that this polymorphism resides in the gene for the kinase ANKK1, where it causes a nonconservative amino acid exchange. 相似文献
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Hall MI Kirk EC Kamilar JM Carrano MT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6063):1641; author reply 1641
Schmitz and Motani (Reports, 6 May 2011, p. 705) claimed to definitively reconstruct activity patterns of Mesozoic archosaurs using the anatomy of the orbit and scleral ring. However, we find serious flaws in the data, methods, and interpretations of this study. Accordingly, it is not yet possible to reconstruct the activity patterns of most fossil archosaurs with a high degree of confidence. 相似文献
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Buckley M Walker A Ho SY Yang Y Smith C Ashton P Oates JT Cappellini E Koon H Penkman K Elsworth B Ashford D Solazzo C Andrews P Strahler J Shapiro B Ostrom P Gandhi H Miller W Raney B Zylber MI Gilbert MT Prigodich RV Ryan M Rijsdijk KF Janoo A Collins MJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,319(5859):33; author reply 33
We used authentication tests developed for ancient DNA to evaluate claims by Asara et al. (Reports, 13 April 2007, p. 280) of collagen peptide sequences recovered from mastodon and Tyrannosaurus rex fossils. Although the mastodon samples pass these tests, absence of amino acid composition data, lack of evidence for peptide deamidation, and association of alpha1(I) collagen sequences with amphibians rather than birds suggest that T. rex does not. 相似文献
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Gilbert et al. (Reports, 28 September 2007, p. 1927) reported that "hair shafts surpass comparably stored bone as an aDNA source [...] in regard to preservation and concentration of mtDNA." When experimental parameters are carefully controlled for, including adequate sampling, quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis, and modeling the decay of DNA, the general importance of this claim is not supported. 相似文献
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Asara et al. (Reports, 13 April 2007, p. 280) reported sequencing of Tyrannosaurus rex proteins and used them to establish the evolutionary relationships between birds and dinosaurs. We argue that the reported T. rex peptides may represent statistical artifacts and call for complete data release to enable experimental and computational verification of their findings. 相似文献
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Morgan JV 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5893):1158; author reply 1158
Paquay et al. (Reports, 11 April 2008, p. 214) reported that osmium isotope ratios in marine sediments can be used to determine the size of a chondritic impactor. Their assumptions on the fate of an impacting projectile may need to be reassessed, however, because only a small, unpredictable fraction of the impactor ends up dissolved in seawater. 相似文献
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McKellar et al. (Reports, 16 September 2011, p. 1619) analyzed Late Cretaceous amber specimens from Canada and identified some filaments as dinosaurian protofeathers. We argue that their analysis and data do not provide sufficient evidence to conclude that such filaments are feather-like structures. Further investigation, including destructive sampling, must be carried out for more convincing conclusions. 相似文献
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Burrow CJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5626):1661; author reply 1661
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Bidoia C Misgeld T Weinzierl E Buffelli M Feng G Cangiano A Lichtman JW Sanes JR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5666):1977; author reply 1977
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Schwank G Yang SF Restrepo S Basler K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6067):401; author reply 401
Wartlick et al. (Research Articles, 4 March 2011, p. 1154) reported that growth rates in the Drosophila wing disc correlate with increasing Dpp signaling levels, suggesting that the rate of Dpp increase determines the cell-cycle length. Contradicting their model, we found that cells in which the increase of Dpp signaling levels was genetically abrogated grew at rates comparable to those of wild-type cells. 相似文献