浅谈桃小食心虫的地下防治

<正> 桃小食心虫是苹果、梨、桃、山楂等果树的主要害虫,目前生产上十分注意对该虫的防治。但对桃小食心虫进行树上喷药防治有不少弊病,首先是杀伤天敌严重,如喷布对硫磷、菊酯类等广谱性杀虫剂,引起叶螨类大发生,造成黄叶甚至落叶。据几年来的连续观察,注意保护天敌的果园,叶螨类发生数量(密度)较少,每叶在5.7～9.5头以下,果树基本上保持青枝绿叶,而喷布上     

苹果园生草对病虫害及天敌消长的影响(初报)

苹果园实行生草后，果园内的天敌昆虫种类和数量显著增加；主要病虫害种类有所减少；某些病虫害减轻或发生期推迟；某些害虫被招引到地面的草上，果园喷药次数减少，防治难度降低。生草果园的冻害、风害、落果、机械损伤明显减轻。但少数病虫害如苹果树粗皮病、腐烂病、二斑叶螨、金纹细蛾的发生程度却有所加重。     

川渝地区柑桔园释放巴氏钝绥螨控制柑桔全爪螨的试验

在重庆市北碚区塔罗科血橙园和四川省资阳市雁江区温州蜜柑园,开展了释放巴氏钝绥螨Ambl yseius barkeri控制柑桔全爪螨Panonychus citri的试验.结果表明,放螨后半个月巴氏钝绥螨控制了中心虫株上的害螨向其他植株扩散蔓延为害；化学防治园和空白对照园害螨数量增加；释放巴氏钝绥螨和胡瓜钝绥螨持续控制害螨的时间长达120天,两者效果相当；化学防治喷一次药控制害螨的时间较短,在15天左右,如不继续喷药,害螨数量回升很快.巴氏钝绥螨对柑桔全爪螨具有较好控制效果,值得在防治柑桔害螨上推广应用.     

远射程风送式喷雾机在赣南丘陵脐橙园病虫害防治中的应用

为探索大型喷药机械在赣南丘陵脐橙园病虫害防治中的应用,在赣县王母渡镇横溪村半坑组一个道路系统贯穿全园的中型脐橙园(13 000株),以传统3~5kW小型动力喷雾器为对照,进行了使用车载远射程风送式喷雾机防治病虫害的试验。结果表明,与传统小型动力喷雾器比较,丘陵脐橙园采用远射程风送式喷雾机进行病虫害防治平均每株树可节省喷药成本0.52元,在多雨季节能更好地抓住时机及时喷药,提高喷药时效性,作业工人劳动强度较小、安全性高,可有效控制柑桔潜叶蛾和柑桔全爪螨等的为害。     

椪柑病虫生物防治方法

1以虫治虫许多害虫都有自己的天敌．如澳洲瓢虫、大红瓢虫可控制吹绵蚧的危害;捕食螨对控制橘全爪螨、橘始叶螨有效;用草蛉防治蚜虫;用天牛姬小蜂防治星天牛、桑天牛;用凤蝶金小蜂、舞毒蛾黑瘤姬蜂防治多种凤蝶;用扁角跳小蜂防治红蜡蚧;用金黄蚜小蜂防治褐园蚧等等。在田边路旁保留杂草、树叶、野花,且不清除橘园杂草,有利于天敌繁殖、越冬。2～3年内就可使天敌种类、数量明显增加。在果园四周和空地种植害虫中间寄主或食虫植物是生物防治的一项措施。     

桠柑病虫生物防治方法

1以虫治虫许多害虫都有自己的天敌．如澳洲瓢虫、大红瓢虫可控制吹绵蚧的危害；捕食螨对控制橘全爪螨、橘始叶螨有效；用草蛉防治蚜虫；用天牛姬小蜂防治星天牛、桑天牛；用凤蝶金小蜂、舞毒蛾黑瘤姬蜂防治多种凤蝶；用扁角跳小蜂防治红蜡蚧；用金黄蚜小蜂防治褐园蚧等等。在田边路旁保留杂草、树叶、野花，且不清除橘园杂草，有利于天敌繁殖、越冬。2～3年内就可使天敌种类、数量明显增加。在果园四周和空地种植害虫中间寄主或食虫植物是生物防治的一项措施。     

东方钝绥螨对苹果园两种叶螨控制作用研究

<正> 本文报道了东方钝绥螨Amblyseius orientalis Ehara对苹全爪螨和山楂叶螨的自然控制效果,及天敌与害螨田间种群数量自然消长动态。材料和方法1.生防区:为5.5亩苹果密植园,有12年生351株苹果树,试验当年苹全爪螨密度高于其它苹果园。全年只喷一次200倍多量式波尔多液,对食心虫类用性诱剂迷向法防治,其它虫害依其自然天敌控制,树下种植草术栖,长高时割下放于田间。上述生防园平分为Ⅰ和Ⅱ两个生防区,Ⅰ区5月31日释放东方钝绥螨,Ⅱ区6月28日释放东方钝绥螨。7月27日大约10％植株补充释放东方钝绥螨一次。     

二斑叶螨的特性与防治

二斑叶螨属螨科内的一个种,在我区一年发生十几代,以滞育型雌螨越冬。该螨属杂食性害螨,危害植物种类繁多,无一恒定寄主。因本区内荒漠面积大,防治死角多化防次数逐年增加和用药浓度的提高,使害螨的天敌昆虫大量死亡,致使对二斑叶螨的消长失去了应有的控制。 据观察,近几年二斑叶螨的空间分布加大。其危害呈上升趋势。这些个体微小,平时不易被人发现的害螨,随着数量的增加,危害面积的扩大,对果树、蔬菜和其他农作物已构成严重危害。     

苹果害螨的综合防治

苹果害螨的综合防治李文新（山东泰安贸易学校２７１０００）危害苹果树的害螨主要有山楂叶螨、苹果叶螨和二斑叶螨,近年来二斑叶螨在部分地区扩展很快,已继山楂叶螨之后上升成为优势种之一。长期以来,由于主要依靠化学农药防治害螨,一方面造成大量天敌被杀伤,生态平...     

叶螨天敌控制苹果叶螨为害的效应

在北京巨山国营农场苹果园用田间笼罩排除天敌的方法研究了叶螨天敌(小花蝽草蛉和六点蓟马等)控制叶螨为害的效应。结果表明:在不同时期天敌对叶螨的控制作用不同。自5月下旬至7月下旬,天敌对叶螨的控制作用逐渐加强。在生长季早期,天敌控制叶螨为害的作用较小。天敌对叶螨作用的时间越长,对其控制作用越强。在0.2～3头/叶雌成螨密度下,天敌的控制效应呈S型曲线,2米/叶雌成螨是天敌的最佳作用密度。     

Biocontrol of Spider Mites in California Strawberry Production

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 to evaluate the predation efficacy of four commercially available predatory mites (Phytoseiidae): Phytoseiulus persimilis, Neoseiulus californicus, N. fallacis, and Amblyseius andersoni, for control of twospotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) and Lewis spider mite (Eotetranychus lewisi) in strawberries. In the 2013 experiment, a grower standard treatment (P. persimilis and N. californicus) was compared to single treatments of each phytoseiid species. The 2014 experiment excluded N. fallacis as a treatment, but all other treatments are the same as in 2013. For both seasons, all treatments decreased both two-spotted and Lewis spider mite populations immediately after releases equivalently. However, none of the treatments tested were able to keep twospotted and Lewis spider mite populations below the economic threshold level. These findings indicate that several releases will be needed throughout the growing season in order to maintain spider mite levels below the economic thresholds.     

Acetonitrile (methyl cyanide) emitted by the African spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq)): Bioactivity against spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch) on roses

The African spider plant (Gynandropsis gynandra L. (Briq)) has repellent properties against spider mite on roses (Rosa hybrida L.) when grown as a companion plant. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) has been used to identify potential volatile compounds in the foliar emissions of this plant that may contribute to the anti-mite properties. Acetonitrile (methyl cyanide) was the most abundant compound emitted by entire plants and detached leaves of five lines of both glasshouse- and field-grown G. gynandra, with only trace levels emitted by roses grown under similar conditions. A toxicity bioassay was conducted to evaluate the bioactivity of acetonitrile against spider mite, and ≥2.5 μL/L of air rendered 100% of the mites inactive. Removal of the compound after an initial exposure of up to 5.0 μL/L of acetonitrile allowed some 10% of the mites to recover mobility, but above this level no mobility was observed. This study provides a very strong indication that foliar emissions of acetonitrile by G gynandra are responsible, to a significant degree, for the spider mite repellent activity of the plant when used as an intercrop with roses.     

几种药剂对朱砂叶螨的田间防效试验

进行了5种杀螨剂对朱砂叶螨的田间药效试验.试验结果表明,灭扫利在药后1,3 d具有较高的防效,但持效性差;齐螨素、霸螨灵的速效性较差,但持效期长,药后30 d校正防效分别为98.1%和93.6%.     

Characterizing indices of damage to tomato by the two- spotted spider mite,Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari; Tetranychidae) to achieve biological control

Indices of damage caused by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) on tomato are described to provide information for biological control using the predator mite Phyto- seiulus persimilis. Degrees of a scale of 1-5 for damage to leaflet and leaf, which when integrated to the plant can distinguish fifty classes of damage (0.0-5.0), are characterized by a number of mites and by a population structure. Scores of 3 for leaflet and leaf damage reveal 99-95% adult females and eggs, marking the end of the colonization phase. The further development of foliage damage to a score of 4 corresponds to the activity of new migrating forms (27-21%) emerging from the important egg sub-population. A plant with a damage degree of 2.0 and 2.5 has 14% and 50% respectively of its ten upper leaves presenting a damage degree of 3 and supporting 6,500 and 15,500 spider mites respectively. These scores seem to be the maximum tolerable levels. Leaves damaged at score 4 appear on plants classified at a mean leaf damage index of 2.8 and supporting 23,100 spider mites.     

苹果园地面有益节肢动物群落及其相对捕食作用

用目击法和陷井法调查了北京市巨山国营农场苹果园地面有益节肢动物的主要种类,有29种蜘蛛、7种鞘翅目、4种半翅目、1种革翅目昆虫.分析了植被对地面捕食性天敌的影响,用结扎幼虫模拟实验研究了地面捕食性天敌对桃小食心虫(Carposina niponensis Walsingham)的相对捕食作用,观察了蜘蛛类活动规律,讨论了有益节肢动物在维持果园生态平衡中的作用.     

The Yield of Onions and Red Beet as Affected by Weeds

Trials carried out between 1959 and 1963 showed that 0·04% demeton- methyl, 0·04% dimethoate, 0·04% ethion, 0·04% oxy-demeton-methyl and 0·05% trithion proved to be the best of 18 materials tested for control of red spider mite on strawberries; 0·05% vamidothion also gave good control in the only trial where tested. Of the other materials tested 0·04% azinphos- methyl, 0·025% chlorbenside, 0·03% tetradifon and 0·07% schradan gave moderate control.     

早熟板栗新品种‘东岳早丰’

‘东岳早丰’是从实生板栗中选出的实生变异优株,早熟,优质,丰产,早实性强,耐旱,耐瘠薄,较抗红蜘蛛;坚果中大型,果肉细腻,糯性强,适宜炒食,适合在山东泰沂山区的山地、丘陵,胶东山地及鲁东南河滩地栽培。     

七种药剂对朱砂叶螨室内毒力测定及田间药效试验

用7种药剂对蔬菜上朱砂叶螨的室内毒力和田间药效进行测定。结果表明:7种药剂中杀螨活性最高的是抗生素类-阿维菌素和甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐,24h时LC50分别为0.1300和0.7118mg/L;唑螨酯和哒螨灵的效果次之,LC50分别为1.4808和3.1586mg/L;螺螨酯的敏感性最低,24h时LC50为1 181.4348mg/L;田间试验结果表明:1.8%阿维菌素乳油、1%甲氨基阿维菌素苯甲酸盐乳油和15%哒螨灵乳油对朱砂叶螨的防效都非常好,2d的防效均达98%以上,14d的防效为100%。40%炔螨特乳油和5%唑螨酯悬浮剂在药后7和14d的防效达99%以上;240g/L螺螨酯悬浮剂表现出速效性稍低,持效性良好,药后14d防效为99.94%。     

Field Comparisons of Insecticides for Control of the Codling Moth,Cydia Pomonella (L.), with Observations on Effects of Treatments on Mite Populations

In field trials carried out from 1956 to 1958 various insecticides were compared with DDT and lead arsenate to assess their efficiency against codling moth. In each trial sprays were applied to replicated single-tree plots in late June and again three to four weeks later.

Against codling moth, 0.04% azinphos-methyl and 0.1% Sevin were as effective as 0.1% DDT, and all three were more effective than 0.2% lead arsenate; 0.6% ryania was as effective as 0.2% lead arsenate but was less effective than 0.1% DDT. In a single trial 0.02% diazinon gave control comparable with that given by 0.1% DDT. In 1958, damage caused by larvae of the partial second generation, which began to hatch about six weeks after application of the second spray, was significantly reduced by DDT and Sevin, but not by azinphos-methyl or lead arsenate. Laboratory tests of the toxicity to young larvae of fresh and field-weathered deposits on fruit gave results consistent with those obtained in the field trials.

Populations of the fruit tree red spider mite increased considerably on trees treated with DDT or Sevin, and smaller but significant increases were observed after treatment with diazinon and, in some trials, ryania. Lead arsenate had little or no effect on mite populations, and azinphosmethyl gave control of mites for two to three months.     

Spider communities as tools in monitoring reclaimed limestone quarry landforms

Spider communities are sensitive to a wide range of environmental factors and are potential ecological indicators which may be effective in the assessment and monitoring of restored ecosystems. One restoration technique of disused limestone quarry faces, landform replication, attempts to create landforms and ecosystems similar to those found on natural dalesides. Vegetation surveys indicate that communities developing on landform replications are more closely allied to natural dalesides than are those of naturally recolonised disused quarries. Assessment of the spider communities of three landform replication sites, a natural limestone daleside and seven naturally recolonised disused limestone quarries, using DECORANA and TWINSPAN, produced differing patterns of sites than those observed through the assessment of the vegetation communities. DECORANA assessment based on vascular plant species composition highlights the similarities between daleside and reclaimed site communities. The sensitivity of spider communities to vegetation structure and extent of bare ground highlights differences between sites and provides evidence of important differences in vegetation community development particularly in relation to cover and structure. Implications for the assessment of reclamation and restoration techniques are discussed.