洱海北部农田土壤碳、氮状况及肥力效应

在洱海北部农田采集了422个耕作层土壤(0~30 cm)样品,测试分析了土壤全氮、有效氮、有机质含量及分析其相互关系,结合多点基础地力试验结果,分析了土壤不同碳、氮含量与当季作物产量的相应关系。结果表明:洱海北部区域农田土壤全氮和有机质含量非常丰富,全氮含量主要分布于2.0~4.5 g kg-1之间,平均含量达到3.3 g kg-1,土壤氮主要为有机态氮为主;土壤有机质含量主要分布于40.0~70.0 g kg-1之间,平均含量达到56.3 g kg-1。作物相对产量与土壤全氮和有机质含量呈显著正相关,当土壤全氮含量达到3.0 g kg-1或有机质含量达到56.0 g kg-1以上时,不施氮条件下,水稻作物产量可以达到稳产。     

锰改性猪粪炭对水稻吸收累积土壤中汞镉的影响

为了探明KMnO4改性猪粪炭对水稻吸收累积复合污染土壤中汞镉的阻控效果，通过盆栽试验研究添加不同量的锰改性猪粪炭（MZC）对水稻中汞镉累积分布特征、根际土壤有效态汞镉含量和土壤理化性质的影响，并探讨了MZC阻控水稻籽粒吸收累积汞镉的可能机制。结果表明：与空白对照相比，添加0.5%MZC使水稻籽粒的总汞、甲基汞和总镉含量分别降低了50.4%、58.4%和79.3%，同时降低了31.1%和39.9%根际土壤有效态汞和镉的含量，但增加了70.3%根际土壤总Mn含量；且添加0.5%的原始猪粪炭对水稻籽粒中总汞、甲基汞和镉含量的降幅显著小于锰改性猪粪炭的，表明经过KMnO4改性可以显著增强猪粪炭对土壤汞镉的钝化能力。水稻籽粒、茎叶中的汞镉含量和根际土壤有效态汞镉含量都随着MZC添加量的增加呈明显的降低趋势。统计分析显示水稻籽粒和茎叶中的汞镉含量与根际土壤中有效态汞、镉呈显著正相关性，而土壤中有效态汞镉含量与土壤的pH、CEC呈负相关。添加MZC使土壤pH、CEC升高，降低了根际土壤中汞、镉的生物有效性，从而减少了水稻地上部分对汞镉的吸收累积。因此，锰改性猪粪炭是一种具有应用潜力的能保障汞镉复合污染农田水稻安全生产的土壤修复剂。     

贵州水城煤矸石风化土壤-农作物系统中汞分布规律研究

通过冷原子荧光方法测定了贵州水城汪家寨煤矿和那罗煤矿不同年限的煤矸石风化土壤及农作物中总Hg含量和甲基汞含量,并采用BCR连续提取法分析了煤矸石风化土壤中汞的不同赋存形态,系统地对此矿区煤矸石风化土壤-农作物系统中汞的分布规律及其环境效应进行了研究。结果表明,煤矸石风化土壤样中汞含量范围在0.07～1.06 mg.kg-1之间,和pH值存在显著负相关关系（r=-0.68,P〈0.01）。风化年限较长的煤矸石土壤汞浓度接近对照点自然土壤汞含量,而在风化年限较短的煤矸石风化土壤中,大部分样品汞浓度超过了国家Ⅱ类土壤环境标准,不宜在上面种植食用的农作物。煤矸石风化土壤中甲基汞含量在0.52～2.68μg.kg-1之间,和总汞存在显著正相关关系（r=0.65,P〈0.05）。煤矸石风化土壤中汞主要以有机/硫化态和残渣态存在,风化年限较短的煤矸石山土壤中酸交换态汞浓度及比例都明显高于老煤矸石山。虽然汪家寨煤矿风化年限较短的煤矸石山土壤存在着较高的汞含量,但其上种植的马铃薯、玉米、菜豆的汞含量均没有超过国家标准食品中Hg限量值,然而高于风化年限较长的煤矸石山中同类植株的汞含量。     

阻隔主要外源输入重金属对土壤-水稻系统中镉铅累积的影响

土壤-水稻系统中重金属输入输出调控对稻田污染防治和水稻安全生产具有重要意义。该文研究稻草移除、截断大气沉降、清洁水灌溉等调控措施对稻田土壤-水稻系统中重金属Cd和Pb的累积与运移特征的影响。结果表明,稻草移除、截断大气沉降和清洁水灌溉均能明显降低污染土壤中有效态重金属含量和水稻中重金属的累积量。与稻草还田对照处理相比,除种植早稻后的土壤有效态Pb含量外,稻草移除处理下土壤中有效态Cd、Pb含量均略有降低,且在该处理下,早稻糙米中Pb含量与晚稻糙米中Cd、Pb含量显著降低,降幅分别为3.6%、10.4%和32.4%;稻草移除+截断大气沉降处理下,土壤中有效态Cd、Pb含量均不同程度地下降,种植晚稻后的土壤有效态Pb含量显著降低,除早稻的根和糙米中Cd含量外,其余早晚稻水稻各部位Cd、Pb含量均显著降低,水稻根和茎叶Cd、Pb含量平均降幅分别为32.8%、36.8%和32.2%、24.8%,晚稻糙米Cd、Pb累积量分别显著降低66.3%和22.2%;稻草移除+清洁水灌溉处理下,种植早晚稻后的土壤有效态Cd、Pb含量平均下降幅度分别为11.7%和15.9%,早晚稻各部位Cd、Pb含量降低幅度较大,早晚稻根和茎叶Cd、Pb含量平均降幅分别为38.34%、30.35%和43.4%、13.2%,晚稻糙米中Cd、Pb累积量降幅分别为39.4%、67.2%。分析水稻地上部的Cd、Pb富集与转运系数表明,稻草移除结合截断大气沉降或清洁水灌溉等控源措施可显著降低Cd、Pb在水稻地上部位的富集系数,减少地上部位重金属的累积量。上述结果表明,采用稻草移除结合截断大气沉降或清洁水灌溉措施可进一步降低土壤中有效态Cd、Pb含量和水稻中Cd、Pb富集。因此,控制区域大气污染,净化农田灌溉水等控源措施,同时施行稻草移除等输出污染农田土壤中重金属等策略,可有效实现污染农田土壤安全利用和水稻安全生产。     

风化煤对农田土壤重金属汞的钝化修复

风化煤钝化修复土壤主要是其活性官能团与重金属发生络合、鳌合等一系列反应,进而降低重金属在土壤中的可迁移性和生物有效性,以达到修复土壤的目的。本文系统研究了风化煤对重金属汞(Hg)的吸附特性及其对Hg在土壤中径向迁移和生物可利用性的影响。结果显示:风化煤对酸碱有一定的缓冲作用,pH对Hg的平衡吸附量影响不大,最大吸附量为8.19 mg/g,该吸附为吸热反应。风化煤对Hg的吸附作用采用Freundlich方程描述较好,为多分子层吸附,吸附动力可用拟二级速率方程描述。土柱试验中风化煤用量为1、2、4、8 g时,淋溶液中Hg含量分别下降2.62、1.66、1.10、0.70μg/g,风化煤的使用可以降低Hg从土壤向溶液的迁移。盆栽试验进一步验证了风化煤对土壤中Hg迁移的阻控作用,其中添加风化煤黄壤中移栽30 d和70 d收获的白菜叶中Hg含量较未添加风化煤黄壤中下降了0.14μg/kg和0.09μg/kg;添加风化煤和外源Hg黄壤中Hg含量是未添加风化煤黄壤的2.4倍,而收获的30、70d小白菜叶中Hg含量前者分别为0.53、0.82μg/kg,后者分别为0.35、0.48μg/kg,理论上可认为前者较后者分别下降了0.31、0.33g/kg。可见,风化煤实现了对土壤中Hg的吸附、钝化,减缓了其生物可利用性,是一种廉价高效的环境友好型钝化剂。     

直流电场与添加剂强化东南景天修复镉污染土壤

通过盆栽试验,研究交换直流电场(电压梯度1.0 V cm-1、通电时间6 h d-1)和添加剂(15 g kg-1猪粪堆肥、10 g kg-1腐殖酸肥或5 mmol kg-1乙二胺四乙酸二钠(EDTA)对超积累植物——东南景天修复镉污染土壤的影响。结果表明,施加直流电场和添加剂均显著(p0.05)提高土壤有效态镉含量,促进东南景天对镉的吸收转运。在电场作用下,东南景天地上部镉含量提高26.6%~47.5%;在添加剂(猪粪堆肥、腐殖酸肥、EDTA)作用下,东南景天地上部镉含量分别提高22.9%~33.1%、14.3%~29.4%和6.1%~12.0%。双向切换电场方向能有效控制土壤pH的剧烈变化,施加直流电场对东南景天地上部生物量无显著影响。施加15 g kg-1猪粪堆肥和10 g kg-1腐殖酸肥显著提高东南景天地上部生物量,增幅分别为40.3%~43.7%和16.3%~18.2%,但是,添加5 mmol kg-1EDTA却显著抑制东南景天的生长,东南景天地上部生物量减少7.3%~7.5%。综合东南景天地上部镉含量和生物量,在猪粪堆肥―交换直流电场和腐殖酸肥―交换直流电场的联合作用下,东南景天地上部镉积累量分别提高了135%和100%,因此,猪粪堆肥和腐殖酸肥联合交换直流电场可显著促进东南景天对镉的吸收积累,提高东南景天修复镉污染土壤的效率。     

红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值确定及固碳潜力分析

平衡状态时的土壤有机碳含量水平确定对于正确评价土壤的固碳潜力和制定合理的有机物质分配措施有重要意义。本文通过比较红壤典型地区不同时期水稻土有机碳含量变化、不同利用年限水稻土有机碳含量动态、以及有机碳输入输出量状况,分析红壤水稻土有机碳库的平衡值,进而估计较大区域内水稻土的固碳潜力。过去20余年来江西省余江县水稻土的有机碳含量总体呈上升趋势,但高产水稻土的有机碳含量稳定在18.5 g kg-1;水耕利用30 a,土壤有机碳含量达到19.0(±1.20)g kg-1,其后变化幅度很小;若使目前的较高形成量水平达到平衡,则土壤有机碳含量为19.2(±1.10)g kg-1。综合分析,在较高生产力水平条件下,红壤水稻土有机碳的平衡值为18~20 g kg-1,平均为19.0±1.0 g kg-1。过去20余年来,江西省余江县水稻土有机碳储量增加了6 955(±1 116)kg hm-2。据此计算我国亚热带地区水稻土过去20年固定大气CO2量555.1(±88.7)Tg,其作为碳汇的作用是相当明显的。目前仍有相当面积的水稻土其有机碳含量低于平衡水平,估计还可平均固碳5 150(±1 063)kg hm-2。据此,若保持现实较高生产力水平,则我国亚热带地区水稻土未来可新固定大气CO2量411.0(±84.7)Tg。     

宝鸡燃煤电厂周围土壤环境Hg污染及其评价

通过对宝鸡燃煤电厂周围土壤环境的调查、采样,研究了土壤汞的污染状况。结果表明,电厂周围土壤中Hg的含量为0.137~2.105mg kg-1,平均值为0.606mg kg-1,高于陕西、全国和世界土壤中Hg的平均含量。单因子污染指数、地质累积指数和潜在生态危害系数评价结果表明,电厂周围土壤出现不同程度汞的污染。     

绿色和有机蔬菜基地土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的污染特征

利用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法,探讨了广州市某绿色蔬菜基地和有机蔬菜基地土壤中4种喹诺酮类抗生素的含量与分布特征。结果表明,土壤中各化合物的检出率除洛美沙星为85%以外,其余均为100%,平均含量为0.80～24.95μg.kg-1,以诺氟沙星（24.95μg.kg-1）为主,其次为环丙沙星（15.40μg.kg-1）和恩诺沙星（7.68μg.kg-1）。4种喹诺酮类化合物总含量在7.15～122.25μg.kg-1之间,主要分布在50～100μg.kg-1之间,平均为48.85μg.kg-1。有机蔬菜基地土壤中4种喹诺酮类化合物的含量均高于绿色蔬菜基地土壤。同一基地不同蔬菜土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的含量有一定差异,但化合物组成特征差异不大。研究区土壤中喹诺酮类抗生素的含量低于兽药国际协调委员会（VICH）筹划指导委员会的抗生素生态毒性效应触发值（100μg.kg-1）,表明生态风险较小。     

长江三角洲地区土壤环境质量与修复研究Ⅴ.废旧电子产品拆解场周边农田土壤含氯有机污染物残留特征

对长江三角洲地区某废旧电容器拆解场地周边农田基本保护区表层水稻土中含氯有机化合物的组成及含量进行初步研究。结果表明,供试土壤中20种PCBs总含量在84.19~377.4μg kg-1之间,平均含量为204.8μg kg-1,其中二氯、三氯、四氯代同系物总和占总PCBs的73.7%~96.2%,存在着PCBs的外源输入。HCH的总含量为10.61~33.11μg kg-1,DDT总含量为11.36~33.28μg kg-1,残留水平较低,但β-HCH、γ-HCH、∑HCH和∑DDT的平均含量均高于荷兰土壤标准的目标值。此外,DDT与土壤有机碳呈显著负相关,而其他含氯有机化合物的含量并未呈现出与土壤有机碳的相关性。     

Selenium in Water,Sediment, Plants,Invertebrates, and Fish in the Blackfoot River Drainage

Nine stream sites in the Blackfoot River watershed in southeastern Idaho were sampled in September 2000 for water, surficial sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish. Selenium was measured in these aquatic ecosystem components, and a hazard assessment was performed on the data. Water quality characteristics such as pH, hardness, and specific conductance were relatively uniform among the nine sites examined. Selenium was elevated in water, sediment, aquatic plants, aquatic invertebrates, and fish from several sites suggesting deposition in sediments and food web cycling through plants and invertebrates. Selenium was elevated to concentrations of concern in water at eight sites (>5 g/L), sediment at three sites (>2 g/g), aquatic plants at four sites (>4 g/g), aquatic invertebrates at five sites (>3 g/g), and fish at seven sites (>4 g/g in whole body). The hazard assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment suggested low hazard at Sheep Creek, moderate hazard at Trail Creek, upper Slug Creek, lower Slug Creek, and lower Blackfoot River, and high hazard at Angus Creek, upper East Mill Creek, lower East Mill Creek, and Dry Valley Creek. The results of this study are consistent with results of a previous investigation and indicate that selenium concentrations from the phosphate mining area of southeastern Idaho were sufficiently elevated in several ecosystem components to cause adverse effects to aquatic resources in the Blackfoot River watershed.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn Accumulation in Macrophytes Growing in Tropical Wetlands

The concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn accumulated by regional macrophytes were investigated in three tropical wetlands in Colombia. The studied wetlands presented different degrees of metal contamination. Cu and Zn presented the highest concentrations in sediment. Metal accumulation by plants differed among species, sites, and tissues. Metals accumulated in macrophytes were mostly accumulated in root tissues, suggesting an exclusion strategy for metal tolerance. An exception was Hg, which was accumulated mainly in leaves. The ranges of mean metal concentrations were 0.035?C0.953 mg g^?1 Hg, 6.5?C250.3 mg g^?1 Cu, 0.059?C0.245 mg g^?1 Pb, 0.004?C0.066 mg g^?1 Cd, and 31.8?363.1 mg g^?1 Zn in roots and 0.033?C0.888 mg g^?1 Hg, 2.2?C70.7 mg g^?1 Cu, 0.005?C0.086 mg g^?1 Pb, 0.001?C0.03 mg g^?1 Cd, and 12.6?C140.4 mg g^?1 Zn in leaves. The scarce correlations registered between metal concentration in sediment and plant tissues indicate that metal concentrations in plants depend on several factors rather than on sediment concentration only. However, when Cu and Zn sediment concentrations increased, these metal concentrations in tissues also increased in Eichhornia crassipes, Ludwigia helminthorriza, and Polygonum punctatum. These species could be proposed as Cu and Zn phytoremediators. Even though macrophytes are important metal accumulators in wetlands, sediment is the main metal compartment due to the fact that its total mass is greater than the corresponding plant biomass in a given area.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Extractors for barium,cadmium, copper,nickel, and zinc in tropical soils

ABSTRACT

The accumulation of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in the soil can pose risks to human health, and precise risk assessment dealing with the production and consumption of plants is required. The 0.43 M of nitric acid (HNO?) solution was suggested by the International Organization for Standardization for reactive fraction of PTEs in the soil. The efficiency of some extractors was evaluated in tropical soils. Contents of barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) were extracted in accordance with the methods of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 3051A, Aqua Regia, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Mehlich-1, Mehlich-3, 0.43 M HNO? and 0.01 M of calcium chloride (CaCl?), and these contents correlated with the contents of PTEs in roots, shoots, and fruits of vegetables. Mehlich-3 had the highest correlation with Ni and Zn contents extracted by the plants. Contents extracted with 0.43 M HNO? had high correlation with the amounts extracted by DTPA and Mehlich-3, as well as with the amounts of PTEs accumulated by plants.     

Arsenic Concentrations in Water,Soil, Milk and Forage in Comarca Lagunera,Mexico

Arsenic levels were determined in seventy three samples of well water, and in fifty samples of soil, forage and cow's milk collected at the most important dairy farms of the Comarca Lagunera located in Coahuila and Durango, Mexico, region naturally rich in As. The total inorganic arsenic concentration in well water ranged from 7 to 740 μg L-1 and about ninety percent of the total arsenic was found as As(V). The agricultural soil texture of the sampled area was sandy clay loam type with total arsenic levels up to 30 μg g-1, however, the extractable arsenic was not higher than 12% of the total and it was higher in the 0–30 cm depth horizon. In alfalfa, the most important crop, the total aresenic ranged from 0.24 to 3.16 μg g-1, with 40% of it accumulated at the root level. Significant correlations (p=0.05) were obtained between arsenic (III), (V) and total inorganic arsenic in groundwater with arsenic in soil (0–30 cm depth), and with arsenic in alfalfa (leaves and roots). It was also found a good correlation between extractable arsenic in soil with As concentrations in alfalfa (roots). Arsenic concentrations found in milk ranged from <0.9 to 27.4 ng g-1. The cow's milk biotransfer factor for arsenic was up to 6 × 10-4, applying a pharmacokinetic approach. It was associated with the exposure not only to food but also to water arsenic.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.