覆膜甜菜补栽纸筒苗的示范试验

通过试验和大面积生产示范，明确了覆膜甜菜补栽纸筒苗保全苗的增产效果显著；缺苗率10．9％，补栽全苗，增产25％，产糖量增加18．9％，投入产出比显著，达1：7．38。     

改进甜菜育苗技术 提高纸筒利用率

目前在推行甜菜纸筒育苗移栽技术过程中,存在纸筒利用率低的问题,原因之一是在间苗过程中,伤苗过多,间苗后有效筒数仅占60—80％左右。这样就保证不了实栽面积、增加了成本。鉴于以上原因,为了提高纸筒利用率、一九八六年在兴隆乡兴胜村进行了倒床间苗试验。     

甜菜纸筒育苗专用肥肥效试验

调查研究结果表明,中甜1号甜菜育苗苗床专用肥,具有促控协调综合效应,加速甜菜纸筒育苗生长及根系发育,抑制伸长生长、培育壮苗;提高抗逆性和移栽苗成活率1成左右,降低甜菜立枯病、褐斑病、根腐病的罹病率;提高块根产量、含糖率和产糖量分别为11.6%、0.44个百分点和14.3%;经济效益比较显著,深受甜农和制糖企业欢迎.     

纸筒育苗移栽甜菜抗涝耐根腐病

纸筒育苗移栽甜菜抗涝耐根腐病马成龙，陈东旭（辽宁省彰武县糖厂原料科）甜菜纸筒育苗移栽可提高其苗率、延长生育期，从而可增产、增糖。但生产实践证明，纸筒育苗移栽甜菜还有抗带、耐根用病性能。１９９５年辽宁省彰武县双庙乡农民李贵仁栽植了２亩纸简育苗移栽甜菜和...     

甜菜纸筒育苗移栽新技术有甜头

黑龙江省呼兰县孟家乡成功村农民吴成山,1988年栽植了10亩纸筒育苗甜菜(因水灾绝产2.9亩)平均亩产4139kg,种20亩直播甜菜,亩产1274kg,共交售甜菜49000kg,卖钱额6175.0元。吴成山坚持科学种田,头一年栽纸筒育苗甜菜,尝到了甜头,夺全县甜菜单产之首。其主要经验是:     

纸筒甜菜多杈根高青顶的形成原因及解决办法

黑龙江省九三垦区纸筒育苗移栽甜菜比直播甜菜单产提高26%左右,增糖0.4度,纸筒育苗移栽甜菜面积逐年增加。仅2001年全垦区种植甜菜面积8667hm2,其中纸筒育苗移栽面积5227hm2,占总播种面积60.31%。总收购量达21.56万t,其中多杈根甜菜4.1万t,高青顶甜菜2.8万t,分别占总收购量的19     

刘明纸筒育苗移栽甜菜单产突破4.5t

黑龙江省讷河县永丰乡永丰村农民刘明,1988年6亩纸筒育苗移栽甜菜喜获丰收,总产27.170t,纯收入2947.50元。平均单产4528.3kg/亩,具体经验如下:1.纸筒苗一定要健壮他所移栽的幼苗,株高5～6cm,叶4～5片。子叶下轴0.1～0.4cm,叶色浓绿,根系白嫩发达,全部达到了健苗的标准。为保证移植成活率奠定了基础。     

壮秧剂处理对干旱胁迫下甜菜纸筒苗叶片游离氨基酸含量和解剖结构的影响

试验结果表明,在干旱胁迫下,甜菜壮秧剂的使用,可以降低甜菜纸筒苗叶片总氨基酸含量和其中大多数游离氨基酸含量,显著降低了叶片中脯氨酸含量;可以提高主脉厚度、木质部厚度、叶片厚度、栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度、叶片组织结构紧密度和叶片组织结构疏松度。壮秧剂的使用可以提高甜菜纸筒苗抗干旱胁迫能力。     

甜菜纸筒苗移栽器的初步研究

随着甜菜纸筒苗移栽法的引进、推广和实际应用,各地迫切需要配备相应的移栽机具。为了满足吉林省甜菜移栽的实际需要,我们从1982年起进行了人力甜菜纸筒苗移栽器的研究工作。 本文着重介绍该移栽器1983年的使用情况。     

不同栽培方式对甜菜产质量的影响

2006～2007年进行了2年4个点的甜菜覆膜直播栽培(CK)、甜菜纸筒育苗平地移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗覆膜移栽、甜菜纸筒育苗起高垄移栽4种种植方式试验.结果表明,后3种种植方式,根产量、含糖率和产糖量,除了纸筒育苗覆膜移栽的含糖率低于覆膜直播外,均比对照增产增糖.农户种植纯收入比覆膜直播增加1095～3315元/hm2,企业效益除纸筒育苗覆膜移栽低于覆膜直播,其它高于对照.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.