深松截流对干旱牧区柠条生长的影响

 为了解决干旱牧区柠条地雨水利用效率低的问题,采用柠条地深松形成线状沟截流和在旱季剪枝减少柠条腾发量措施来增加雨水的利用效率。研究表明:深松后的柠条地土壤密度降低,平均下降0.21g/cm3,柠条的株高和冠幅增长量都比对照组有明显增加,平均增长率分别比对照组高45.54%和30.71%,水利用效率也相应提高;剪枝后的柠条株高和冠幅比对照组增长速度快,株高和冠幅的平均增长速率分别提高31.15%和32.32%;剪枝柠条和对照组柠条的株高与冠幅在试验结束时二者无显著差异。研究结果可为改善牧区生态环境提供理论依据。     

柠条生物炭对土壤中敌草隆的吸附性能

以柠条为原料,分别在200、300、400℃和600℃进行炭化处理制备柠条生物炭,分析柠条粉末和生物炭的组分,用扫描电镜观察柠条生物炭的形貌,比表面积分析仪绘制柠条生物炭的吸附等温线,研究柠条生物炭的孔容、孔径以及比表面积等结构参数。使用土柱实验装置将柠条生物炭与土壤混合,通过淋溶试验检测柠条生物炭对土壤中的除草剂敌草隆的吸附效能。结果表明,柠条炭化的吸附等温线属于典型的Ⅰ型吸附线,随着炭化温度的升高,柠条生物炭的炭得率不断降低,在600℃进行炭化处理可以得到44.71%的柠条生物炭,其比表面积可达到187.56 m2·g~(-1),平均孔径4.83 nm,微孔体积占总孔体积的52%。土壤中添加1%的柠条生物炭就可以对土壤中的敌草隆产生显著吸附效果,添加3%的柠条生物炭可以获得最佳的经济效益。     

黄土高原半干旱区水土保持植被恢复限度——以人工柠条林为例

为了确定水资源不足地区植被恢复潜力和水土保持林建设目标,在黄土丘陵半干旱区宁夏固原上黄试区,对相同立地条件的16年生人工柠条林进行疏伐,建立不同密度林地,进行林分密度、森林植被水土保持效益和土壤水分关系的定位实验。结果表明：平均基径随密度的增加而减少,二者为线性关系;盖度随密度的增加而增大,盖度与密度为对数关系;林冠截留随密度的增加而增大,二者为指数关系;地表径流随密度的增加而减少,二者为对数关系;泥沙含量随密度的减少而增加,二者关系可用倒S形曲线描述。虽然密度增加,盖度增加,森林植被水土保持效益增强,但是受土壤水资源的限制,柠条林有一个最大恢复限度。当超过限度时,势必会引发或加剧土壤旱化。     

黄土区灌木柠条锦鸡儿根-土间摩擦力学机制试验研究

为系统研究灌木植物根系的拉拔摩擦力学机制,该项研究在西宁盆地黄土区的自建试验区内选取生长期为2 a的柠条锦鸡儿作为供试种进行根系拉拔摩擦试验。试验结果表明:柠条锦鸡儿主根的作用主要为提供根-土间静摩擦力,侧根的作用则主要表现为增大根-土间最大静摩擦力、根-土间最大摩擦力及根-土间最大摩擦力对应的根系位移;柠条锦鸡儿根-土间最大摩擦力随着根系总表面积、根系总体积、根系总长、根系总干质量、侧根数5个根系形态学指标的增加而增大,根-土间最大摩擦力与5个根系形态学指标之间可建立幂函数关系,且通过相关性分析可知,根系总表面积是与柠条锦鸡儿根-土间最大摩擦力相关程度相对较为显著的根系形态学指标;在本试验条件下(土体质量含水率15.1%,密度1.65g/cm3)由单根(不含侧根的主根)拉拔摩擦试验所得到的柠条锦鸡儿主根与土体间静摩擦系数为0.738 9±0.04,该值显著大于区内不含根系土体内摩擦系数0.504 0±0.03,表明柠条锦鸡儿根-土界面间的摩擦力值及抵抗变形的能力大于不含根系土体。该项研究结果对于进一步探讨研究区灌木根系的拉拔摩擦力学机制,以及科学有效地防治坡面水土流失、浅层滑坡等地质灾害具有指导意义和实际应用价值。     

Genetic diversity in wild Tunisian populations of Mentha pulegium L. (Lamiaceae)

The allozyme variation of 15 Tunisian wild populations of Mentha pulegium L. threatened by human activities (clearing, hard-grazing, ploughing, traditional uses) was surveyed by the analysis of 14 isozyme loci using horizontal gel starch electrophoresis. The species exhibited a high level of genetic variation within populations (the mean Ap = 2.20, P = 72%, Ho = 0.349 and He = 0.229), which indicates a predominately outcrossing mating system and the recruitment of new genotypes via dispersal seeds. The genetic structure analysis of the populations using F statistics indicates no inbreeding, and showed an excess of heterozygosity for few loci. The moderate differentiation of populations (F_ST = 0.110) and the low rate of gene flow between them (Nm = 2.02) might been caused by recent isolation of the populations through biotope disturbances. The value of Nei's genetic identity varied from 0.839 to 0.999 reflecting a relatively low genetic divergence between populations. Cluster analysis using UPGMA method and Nei's genetic identity values, showed that populations geographically close didn't always cluster together. However, populations within the same bioclimatic stage generally subclustered together indicating that differentiation between bioclimatic regions occurred.     

壳聚糖对不同种源柠条种子发芽及其酶活性的影响

用不同浓度壳聚糖乙酸溶液分别对陕西省的吴起县和榆林市榆阳区两个产地的柠条种子浸种处理,以清水浸种处理为对照,调查种子发芽及幼苗生长特性,并测定了萌发过程中种子α-淀粉酶、脱氢酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性。结果表明,壳聚糖能促进柠条种子的萌发,缩短发芽时间;随着处理浓度的增大,各项发芽指标及各种酶活性先升高后降低,且不同种源柠条种子对壳聚糖浓度的反应不同。当壳聚糖浓度为0.5%时,榆阳柠条种子的发芽率是对照的1.2倍,平均发芽速率缩短0.9d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度为1.0%时,吴起柠条种子发芽率比照提高13%,平均发芽速率缩短1.7d,各种酶活性比对照显著提高,处理效果最佳。当壳聚糖浓度达到1.5%时,对榆阳柠条种子的萌发有一定的抑制作用,而对吴起柠条种子萌发无抑制作用。壳聚糖对柠条幼苗的生长也有一定的影响,表现在幼苗的根长、苗高、干重、鲜重和叶绿素含量均显著高于对照,吴起柠条和榆阳柠条最佳的处理浓度分别为1.0%和0.5%。     

上海白猪(上系)遗传多样性和群体结构分析

上海白猪(上系)(Sus scrofa)是上海市闵行区的地方培育品种,近年来,由于引进品种的冲击,其各项生产指标严重衰退,且对其种质特性、遗传基础和杂交性能等缺乏应有的了解.本研究应用全基因组范围内的遗传标记,对上海白猪(上系)群体进行了遗传多样性和群体结构的分析.首先对反映群体内遗传多样性的3个重要指标-等位基因的丰度(allelic richness,AR)、标记多态性的比例(proportion of polymorphic markers,PN)和期望杂合度(expected heterozygosity,He)进行了分析和计算.结果表明,上海白猪(上系)与太湖和西方猪种对比,其遗传多样性最高(PN=0.731,AR=1.709,He=0.221).上海白猪(上系)与太湖品种之间的遗传分化程度(0.237±0.007)大于其与西方品种之间的遗传分化程度(0.219±0.008).另外,用主成分分析(principal components analysis,PCA)、STRUCTURE和系统进化树等对群体结构进行了分析.结果显示,上海白猪(上系)群体内的遗传多样性比太湖猪种和西方猪种高;群体间遗传距离显示上海白猪(上系)相对于太湖猪种更接近西方猪种;主成分分析、聚类分析与群体结构分析皆显示上海白猪(上系)能够形成独立的分组.以上结果表明,从分子水平上看,将上海白猪(上系)作为一个独立的培育品种是合理的,特别是其具有独特的遗传结构,应进一步加强其保护、开发和利用.     

黄土区不同龄期灌木柠条锦鸡儿根系的分布特征及其固土护坡效果

为定量评价西宁盆地黄土区优势灌木柠条锦鸡儿根系固土护坡效果,该研究以区内生长期为幼龄期（<6 a）、中龄期（6～14 a）和老龄期（>14 a）3个龄期的柠条锦鸡儿为研究对象,通过原位挖掘法与原位拉拔试验相结合的方式,调查不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系形态学指标和根系分布特征,并通过单根拉伸试验获得单根抗拉强度。以此为基础,利用WWM模型对不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系附加黏聚力进行计算,评价不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系对土体抗剪强度的增强效果。结合有限元数值模拟分析,定量评价不同龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系加筋和锚固作用对黄土边坡稳定性的贡献。结果表明：随着龄期的增加,柠条锦鸡儿根系埋深、根系总根长、主根根径和主根根长均逐渐增加;各龄期柠条锦鸡儿根系主要分布在0～0.6 m土层深度范围内,随着土层深度增加,幼龄期和老龄期根系根长和根数呈逐渐减少趋势;中龄期根系则呈先增大后减小趋势,根长和根数的最大值出现在0.3～0.6 m的土层深度内。幼龄期和老龄期柠条锦鸡儿根面积比和根系附加黏聚力均随着土层深度增加而逐渐减少,中龄期柠条锦鸡儿则呈先增大后减小变化趋势,且该龄期根系增强土体抗剪强度的效果相对最为显著。不...     

半干旱区环境因子对柠条灌木林结构的影响

以半干旱区宁夏固原17a生柠条灌木林为研究对象,分析了不同地形、整地方式及降雨量对柠条生长形态的影响,并对影响柠条单株形态组成的指标进行了主成分分析。研究结果表明：(1)不同坡位对柠条的株高、根深、生物量影响显,而对柠条的分枝数没有明显影响;不同整地方式对柠条的株高、分枝、根深及单株生物量均影响显。(2)降雨量对柠条形态组成影响深刻,柠条的株高、分枝、单株生物量与年度累积降雨量之间呈“S”型曲线,说明柠条形态建成与降雨量有极大的相关性;根系的生长与降雨量之间则呈指数规律增长。(3)柠条各生长指标间存在着紧密的联系。株高、分枝、株生物量是描述柠条地上部形态结构特征的指标组合;根深则是描述柠条地下形态结构的指标。     

小叶锦鸡儿放牧场沙漠化过程中植物多样性的变化

对科尔沁沙地小叶锦鸡儿放牧场在沙漠化过程中物种多样性的变化特征进行了研究。分析了植物种类消长规律、生活型结构变化、优势度以及生态位宽度的变化情况。物种多样性指数分析表明，沙漠化过程是一个物种多样性衰减的过程，沙漠化导致大多数原生性物种消失。固定沙丘到半固定沙丘这一过程是整个沙漠化过程中物种多样性丧失最快的阶段。从生活型来看，地面芽植物受沙漠化影响最大。采用Levins公式测度了科尔沁沙地不同沙漠化阶段中17个主要种群生态位宽度变化情况。结果表明，大多数原生植物种群的生态位宽度沙漠化进程中逐渐降低，而侵入的沙生植物则呈现了相反的变化趋势。     

Diversity and phylogenetic analysis in Cocos nucifera L. in Mexico

The diversity and phylogenetic analysis in 22 populations of Mexican coconut and six imported populations, were estimated using 15 enzymatic systems and the allele frequencies in: peroxidase (PER), endopeptidase (ENP), and glucose 6-Phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD). There was very low polymorphism, not more than two alleles per locus. The Wright fixation indexes F(it) = 0.62, F(is) = 0.40, and F(st) = 0.36 indicated low total heterosygosity and low heterosygosity within populations suggesting endogamy and genetic drift, and a high diversity among populations due to differentiation between Pacific and Gulf of Mexico coastal populations. The phylogenetic tree with values for genetic distance, indicated three groups on the Pacific coast related to Rennell Tall and Polynesian Tall, and two groups on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, one related to West African Tall and another related to Mexican Pacific coast populations. This corroborates historical antecedents and morphological and physiological patterns. The Dwarf coconuts related to the Pacific Tall populations, Rennell Tall and Polynesian Tall. There was no difference between local and imported Dwarf populations.     

Resistance gene analog polymorphisms (RGAPs) in wild emmer wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum dicoccoides</Emphasis>) and their ecological associations

Using the 8 specific primer pairs based on the conserved motifs of plant resistance genes, the plant disease resistance gene analog polymorphisms (RGAPs) in 15 wild emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccoides) populations from Israel had been detected. High genetic variations at the RGAP loci were observed in T. dicoccoides populations. A total of 254 discernible bands were obtained among 115 accessions, and 192 bands (75.6%) were polymorphic. Each genotype had a unique banding profile, and the genetic similarity coefficient ranged from 0.094 to 0.862. In T. dicoccoides, the proportion of polymorphic loci (P), the genetic diversity (He) and Shannon’s information index were 0.756, 0.362 and 0.541, respectively. The proportion of polymorphic loci (P) per population averaged 0.732 (range: 0.515–0.932); genetic diversity (He) averaged 0.271 (range: 0.212–0.338); and Shannon’s information index averaged 0.404 (range: 0.310–0.493). The coefficients of genetic distance (D) among populations averaged 0.107 (range: 0.043–0.178), and the results of Mantel test (r = 0.168, P = 0.091) showed that the estimates of genetic distance were geographically independent. Neighbor-joining cluster analysis suggested that the genetic relationships of T. dicoccoides populations were associated with their ecogeographic distribution. The hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and the coefficient of gene differentiation (G _ST ) values revealed that most of the variations were presented within populations, although significant differences among populations and regions were also detected. The values of P and Shannon’s information index were negatively correlated with the two factors: Tdd (day–night temperature difference) and Ev (mean annual evaporation), whereas they were positively correlated with one water factor: Rn (mean annual rainfall). The correlation matrix between He in the RGAPs and geographic variables contained 20 significant (P < 0.05) correlations. The present study established that T. dicoccoides in Israel had a considerable amount of genetic variations at RGAP loci at least partly correlated with ecological factors.     

Comparative Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Two Tunisian Collections of Fig Cultivars Based on Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats Fingerprints

This study characterized the genetic diversity of 18 Tunisian fig cultivars using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR). Both random and ISSR primers tested generated a total of 116 RAPD and 47 ISSR markers. Considerable genetic variation was observed among fig cultivars sampled from two regional Tunisian collections with an average diversity of 4.57. RAPD and ISSR banding patterns and genetic distances values reflected the high level of diversity among the collections and lower variability between the two collections. The correlation between the RAPD and ISSR similarity matrices computed for the 153 pairwise comparisons among the 18 varieties was lower and significant. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 92% of the total genetic diversity resided within collections, whereas only 8% between collections. The results indicated that in the local fig germ plasm the information provided by RAPD and ISSR is not analogous, most likely as a consequence of the fact that the two classes of markers explore, at least in part, different portions of the genome.     

Genetic diversity of Curcuma alismatifolia Gagnep.(Zingiberaceae) in Thailand as revealed by allozymepolymorphism

Allozyme polymorphism at seven loci (TPI, G6PD-2,IDH-1, SKD-2, MDH-1, GOT-1, andGOT-2) was employed to detect the level of geneticdiversity in C.alismatifolia populations from both cultivatedand wild habitats in Thailand. High diversity was observed in allpopulations with relatively lower values in cultivated populations.Percentage of polymorphic loci (P)varied from 85.7–100% in cultivated populations comparedwith 100% in all natural populations. Allele number per locus(A _L) was 3.14 in cultivatedpopulations, and from 2.86–4 in natural populations. Allelenumber per polymorphic locus(A _P) of cultivated andnatural populations ranged from 3.14–3.5 and 2.86–4,respectively. Genetic diversity within populations(H _S) varied from0.586–0.611 in cultivated and from 0.621–0.653 in naturalpopulations. The genetic identity(I _SP) for the species was0.833. The cultivated populations yielded higher value of geneticidentity with highland populations(I _{C /H} =0.776) than with the lowland ones(I _{C /L} =0.754). The analysis of genetic similarities with theNeighbor-Joining algorithm results in the separation ofcultivated populations from all wild populations. One highlandpopulation from the tourist spot, H2, was placed in a separatecluster between the cultivated and other wild populations. It isconsidered as the possible origin of the cultivatedpopulations.     

Evaluation of Genetic Diversity Among Bulgarian Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties During the Period 1925–2003 Using Microsatellites

Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) were used to study the genetic diversity within old and modern Bulgarian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties released in 20th century. A set of 91 varieties were screened by 19 wheat microsatellite markers (WMS), covering 17 wheat chromosomes, and one secalin-specific marker for rye chromosome arm 1RS. A total of 136 allelic variants were detected at 22 loci, ranging from 2 to 11, with an average of 6.8 alleles per marker. For 7 markers, null alleles were detected. The occurrence of rare alleles (frequency <2%) was observed for 13 markers. The polymorphism information content (PIC) values of the markers ranged from 0.10 (WMS0165 on 4AS) to 0.81 (WMS0437 on 7DL) with an average of 0.51. Approximately 74% of the varieties, mostly non-commercial, showed heterogeneity, with an average level of 10.1%. For the majority of markers, the relative frequencies of alleles varied considerably among different groups of varieties, revealing the effects of different selection between breeding centres. Some alleles, present in old genotypes, were lost, and new alleles have been introduced into modern varieties. Genetic diversity values over different periods of release were high, starting at 0.64 for varieties developed before 1960 to reach 0.71 in 1990s, revealing no declining trends in the diversity due to breeding activity. The cluster analysis discriminated all varieties (except for two) and revealed distinct groups of old and modern varieties, released from the main breeding centres in Northern, Southern and Western Bulgaria.     

Phenotypic diversity and morphological characterization of Amygdalus L. species in Lebanon

In this paper, we report on morphological diversity of Amygdalus L. species native to Lebanon, following a countrywide survey of almond germplasm whereby a total of 149 accessions were collected throughout the country and characterized by thirteen quantitative and four qualitative traits. The results indicated that the genetic diversity of Amygdalus communis L., Amygdalus korshinskyi Hand.-Mazz., and Amygdalus orientalis Duh. in Lebanon is high. Principal component analysis revealed that nut weight, nut volume, nut width, kernel volume and shell strength had highest loading in the first component that accounted for 38.7% and 46.7% of total variation in A. communis and A. orientalis, respectively. In contrast, leaf traits were present in the second component which accounted for 18% and 23.2% of total variation in each species, respectively. No significant correlations were detected between leaf parameters and fruit traits in both species. The results indicated that quantitative leaf characters for all three species were determined by rainfall and not altitude whereby adjacent accessions located in drier areas had smaller leaf sizes than those located in more humid regions. Quantitative fruit characters did not seem to vary accordingly. Qualitative leaf traits in all three species reflected a variability which was independent of rainfall. A. communis populations showed high variability, suggesting that they could be a valuable source in almond improvement programs.     

Analysis of Genetic Diversity in the Brassica napus L. Gene Pool Using SSR Markers

Genetic diversity throughout the rapeseed (Brassica napus ssp. napus) primary gene pool was examined by obtaining detailed molecular genetic information at simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci for a broad range of winter and spring oilseed, fodder and leaf rape gene bank accessions. The plant material investigated was selected from a preliminary B. napus core collection developed from European gene bank material, and was intended to cover as broadly as possible the diversity present in the species, excluding swedes (B. napus ssp. napobrassica (L.) Hanelt). A set of 96 genotypes was characterised using publicly available mapped SSR markers spread over the B. napus genome. Allelic information from 30 SSR primer combinations amplifying 220 alleles at 51 polymorphic loci provided unique genetic fingerprints for all genotypes. UPGMA clustering enabled identification of four general groups with increasing genetic diversity as follows (1) spring oilseed and fodder; (2) winter oilseed; (3) winter fodder; (4) vegetable genotypes. The most extreme allelic variation was observed in a spring kale from the United Kingdom and a Japanese spring vegetable genotype, and two winter rape accessions from Korea and Japan, respectively. Unexpectedly the next most distinct genotypes were two old winter oilseed varieties from Germany and Ukraine, respectively. A number of other accessions were also found to be genetically distinct from the other material of the same type. The molecular genetic information gained enables the identification of untapped genetic variability for rapeseed breeding and is potentially interesting with respect to increasing heterosis in oilseed rape hybrids.     

Collection of Lupinus angustifolius L. Germplasm and Characterisation of Morphological and Molecular Diversity

Lupinus angustifolius L. is a Mediterranean species, domesticated in the 20th century, representing an important grain legume crop in Australia and other countries. This work is focused on the collection of wild germplasm and on the characterisation of morphological and molecular diversity of germplasm accessions. It reports the collection of 81 wild L. angustifolius accessions from the South and Centre of Portugal, available at the ‘Instituto Superior de Agronomia Gene Bank’, with subsequent morphological and molecular characterisation of a selection of these and other accessions. A multivariate analysis of morphological traits on 88 L. angustifolius accessions (including 59 wild Portuguese accessions, 15 cultivars and 14 breeding lines) showed a cline of variation on wild germplasm, with plants from Southern Portugal characterised by earlier flowering, higher vegetative development and larger seeds. AFLP and ISSR molecular markers grouped modern cultivars as sub-clusters within the wider diversity of wild germplasm, revealing the narrow pool of genetic diversity on which domesticated accessions are based. The importance of preserving, characterising and using wild genetic resources for L. angustifolius crop improvement is outlined by the results obtained.     

Genetic Diversity and Phylogenic Relations Among Sahelian Sorghum Accessions

To establish the genetic relationship among Sahelian sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench S.L.] landraces from Burkina Faso were submitted to electrophoretic analysis for 10 enzymatic systems and 18 loci. Four enzymatic systems (ADH, LAP, MDH, PGD) and five loci revealed polymorphism both within and among landraces. Thirty-eight per cent of the landraces were monomorphic in all the 18 loci. The genotypic frequencies in most of the landraces deviated markedly from Hardy–Weinberg proportions due to a major heterozygote deficit, the landrace being homozygous or a mixture of homozygotes. Multivariate analysis yielded three main groups, containing native landraces and five minors, containing introduced cultivars, randomly distributed over the territory. The pattern of allelic occurrence was random and unrelated to external selection pressures. The major diversity among landraces appears to be from genetic shift caused by farmers’ selection of their seeds. It could also be due to the low rates of outcrossing (19%) and migration (0.06) prevailing in the set.