Evidence for 2,4‐D mineralisation in Mediterranean soils: impact of moisture content and temperature

BACKGROUND: The 2,4‐D degradation ability of the microbiota of three arable Mediterranean soils was estimated. The impact of soil moisture and temperature on 2,4‐D degradation was investigated. RESULTS: The microbiota of the three soils regularly exposed to 2,4‐D were able rapidly to mineralise this herbicide. The half‐life of 2,4‐D ranged from 8 to 30 days, and maximum mineralisation of ¹⁴C‐2,4‐D ranged from 57 to 71%. Extractable ¹⁴C‐2,4‐D and ¹⁴C‐bound residues accounted for less than 1 and 15% respectively of the ¹⁴C‐2,4‐D initially added. The highest amounts of ¹⁴C‐2,4‐D bound residues were recorded in the soil with the lowest 2,4‐D‐mineralising ability. Although all three soils were able to mineralise 2,4‐D, multivariate analysis revealed that performance of this degrading microbial activity was dependent on clay content and magnesium oxide. Soil temperature affected the global structure of soil microbial community, but it had only a moderate effect on 2,4‐D‐mineralising ability. 2,4‐D‐mineralising ability was positively correlated with soil moisture content. Negligible 2,4‐D mineralisation occurred in all three soils when incubated at 10 or 15% soil moisture content, i.e. within the range naturally occurring under the Mediterranean climate of Algeria. CONCLUSION: This study shows that, although soil microbiota can adapt to rapid mineralisation of 2,4‐D, this microbial activity is strongly dependent on climatic parameters. It suggests that only limited pesticide biodegradation occurs under Mediterranean climate, and that arable Mediterranean soils are therefore fragile and likely to accumulate pesticide residues. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

干旱区农田土壤水分地温变化规律及其相互关系

以干旱区农田灌溉后土壤水分、地温实测数据为基础,研究了其土壤水分、地温各自的变化规律及两者的相互关系.结果表明,各层含水量之间具有高相关性,基本达到了极显著的水平.这与土壤水分灌溉时由上而下的逐渐下渗,以及蒸发时由下而上的逐层上升有密切的关系.各层地温间的相关性大,除地面温度外,其余各层地温间的相关水平为显著或极显著水平,且相邻土层地温间均呈极显著相关.土壤水分及地温剖面垂直变化特征明显,并具有动态性.土壤水分含量大时,两者的垂直变异系数小,反之变异系数大.0～20 cm、地面(0 cm)分别为剖面含水量及地温变异强度的最大层,属中等变异强度.土壤水分及温度之间的负相关性明显.地面温度是预测表层、底层土壤水分的良好指标,利用回归分析法建立的土壤水分与地温间的函数关系可为推测土壤水分提供依据.     

Interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization in a Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia,China

Determining soil N mineralization response to soil temperature and moisture changes is challenging in the field due to complicated effects from other factors. In the laboratory, N mineralization is highly dependent on temperature, moisture and sample size. In this study, a laboratory incubation experiment was carefully designed and conducted under controlled conditions to examine the effects of soil temperature and moisture on soil N mineralization using soil samples obtained from the Stipa krylovii grassland in Inner Mongolia, China. Five temperature(i.e. 9°C, 14°C, 22°C, 30°C and 40°C) and five moisture levels(i.e. 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% WHC, where WHC is the soil water holding capacity) were included in a full-factorial design. During the 71-day incubation period, microbial biomass carbon(MBC), ammonium nitrogen(NH4 +-N) and nitrate nitrogen(NO3--N) were measured approximately every 18 days; soil basal respiration for qCO2 index was measured once every 2 days(once a week near the end of the incubation period). The results showed that the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were positively correlated with temperature; the strongest correlation was observed for temperatures between 30°C and 40°C. The relationships between moisture levels and both the mineral N production and net N mineralization rates were quadratic. The interaction between soil temperature and moisture was significant on N mineralization, i.e. increasing temperatures(moisture) enhanced the sensitivity of N mineralization to moisture(temperature). Our results also showed a positive correlation between the net nitrification rate and temperature, while the correlation between the NH4 +-N content and temperature was insignificant. The net nitrification rate was negatively correlated with high NH4 +-N contents at 80%–100% WHC, suggesting an active denitrification in moist conditions. Moreover, qCO2 index was positively correlated with temperature, especially at 80% WHC. With a low net nitrification rate and high soil basal respiration rate, it was likely that the denitrification concealed the microbial gross mineralization activity; therefore, active soil N mineralization occurred in 60%–80% WHC conditions.     

不同覆盖种植模式对马铃薯土壤温度、水分及产量的影响

以陇薯6号为试验材料,研究了不同覆盖种植模式对甘肃定西马铃薯田土壤温度、水分和产量的影响,并对其经济效益进行分析比较。结果表明,全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播和全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播处理在马铃薯整个生育期0~30 cm平均土壤温度较CK增加2.2℃和2.5℃,秸秆带状覆盖处理平均土壤温度较CK降低了1.0℃。覆膜垄沟集雨和秸秆带状覆盖技术都能明显改善土壤水分状况,在马铃薯生长前期集雨保墒效果尤为明显,出苗期全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播、秸秆带状覆盖在0~100 cm平均土壤含水量分别较CK提高2.6%和2.2%和1.6%。各处理马铃薯土壤温度和含水量垂直变化随着土壤深度的增加而减弱。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播、全地面覆盖垄上微沟穴播和秸秆带状覆盖增产效果明显,产量分别较CK增加33.6%、28.6%和23.2%。全地面覆盖双垄垄作侧播纯收益最高,秸秆带状覆盖次之,纯收益较CK分别增加7 201.56元·hm~(-2)和5996.04元·hm~(-2)。因此,黑膜全覆盖双垄垄作侧播技术在改善土壤水温效应的同时能显著增产增收,是定西地区马铃薯种植的高效栽培模式。     

不同保墒措施对陕北山地枣园土壤温湿度及生长的影响

针对陕北地区水资源日趋紧张,雨水、灌溉水利用效率低下的现状,在陕西省米脂县孟岔试验示范区通过定位观测实验,研究了秸秆覆盖(J1、J2、J3)、地膜覆盖(D)及施用保水剂(B16、B12、B8)不同处理对陕北山地枣园土壤温、湿度及生长的动态规.结果表明:覆盖有调节土壤温度的作用,秸秆覆盖与对照温差的幅度为-5.5℃～0....     

土壤温、湿度对两种微胶囊杀虫剂毒力的影响

以华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫为生测对象,在常规毒力测定的基础上研究土壤温、湿度对35%辛硫磷和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂毒力的影响。结果显示:35%辛硫磷微囊悬浮剂对华北大黑鳃金龟幼虫的毒力高于30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂,约是其毒力的3～9倍;在试验湿度和温度范围内,35%辛硫磷和30%毒死蜱微囊悬浮剂对供试幼虫的杀虫效果随着温度的升高而逐渐增强;在相同温度条件下,2种微囊制剂在含水量为10%的土壤中杀虫效果高于含水量20%的土壤。     

不同覆膜栽培对玉米土壤水分温度及产量的影响

采用烘干称重法和地温计法测定了环县川旱地不同覆膜与露地栽培方式下全生育期内0~80 cm土层的土壤含水量和0~40 cm土层的土壤温度,成熟期随机测量不同处理方式下的株高、株重、茎粗、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、穗粒数、千粒重和单株叶面积等指标,计算经济产量和生物产量,分析不同覆膜与露地栽培对玉米土壤水热环境和产量的调控机制。结果表明,全膜双垄沟播栽培较全膜平铺穴播、半膜平铺穴播、半膜覆盖垄播和露地平播栽培,全生育期0~80 cm土壤水分分别提高了0.3%、1.0%、1.6%和2.4%,0~40 cm土壤温度分别提高了0.3℃、1.2℃、1.6℃和2.2℃,生育期分别缩短了0、3、5 d和13 d,生物产量分别提高了679.5、2 740.5、3 376.5 kg·hm-2和4 861.5 kg·hm-2,经济产量分别提高了424.5、1 729.5、2 032.5 kg·hm-2和2 971.5 kg·hm-2。因此,在相应的旱作农业区大力推广全膜双垄沟播栽培技术,能大幅提高玉米产量,有利于保障国家粮食安全。     

Relating soil moisture and air temperature to evapotranspiration fluxes during inter-storm periods at a Mediterranean experimental site

The assessment of the water losses by actual evapotranspiration plays a very important role in water resources management, especially in particular environments suffering soil water stresses and water shortages. The rationales of this study are the scarcity of experimental data, the difficulties in the measurement of direct and continuous evapotranspiration fluxes, and the switching between controls by climate and soil water availability. The temporal patterns of observed soil moisture and air temperature of over three years at an experimental site in southern Italy have been analyzed to investigate the relation between them and the actual evapotranspiration volume, estimated using the soil water budget method. To this end, an event-based empirical analysis has been performed, exploring the relation between the mentioned variables. One of the major findings of the explorative phase is the qualitative and quantitative identification of the switching between climate and soil water balance as the controls over actual evapotranspiration at the experimental site. This threshold process has then been modelled at the event and sub-event scale, establishing simple empirical equations to predict actual evapotranspiration losses as a function of soil water content. Multilevel-recorded data also allowed the investigation of the importance of soil depth.     

不同覆草量苹果园土壤水温效应及对树体生长的影响

将麦草覆盖应用于果园,研究不同覆盖用量22 000 kg·hm-2(T1)、33 000 kg·hm-2(T2)、44 000 kg·hm-2(T3)和清耕(CK)在整个生长期对19年生长富2号苹果园0~100 cm土壤水分、5~25 cm土壤温度、树体生长量及果实品质的影响。结果表明:在旱情较重的4—7月,3种覆草处理的平均含水量随覆草量的增加而增大,其中T2和T3处理极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出8.98%~27.09%;且3种覆草处理0~20、20~40 cm土层的含水量极显著(P0.01)高于CK,高出9.36%~73.77%;4—8月3种覆草处理的各深度地温低于CK,4—6月份极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出2.11℃~8.02℃;相反,9—11月份高于CK。覆草处理5~20 cm深度土温日变幅极显著(P0.01)低于CK,低出0.39℃~3.63℃。果实单果重和产量以T2处理最高,3种覆草处理每公顷产量较CK极显著(P0.01)提高,高出10.70%~20.83%;产量水分利用效率覆草处理较CK极显著(P0.01)增高,高出9.87%~20.87%。覆草对树体生长量、枝类比例影响不大。综合各种效应及投入产出比,陇东黄土高原苹果园覆草量以22 000~33 000 kg·hm-2较经济适宜。     

植物纤维地膜的土壤水热及作物产量效应

为了寻找塑料地膜的替代产品,解决应用塑料地膜造成的严重农田污染问题,对一种植物纤维地膜进行了玉米田间覆盖试验研究。结果表明,植物纤维地膜在玉米苗期具有显著的增温保墒作用,有利于保全苗,促进玉米的生长发育,显著提高玉米产量和水分利用效率。与露地相比,覆盖植物纤维地膜在不同测定时期内可提高土壤温度0.5℃～1.7℃,增加土壤含水量1.4%～6.1%;提高产量10.8%。植物纤维地膜覆盖8周后抗张强度损失率接近90%,120 d后地表残留量基本为零,表明该膜具有很好的降解性。     

黑龙江省土壤湿度的气候响应及其与大豆产量的关系

利用黑龙江省32个农业气象站1980～2007年作物生长季的旬土壤湿度、月气温和月降水观测资料,采用统计分析方法,分析了研究区表层(0～30 cm)土壤湿度的时空变化特征及其对气温、降水量等气候变化的响应,建立了研究区大豆产量与土壤湿度的关系模型.结果表明:1980～2007年间,黑龙江省不同地区作物生长季表层土壤湿度...     

不同降解膜覆盖对土壤水热与玉米生长的影响

为进一步研究验证不同降解地膜的田间应用效果,在大田条件下以露地栽培为对照,进行了可降解地膜H(江苏淮安产,降解周期120 d)、可降解地膜T(台湾产,降解周期120 d)和普通地膜覆盖玉米栽培试验,探讨不同地膜覆盖对土壤水分和温度、玉米生长发育、产量及相关性状的影响。结果表明,与露地对照相比,可降解地膜H覆盖能够明显提高玉米生育前中期(播种至大喇叭口期)0~60 cm土壤水分含量,提高播种后63 d内地下10、20 cm土壤温度,具有较好的土壤保墒、增温、保温作用;而可降解地膜T在玉米生育前期(播种至拔节期)作用较好,到玉米生育中期(大喇叭口期)其作用已经减弱。可降解地膜H和T覆盖均使玉米出苗率提高,分别为95.8%、95.3%,露地为93.6%;生育进程加快,生育期分别比露地缩短12 d、8 d;可降解地膜H覆盖能明显促进玉米中后期地上部干物质的积累,株高、茎粗及叶面积增加,穗部性状改善,秃尖缩短,穗粒数和千粒重增加,比露地增产40.7%,而可降解地膜T的覆盖效果(增产14.3%)虽然优于露地对照,但要差于H和普通地膜(增产39.5%)。研究认为,可降解地膜H的覆盖效果与普通地膜相当,而可降解地膜T的覆盖效果次之。在生产中应用可降解地膜,应根据当地环境条件进行选择。     

基于冠层叶-气温差的温室土壤水分诊断

根据对日光温室条件下番茄全生育期的冠层温度、气温、土壤水分以及一些相关气象因素测定,分析了冠层叶-气温差与土壤容积含水率、湿度之间的关系。结果表明:在日光温室条件下,番茄全生育期内冠层叶-气温差的日变化呈曲线分布,冠层叶-气温差的最高值出现在每天的13∶00～15∶00之间。通过对主要生育期13∶00～15∶00的数据分析发现,冠层叶-气温差(△T)与土壤容积含水率(SW)以及棚内湿度(RH)之间有较好的复相关关系,结合容积含水率与湿度对冠层叶-气温差的综合影响,可以得出△T与SW呈负相关关系,与RH呈正相关关系,相关系数R2为0.778。通过偏相关分析,冠层叶-气温差与容积含水率的相关性最大,呈负相关关系,相关系数R2为0.778,并通过数据验证,实测值(Y)与模拟值(X)相关性较好,相关系数R2为0.723。因此可通过监测13∶00～15∶00的冠层叶-气温差来了解作物的水分状况,为农田土壤水分诊断提供科学依据。     

黄土高原坡耕地不同耕作措施对土壤温度和水分的作用效应

利用定位实时监测和数学模拟的方法,在中国北方典型的土壤水蚀风蚀区神木县选择试点,对免耕、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖等6种不同耕作措施下不同耕作层的地温和土壤含水量进行了连续测定.结果表明:起垄地膜覆盖提高地温的效果最好,在特定时间不同深度或同一深度不同时间的土壤温度都以起垄地膜覆盖最高,其在观测期内的总积温比对照高10% ;而秸秆覆盖在各个测定深度上的地温都低于对照,其在观测期内的总积温比对照低2.3%.     

Utilizing a new soil effective temperature scheme and archived satellite microwave brightness temperature data to estimate surface soil moisture in the Nagqu region,Tibetan Plateau of China

Since the early 2000s, many satellite passive microwave brightness temperature(BT) archives, such as the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E) BTs, have become the useful resources for assessing the changes in the surface and deep soil moistures over both arid and semi-arid regions. In this study, we used a new soil effective temperature(T_(eff)) scheme and the archived AMSR-E BTs to estimate surface soil moisture(SM) over the Nagqu region in the central Tibetan Plateau, China. The surface and deep soil temperatures required for the calculation of regional-scale T_(eff) were obtained from outputs of the Community Land Model version 4.5(CLM4.5). In situ SM measurements at the CEOP-CAMP/Tibet(Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period Asia-Australia Monsoon Project on the Tibetan Plateau) experimental sites were used to validate the AMSR-E-based SM estimations at regional and single-site scales. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of monthly mean surface SM over the Nagqu region was obtained from 16 daytime AMSR-E BT observations in July 2004 over the Nagqu region. Results revealed that the AMSR-E-based surface SM estimations agreed well with the in situ-based surface SM measurements, with the root mean square error(RMSE) ranging from 0.042 to 0.066 m~3/m~3 and the coefficient of determination(R~2) ranging from 0.71 to 0.92 during the nighttime and daytime. The regional surface soil water state map showed a clear spatial pattern related to the terrain. It indicated that the lower surface SM values occurred in the mountainous areas of the northern, mid-western and southeastern parts of Nagqu region, while the higher surface SM values appeared in the low elevation areas such as the Tongtian River Basin, Namco Lake and bog meadows in the central part of Nagqu region. Our analysis also showed that the new T_(eff) scheme does not require special fitting parameters or additional assumptions, which simplifies the data requirements for regional-scale applications. This scheme combined with the archived satellite passive microwave BT observations can be used to estimate the historical surface SM for hydrological process studies over the Tibetan Plateau regions.     

Effect of temperature,organic amendment rate and moisture content on the degradation of 1,3‐dichloropropene in soil

1,3‐Dichloropropene (1,3‐D), which consists of two isomers, (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D, is considered to be a viable alternative to methyl bromide, but atmospheric emission of 1,3‐D is often associated with deterioration of air quality. To minimize environmental impacts of 1,3‐D, emission control strategies are in need of investigation. One approach to reduce 1,3‐D emissions is to accelerate its degradation by incorporating organic amendments into the soil surface. In this study, we investigated the ability of four organic amendments to enhance the rate of degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D in a sandy loam soil. Degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D was well described by first‐order kinetics, and rates of degradation for the two isomers were similar. Composted steer manure (SM) was the most reactive of the organic amendments tested. The half‐life of both the (Z)‐ and (E)‐isomers in unamended soil at 20 °C was 6.3 days; those in 5% SM‐amended soil were 1.8 and 1.9 days, respectively. At 40 °C, the half‐life of both isomers in 5% SM‐amended soil was 0.5 day. Activation energy values for amended soil at 2, 5 and 10% SM were 56.5, 53.4 and 64.5 kJ mol^?1, respectively. At 20 °C, the contribution of degradation from biological mechanisms was largest in soil amended with SM, but chemical mechanisms still accounted for more than 58% of the (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐D degradation. The effect of temperature and amendment rate upon degradation should be considered when describing the fate and transport of 1,3‐D isomers in soil. Use of organic soil amendments appears to be a promising method to enhance fumigant degradation and reduce volatile emissions. Published in 2001 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

西安地区丰水年有林地土壤水分恢复效应研究

通过对西安南郊平水年与丰水年秋季有林地土壤含水量的测定,研究了地下0～6 m之间土壤含水量的变化与土壤水分恢复问题.研究结果表明,正常年西安地区人工林2～4 m土壤含水量为9%～10%,发育了明显的土壤干层,表明土壤干层在黄土高原分布具有普遍性;丰水年西安南郊人工林下2～4 m的土壤含水量在18%～24%之间,高出正常年份这一层位含水量的8%～14%,土壤干层已经消失;丰水年4～6 m的土壤含水量也明显升高.分析得出,在降水丰富的年份,土壤水分得到恢复,而且恢复的深度可达5 m,恢复的速度也较快.     

渗水地膜覆盖栽培的土壤水温效应及对糜子生育的调控研究

在甘肃会宁,以陇糜5号为指示品种,研究了渗水地膜覆盖(T1)、普通地膜覆盖(T2)、露地(T3)3种种植方式土壤水分、地温效应及对旱地糜子生长发育的影响。结果表明,渗水地膜的渗水作用使其比普通地膜能接纳更多的雨水(在出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的20~40 cm及40~60 cm耕层,均是T1T2),微气孔蒸发作用使得其0~20 cm耕层水分含量略低于普通地膜(在出苗期、抽穗期和成熟期的0~20 cm耕层,均是T2T1);与露地相比,渗水地膜和普通地膜覆盖都具有明显的增温和保温效果,且增产显著,增产幅度分别是46.79%和67.13%,但渗水地膜和普通地膜处理之间产量差异不显著。     

不同覆膜方式软荚豌豆的土壤水热效应及其对产量的影响

以软荚豌豆品种合欢为试验材料,研究不同覆膜方式的土壤水热效应及其对软荚豌豆产量的影响。结果表明,与不覆膜（CK）相比,全覆膜（FM）和半覆膜（HM）提高软荚豌豆生长前期0～25 cm土层平均地温分别为3．9℃和2．3℃;同时能抑制土壤水分蒸发,0～30 cm土壤含水量FM最高,HM次之;在FM和HM较好的水热条件下,出苗期分别较CK提前3～4 d和2 d,出苗率分别提高25．7％～26．4％和19．5％～20．9％,采收天数分别延长3～4 d和1～3 d;结荚数和单荚重显著增加,FM产量较CK提高18．5％,HM产量较CK提高12．0％。由于FM改善土壤水热状况,提早出苗,促进软荚豌豆前期生长并改善产量构成因子,因而表现较高产量,是适宜本试验区软荚豌豆种植的一种新的栽培方式。     

水分对旱稻土壤及植株中主要营养元素含量的影响

在防雨棚池栽条件下研究了不同水分处理下土壤矿质元素的释放及旱稻植株对矿质元素的吸收利用特点。结果表明：土壤水分对土壤N、P、K含量及植株养分吸收存在明显影响。随着土壤水分含量的提高,土壤硝态氪含量显著下降,氨态氪含量显著上升;磷素在低水分处理下先升高后基本保持较高水平,而在高水分处理下有一个升降升的变化过程;钾素在65％、100％水分处理下在分蘖中后期显著大于其它水分处理,而在分蘖前期各水分处理都有一个先降后升的变化趋势。在植株对矿质元素的吸收上,100％水分处理下植株体内的全氮含量一直呈下降趋势,65％、75％处理下磷素变化呈“U”型,其余各处理下植株体内的N、P、K含量都呈W型变化。随土壤含水量的增加,旱稻植株对N、P、K的吸收总量均增加。