Effects of nozzle type and spray angle on spray deposition in ivy pot plants

BACKGROUND: Fewer plant protection products are now authorised for use in ornamental growings. Frequent spraying with the same product or a suboptimal technique can lead to resistance in pests and diseases. Better application techniques could improve the sustainable use of the plant protection products still available. Spray boom systems—instead of the still predominantly used spray guns—might improve crop protection management in greenhouses considerably. The effect of nozzle type, spray pressure and spray angle on spray deposition and coverage in ivy pot plants was studied, with a focus on crop penetration and spraying the bottom side of the leaves in this dense crop. RESULTS: The experiments showed a significant and important effect of collector position on deposition and coverage in the plant. Although spray deposition and coverage on the bottom side of the leaves are generally low, they could be improved 3.0–4.9‐fold using the appropriate application technique. CONCLUSIONS: When using a spray boom in a dense crop, the nozzle choice, spray pressure and spray angle should be well considered. The hollow‐cone, the air‐inclusion flat‐fan and the standard flat‐fan nozzle with an inclined spray angle performed best because of the effect of swirling droplets, droplets with a high momentum and droplet direction respectively. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Field evaluation of a self-propelled sprayer and effects of the application rate on spray deposition and losses to the ground in greenhouse tomato crops

BACKGROUND: In the greenhouses of south‐eastern Spain, plant protection products are applied using mainly sprayers at high pressures and high volumes. This results in major losses on the ground and less than uniform spray deposition on the canopy. Recently, self‐propelled vehicles equipped with vertical spray booms have appeared on the market. In this study, deposition on the canopy and the losses to the ground at different spray volumes have been compared, using a self‐propelled vehicle with vertical spray booms versus a gun sprayer. Three different spray volumes have been tested with a boom sprayer, and two with a spray gun. RESULTS: The vehicle with the vertical spray boom gave similar depositions to those made with the gun, but at lower application volumes. Also, the distribution of the vertical spray boom was more uniform, with lower losses to the ground. CONCLUSIONS: The vertical spray booms used in tomato crops improve the application of plant protection products with respect to the spray gun, reducing the application volumes and the environmental risks of soil pollution. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Potential dermal pesticide exposure affected by greenhouse spray application technique

BACKGROUND: Operator safety is still one of the main problems concerning greenhouse spray applications in South European horticulture. The main objective of this study was to compare potential dermal exposure (PDE) between traditional handheld spray application techniques (i.e. a standard spray gun walking forwards, a spray lance walking forwards and backwards) and novel spray application techniques with spray booms (i.e. a trolley, the Fumimatic and the Fumicar). RESULTS: PDE varied from 19.7 mL h^?1 for the Fumimatic to 460 mL h^?1 for the spray lance walking forwards. Walking backwards reduced PDE by a factor 7. With the trolley, Fumimatic and Fumicar, PDE was respectively 20, 60 and 8 times lower than with the standard spray gun. With the spray lance, PDE was about 2.5 times higher than with the spray gun. Pesticide distribution over the operator's body was non‐uniform and correlated strongly with the application technique. With the traditional techniques, exposure to the legs and feet represents 60–80% of the total exposure. CONCLUSIONS: Novel spray application techniques using spray booms greatly decrease operator exposure because the operator is not walking directly into the spray cloud and the sprayed crop, and because of their higher capacity. Depending on the type of spray application, different parts of the body need to be protected most. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of the spray application technique on the deposition of entomopathogenic nematodes in vegetables

BACKGROUND: The present study compared entomopathogenic nematode delivery at the base of savoy cabbage and cauliflower, at the lower side of savoy cabbage and cauliflower leaves and in leek stems and the ground deposition using a five‐nozzle spray boom equipped with an ISO 08 flat fan, an air induction flat fan and Twinjet spray nozzles. Additionally, an air support system and a row application system were evaluated. RESULTS: Approximately 40% of the applied nematodes did not reach the foot of the cabbage plants. The use of an air support system or a row application system improved nematode deposition at the savoy cabbage base. Relative nematode deposition on the lower side of savoy cabbage leaves was 27.20%, while only 2.64% of the applied nematodes reached the lower side of cauliflower leaves. After spraying leek with a standard boom, a low relative nematode deposition (26.64%) was measured in the leek stem. Nozzle type affected the distribution of nematodes in droplet spots. CONCLUSION: Nozzle type has a minor effect on the number of entomopathogenic nematodes delivered on difficult‐to‐reach targets. The use of modified spray application techniques directing the spray to the target site are necessary to increase the chances of contact of entomopathogenic nematodes with their target. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

喷头和施药液量对水稻植株上农药沉积和药剂防治效果的影响

为明确喷头及施药液量对水稻植株上农药沉积及药剂防治效果的影响,采用丽春红-G示踪法测定了4种喷头ST11001、ST11002、TR8001、TR8002在不同施药液量条件下喷雾农药在水稻植株上的沉积分布特性,并比较了4种喷头施用相同剂量的40%氯虫苯甲酰胺·噻虫嗪WDG对水稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis和褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens的防治效果。结果表明,选择ST11002和TR8001喷头,在施药液量300 L/hm~2条件下喷雾,单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积量分别达到27.55μg和28.16μg;选择ST11001和TR8002喷头,在施药液量900 L/hm~2条件下喷雾,单株水稻上的丽春红-G沉积量仅分别为12.27μg和14.86μg。喷头和施药液量的改变不影响水稻植株上农药沉积分布特性,均为上层沉积量中层沉积量下层沉积量。当施药液量从300 L/hm~2增加到900 L/hm~2,4种喷头ST11001、ST11002、TR8001、TR8002喷雾在水稻基部的雾滴密度分别增加了8.21、8.54、7.79和9.69倍;但在相同施药液量下,4种喷头在水稻基部的雾滴密度没有显著差异。同一剂量下,喷头和施药液量不同组合的防治效果间差异显著。表明针对稻田不同防治对象,选择合适的喷头及施药液量将有助于提高农药沉积及防治效果。     

喷雾参数对自走式喷杆喷雾机稻田喷雾农药利用率及雾滴沉积分布的影响

比较在不同喷雾压力和施药液量条件下,采用自走式喷杆喷雾机在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期、扬花期进行喷雾处理的农药利用率、沉积分布均匀性及水稻茎基部雾滴密度的差异,为建立自走式喷杆喷雾机在稻田的高效施药技术提供理论依据。以生物染料丽春红-G作为农药示踪剂,估测不同喷雾参数的农药利用率,并用变异系数、绝对份额比例值比较农药分布的均匀性。同时通过水敏纸收集水稻基部雾滴密度,分析不同喷雾参数下农药雾滴穿透水稻冠层的能力。结果表明:在水稻分蘖期,采用自走式喷杆喷雾机在喷雾压力为1.2 MPa、施药液量为375 L/hm^2条件下喷雾,每个采样点的丽春红-G的平均沉积量仅为0.11 mg,与喷雾压力为0.4 MPa、施药液量为300 L/hm^2条件下喷雾的沉积量相比减少了56.00%。在水稻孕穗期,当喷雾压力为1.2 MPa、施药液量为375 L/hm^2时进行喷雾处理,每个采样点的丽春红-G的平均沉积量达0.26 mg,显著高于其他4个处理。在水稻扬花期,不同喷雾参数间的沉积量差距减小。在合适的喷雾压力和施药液量时,自走式喷杆喷雾机在水稻分蘖期、孕穗期和扬花期进行喷雾处理,农药利用率分别达到40.57%、54.97%和55.50%。综合变异系数和绝对份额比例两个指标,采用自走式喷杆喷雾机在喷雾压力为0.8 MPa、施药液量为300 L/hm^2条件下喷雾,农药分布更均匀。喷雾压力对水稻基部雾滴密度有显著影响,在水稻生长中后期,当喷雾压力低于0.8 MPa、施药液量为225~375 L/hm^2时,水稻茎秆基部雾滴密度均小于30个/cm^2。研究结果表明,喷雾压力和施药液量对自走式喷杆喷雾机稻田喷雾的农药利用率、分布均匀性及水稻茎秆基部雾滴密度有显著影响。在水稻生长前期,不宜采用高压力大水量喷雾作业;在水稻生长中后期,为增加对水稻基部病虫害的防治效果,需提高喷雾压力。     

飞防助剂和施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施雾滴沉积和棉花蓟马防效的影响

为明确飞防助剂和施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施在棉花冠层的雾滴沉积和对棉花上蓟马防效的影响,选择倍达通、功倍、杰效丰和迈丝4种飞防助剂,设置3种施药液量,通过田间试验研究了植保无人飞机喷施25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂后其在棉花冠层的雾滴密度、覆盖率、沉积量和雾滴均匀性以及对棉花上蓟马的防效。结果表明,4种飞防助剂和3种施药液量对植保无人飞机喷施的雾滴沉积和蓟马防效均有显著影响。增加施药液量可显著增加雾滴在棉花冠层的密度与覆盖率,添加飞防助剂对雾滴密度的提升效果显著。4种助剂对农药雾滴在棉花冠层上、中、下部的覆盖率的影响趋势较为一致,与棉花冠层上部相比,对中、下部位覆盖率的影响较低。施药液量为2 L/667 m²时,添加倍达通、功倍、杰效丰、迈丝及无助剂对照的雾滴穿透性分别为46.0%、49.1%、33.6%、36.1%和44.3%,该施药液量下各处理雾滴穿透性均较好。随着施药液量增加,药后1、3、7 d对棉花蓟马的防效也显著提升。在相同施药液量下,25%噻虫嗪水分散粒剂药液中添加飞防助剂倍达通和杰效丰相较于功倍和迈丝,对棉花蓟马具有更高的防治效果。试验结果为植保无人飞机防治...     

The effect of different spray liquids on the foliar retention of agricultural sprays by wheat plants in a canopy

The aim of this work was to examine the effect of liquid properties on spray retention in a range of situations representative of practical pesticide application. Liquids with different physical properties were sprayed with conventional flat-fan and air-induction nozzles onto outdoor-grown wheat plants (Triticum aestivum L cv Axona) at growth stages between GS 22 and GS 35. Since total retention is affected by leaf surface as well as plant growth stage and canopy density, the experiments included spraying both single leaves and groups of plants with different canopy densities. Retention on whole plants was strongly influenced by plant growth and canopy properties. Individual leaf surfaces were not as water-repellent as was found previously for younger indoor-grown plants, reducing the effect of dynamic surface tension on retention. This, combined with the increased probability of droplets hitting foliage in a denser canopy, gave reduced differences in retention between liquids when compared with similar measurements made previously on younger plants. With a leaf area index greater than 7, retention on whole plants was almost independent of liquid. Air-induction nozzles gave lower levels of retention than flat-fan nozzles, with this difference greatest when spraying high dynamic surface tension liquids and at low crop densities.     

Effect of spray volume on the deposition, viability and infectivity of entomopathogenic nematodes in a foliar spray on vegetables

BACKGROUND: Spray volume can influence the amount of free water on the leaf surface and subsequently the ability of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) to move. In this study, an investigation was made of the effect of spray volume (548, 730 and 1095 L ha⁻¹) on the deposition, viability and infectivity of EPNs against Galleria mellonella on savoy cabbage, cauliflower and leek. RESULTS: Increasing spray volume decreased nematode deposition on 7.1 cm² leek leaf discs at a 15° angle with the spray nozzle. Although the number of living nematodes observed on leek after 240 min of exposure was not significantly different between the low-volume application (548 L ha⁻¹) and the high-volume application (1095 L ha⁻¹), a greater infectivity was obtained in the latter application. The higher number of droplets deposited on the leek discs in the high-volume application may have stimulated nematode movement. No significant effect of spray volume was observed on the relative deposition of Steinernema carpocapsae on the bottom side of cauliflower and savoy cabbage leaf discs. In spite of the low S. carpocapsae deposition on the bottom side of the savoy cabbage discs, high infectivity was obtained against G. mellonella. Using the lowest spray volume on savoy cabbage, infectivity decreased with increasing exposure time, while infectivity was not affected by exposure time when a spray volume of 730 L ha⁻¹ or more was used. CONCLUSION: Spray volume is an important application parameter, as it affects nematode infectivity. Future research should investigate the effect of spray volume in the field and its influence on the effect of adjuvants. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

喷头类型对植保无人机低容量喷雾雾滴在稻田冠层沉积分布及防治效果的影响

为减少植保无人机施药过程中的雾滴飘移,提高农药有效沉积率,选用多旋翼植保无人机探讨喷头类型和添加迈飞助剂对10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂喷雾雾滴的沉积分布及其防治水稻二化螟Chilo suppressalis效果的影响。结果表明：IDK120-01型喷头+1.0%迈飞助剂处理在水稻冠层、中层、底层的雾滴体积中径D_V50均显著高于其他处理,在冠层的单位面积沉积量和农药有效沉积率分别为1.57 μg/cm²和63.89%,也均显著高于其他处理,且单位面积沉积量以冠层最高,中层次之,底层最低;喷头与助剂互作对防飘移率的影响显著,IDK120-01型喷头+1.0%迈飞助剂处理的防飘移率为76.08%,显著高于其他处理,该条件下喷施10%溴氰虫酰胺可分散油悬浮剂对二化螟的防治效果可达74.58%,水稻理论产量为8 905.80 kg/hm²,均显著高于其他处理。表明在溴氰虫酰胺药液中添加1.0%迈飞助剂,采用IDK120-01型喷头进行植保无人机喷洒作业防治水稻二化螟时,能有效减少雾滴飘移,增加单位面积沉积量及农药有效沉积率,提升对二化螟的防治效果。     

植保无人机施药沉积飘移监测系统设计与应用

为提升植保无人机施药沉积飘移监测智能化水平,研发植保无人机施药沉积飘移监测系统,该系统机载监测终端实时获取药械状态参数、植保无人机状态参数及位置参数,通过数据处理服务系统将其发送至平台软件,基于作业参数利用沉积飘移预测模型实时监测药液沉积区域及飘移范围。该系统同时具有作业面积计量、飞行轨迹回溯、作业质量空间分析等功能。2015年4月于山东省威海市文登区泽头镇眠虎岭区域对该系统进行性能测试,植保无人机规划靶区作业面积为433 hm²,最终监测作业面积为405 hm²,施药覆盖率为93.5%;施药过程中实时监测沉积区域和飘移范围,受环境侧风影响,药液最大飘移距离可达40 m,系统整体达到预期设计要求。截至目前该系统已在山东、安徽、江苏、云南、河南、浙江、天津等多个省市应用。     

喷雾助剂对不同剂型吡虫啉药液理化性能与沉积的影响

为明确4种不同类型喷雾助剂对吡虫啉5种剂型的增效效果,测定了助剂与农药混用后药液的表面张力、接触角、干燥时间、扩展直径与叶面持留量,之后根据上述试验结果,选择增效作用较好的2种助剂与吡虫啉各剂型混用,对枸杞木虱进行大田防效试验,最终得到喷雾助剂与农药剂型的最优搭配。试验结果表明,添加喷雾助剂可降低药液表面张力、接触角与干燥时间,增加药液在枸杞叶片上的扩展直径与叶面持留量。其中,强力源对5%吡虫啉SL、70%吡虫啉WP的增效效果较好,矿物油对5%吡虫啉SL、70%吡虫啉WG的增效效果较好,迈润与步锐丝效果相对较差。田间试验结果表明,强力源分别与70%吡虫啉WP和5%吡虫啉SL混用防治枸杞木虱,药后7、10 d的防效较好。表面活性剂类助剂强力源可有效改善5%吡虫啉SL、70%吡虫啉WP药液物理性能,增加药液在叶片上的沉积量,并有效防治枸杞木虱,故生产上推荐使用该搭配。     

大载荷油动植保无人机喷雾参数对棕榈树冠层雾滴沉积分布的影响

对使用大载荷油动植保无人机对棕榈树进行喷施作业的效果进行了评价, 探讨了植保无人机喷洒参数对棕榈树上雾滴沉积的影响。以大载荷油动植保无人机为研究对象, 进行了正交试验, 考察了3个因素:飞行高度、飞行速度和喷头流量。经过试验比较, 当喷头流量为3.4 L/min、作业高度为3 m、作业速度为3 m/s时, 雾滴沉积密度和均匀性最佳。其中, 喷头流量对雾滴沉积密度的影响最大, 其次是作业高度和作业速度; 在穿透性方面, 喷头流量为3.4 L/min、作业高度为4 m、作业速度为4 m/s和喷头流量为4.2 L/min、作业高度为4 m、作业速度为3 m/s, 其雾滴的穿透性较强, 分别为15.83%和30.01%。影响雾滴沉积穿透性的因素依次为喷头流量、作业高度和作业速度。本试验对大载荷油动植保无人机在棕榈树合理喷施和提高喷施效果方面具有参考价值。     

喷雾参数及助剂类型对植保无人飞机在棉花中期喷雾雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用大疆MG-1P型电动四旋翼植保无人飞机在棉花生长中期进行喷雾施药处理,探讨了喷雾参数及添加的助剂类型对农药雾滴在棉花植株叶片上沉积分布的影响。以22%氟啶虫胺腈悬浮剂及3种飞防助剂(倍达通、ND-800和G-2801)为试验药剂,在不同喷雾参数及飞防助剂条件下在棉花生长中期进行喷雾处理,以诱惑红作为药剂沉积指示剂,采用雾滴测试卡和滤纸检测雾滴沉积分布情况,利用分光光度计测定滤纸洗脱溶液的吸光度值,计算单位面积的药液沉积量,利用DepositScan软件分析雾滴密度。结果显示:植保无人飞机的飞行速度对雾滴沉积分布的影响最大,而飞行高度则对其无显著影响。添加不同助剂对棉花植株叶片正反面的雾滴沉积分布影响不同:3种助剂均可使棉花冠层上、中、下部叶片正面的雾滴密度显著提高;而对于叶片反面,则仅添加ND-800后棉花冠层上、中、下部叶片反面的雾滴密度分别增长688.9%、590.9%和327.5%,而添加G-2801与倍达通助剂则无显著影响。     

Buffer zone and windbreak effects on spray drift deposition in a simulated wetland

The amount of agricultural spray that drifts into a wetland from an adjacent crop field is influenced by vegetation along the field boundary or any intentional setback distance (buffer zone) between the sprayer and the edge of the arable field. In this study, spray tracer drift deposits were measured in a simulated wetland area under different conditions of wind speed and buffer zone width. The effect of an artificial windbreak at the upwind edge of the simulated wetland was also evaluated. A level of tolerance of 0.1% of the in-swath spray deposition was established as a no-effect level for the response of aquatic plants to common herbicides. Our results indicate that a vegetated 10-m field margin (eg a fencerow) alone provides adequate protection from herbicide drift into a wetland area under wind conditions normally considered acceptable for spraying. For high winds (> 4m s(-1)) when field spraying would not normally be advised, adequate protection was afforded by the same 10-m margin plus a dense windbreak (25% porosity) or by the margin plus a 20-m buffer zone.     

植保无人飞机低空低容量喷雾技术应用与展望

近十年来,我国植保无人飞机迅猛发展,应用的农作物范围越来越广,不仅在水稻、小麦、玉米等主要粮食作物得到了应用,在橡胶、槟榔等高大植株的病虫害防治中更有其独特优势,已经初步形成了我国植保无人飞机低空低容量喷雾的喷头配置、配套药剂、飞防助剂、作业参数等技术体系,对于重要农作物病虫害如稻纵卷叶螟、水稻纹枯病、小麦蚜虫、玉米黏虫等防治效果均在80%以上,在各地病虫害防控中发挥了重要作用。但是,植保无人飞机喷雾作业过程中,还存在炸机或失控、雾滴飘移药害、药液分层结块、防治效果不稳定等问题。通过汇总分析植保无人飞机在重要病虫草害防治工作的成功经验和安全事故,本文提出植保无人飞机低容量喷雾技术将会得到更广泛的应用,植保无人飞机专用药剂和配套助剂、变量施药、多传感器数据融合、多机协同、精准施药、施药标准和规范等都将得到长足的发展,为现代农业和智慧农业发展提供技术支持。     

Dispersal of Phytophthora nicotianae on tomatoes grown by nutrient film technique in a greenhouse

Tomatoes were grown in a greenhouse by nutrient film technique (NFT). They were inoculated withPhytophthora nicotianae either by direct inoculation of roots or by adding fungal spores to a container with recirculating nutrient solution. In the first case, the resulting epidemic seemed to be polycyclic, in the second case monocyclic. In both cases, inoculum freely circulated through the NFT system and was present in the nutrient solutions for at least 6 days after inoculation.Samenvatting Kastomaten werden gekweekt met behulp van voedingsfilmtechniek. Zij werden geinoculeerd metPhytophthora nicotianae hetzij door directe besmetting van wortels, hetzij door een sporensuspensie toe te voegen aan het voorraadvat met voedingsoplossing. In het eerste geval leek een polycyclische epidemie te volgen. In het tweede geval ontstond een monomcyclische epidemie. In beide gevallen werd schimmelinoculum door het gehele gotensysteem rondgepompt. Inoculum bleef gedurende tenminste 6 dagen na inoculatie aantoonbaar in de voedingsoplossing.     

喷洒部件及喷雾助剂对担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响

采用诱惑红为指示剂研究测定了喷洒部件以及喷雾助剂Silwet408对电动担架式喷雾机在桃园喷雾中的雾滴沉积分布的影响,试验结果表明：采用喷枪大容量喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有35.2%的药液流失到地面,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为0.59和0.62;当在喷雾液添加0.1%的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到125 L/667 m2时,药液在地面的流失率减少到21.2%,喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层内膛和外膛的上/下层沉积比分别为1.28和1.19,沉积分布均匀性明显提高。采用装配小喷片的组合喷头喷雾,当施药液量为250 L/667 m2时,有28.4%的药液流失到地面,当在喷雾液添加0.1% 的Silwet408并把施药液量降低到185 L/667m2时,喷雾压力分别为0.25 Mpa和0.35 Mpa时,药液在地面的流失率分别减少到18.5%和8.6%。研究测定结果表明,通过更换喷洒部件、增加喷雾压力、减少施药液量、添加喷雾助剂等措施可以显著减少果园喷雾中的药液流失率、提高喷雾雾滴在桃树冠层的沉积分布均匀性。