3FLD和反射率荧光指数估测小麦条锈病病情严重度的对比分析

为研究小麦条锈病病情严重度和日光诱导叶绿素荧光强度的关系,确定适合于探测小麦条锈病病情严重度的叶绿素荧光因子。本文分别利用3FLD(three bands Fraunhofer Line Discrimination)和反射率指数2种方法提取了日光诱导叶绿素荧光强度,对比分析了这2种方法估测的日光诱导叶绿素荧光强度在小麦条锈病病情严重度遥感探测中的应用潜力。利用3FLD方法计算的O2-A和O2-B波段叶绿素荧光强度与小麦条锈病病情严重度均达到了极显著相关,复相关系数分别为0.677 2和0.492 4。基于反射率指数估测日光诱导叶绿素荧光时,叶绿素荧光反射率比值指数R_(740)/R_(720)、R_(440)/R_(690)、R_(740)/R_(800)以及叶绿素荧光一阶导数光谱指数D_(705)/D_(722)、D_(730)/D_(706)与小麦条锈病病情严重度均达到了极显著相关,尤其是比值指数R_(440)/R_(690)与小麦条锈病病情指数的相关性最高,复相关系数达到了0.718 7。基于辐亮度的3FLD算法和基于反射率的叶绿素荧光比值指数2种方法提取的叶绿素荧光强度均能够实现小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测,但利用反射率方法提取的日光诱导叶绿素荧光强度构建的小麦条锈病病情严重度估测模型优于3FLD算法,更适合小麦条锈病病情严重度的遥感探测。论文的研究结果为基于卫星平台的叶绿素荧光遥感探测小麦条锈病提供了重要的理论依据。     

融合GA与SVR算法的小麦条锈病特征优选与模型构建

为提高小麦条锈病遥感监测精度,综合利用反射率光谱在作物生化参数探测方面的优势和叶绿素荧光在光合生理诊断方面的优势,构建了冠层日光诱导叶绿素荧光(Solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence,SIF)协同反射率光谱吸收参量的初始特征集合,并基于融合遗传算法(Genetic algorithm,GA)和支持向量回归(Support vector regression,SVR)算法对初始特征集合与SVR参数进行联合优选,确定遥感监测小麦条锈病严重度的敏感因子,建立基于GA-SVR算法的小麦条锈病遥感监测模型,并将其与相关系数(Correlation coefficient,CC)分析法提取特征参量构建的CC-SVR模型精度进行对比。小区试验数据验证结果表明,融合GA和SVR算法优选特征参量构建的GA-SVR模型精度优于CC-SVR模型,3个样本组中GA-SVR模型预测病情指数(Disease index,DI)与实测DI间的决定系数R2比CC-SVR模型至少提高了2.7%,平均提高了17.8%,均方根误差(Root mean square error,RMSE)至少减少了10.1%,平均减少了32.1%。大田调查数据进一步验证了利用GA-SVR算法对小麦条锈病遥感监测的敏感因子进行优选及模型构建能够提高小麦条锈病遥感监测精度,研究结果为实现大面积高精度遥感监测作物健康状况提供了思路。     

基于无人机高光谱影像的冬小麦全蚀病监测模型研究

冬小麦全蚀病是导致小麦大幅减产甚至绝收的土传检疫性病害。快速、无损地监测冬小麦全蚀病空间分布对其防治具有重要意义。以无人机搭载成像高光谱仪为遥感平台,利用成像高光谱影像结合地面病害调查数据,在田块尺度对冬小麦全蚀病病情指数分布进行空间填图。利用地物光谱仪(ASD)同步获取的高光谱数据评价UHD185光谱数据质量,综合运用统计分析以及遥感反演填图技术,计算光谱指数(Difference spectral index,DSI)、比值光谱指数(Ratio spectral index,RSI)及归一化差值光谱指数(Normalized difference spectral index,NDSI)与病情指数(DI)构建决定系数等势图,筛选最优光谱指数与DI构建线性回归模型,并利用3个光谱指数构建偏最小二乘回归预测模型,以对比模型预测精度与稳健性。最后用独立数据对模型进行检验。结果表明,冬小麦冠层的ASD光谱数据与UHD185光谱数据相关性显著,决定系数R~2达0.97以上,3类光谱指数与DI构建偏最小二乘回归模型,得到模型验证结果(R~2=0.629 2,R_(MSE)=10.2%,M_(AE)=16.6%),其中DSI(R_(818),R_(534))对模型贡献度最高,利用DSI(R_(818),R_(534))与DI构建线性回归模型为y=-6.490 1x+1.461 3(R~2=0.860 5,R_(MSE)=7.3%,M_(AE)=19.1%),且通过独立样本的模型验证精度(R~2=0.76,R_(MSE)=14.9%,M_(AE)=11.7%,n=20)。最后使用该模型对冬小麦进行病情指数反演,制作了冬小麦全蚀病病害空间分布图,本研究结果为无人机高光谱遥感在冬小麦全蚀病的精准监测方面提供了技术支撑,并对未来卫星遥感探索冬小麦全蚀病大面积监测提供了理论基础。     

基于高光谱和PLS-LS-SVM的冬小麦叶绿素含量检测

定量测定小麦叶片叶绿素含量在小麦估产、农情监测等方面具有重要意义.本研究验证高光谱成像技术结合偏最小二乘-最小二乘支持向量机(PLS-LS-SVM)建模方法预测大田冬小麦叶绿素含量的可行性.首先利用所搭建高光谱成像系统以线扫描方式获取大田冬小麦叶片反射光谱,进而得到其立方体图像数据,并在小麦叶片光谱图像上选择感兴趣区域计算出光谱平均反射率值.为保证PLS-LS-SVM模型的鲁棒性和预测稳定性,首先通过PLS方法解决多重共线性问题并将输入变量维数减至4维,然后利用LS-SVM进行训练建模.所建叶绿素含量预测模型的决定系数达R2=0.8459,预测均方根误差RMSEV=0.4370.研究结果表明,基于高光谱成像系统,采用PLS-LS-SVM建立模型用来预测大田冬小麦叶绿素含量是完全可行的.     

无人机多光谱遥感反演冬小麦植株含水率

为了建立一种高效监测冬小麦植株含水率的无损方法,用于反映作物水分状况、指导精准灌溉。以北京大兴的冬小麦为研究对象,利用无人机搭载多光谱相机采集冬小麦5个波段的光谱信息,构造了光谱反射率模型和光谱植被指数模型,筛选了典型地区冬小麦植株含水率解译模型。结果表明:冬小麦植株含水率与反射光谱在0.05水平上显著相关,优选的两种模型的预测精度较高,相对误差均小于10%,决定系数均大于0.75;从模型复杂程度和物理含义考虑,估算植株含水率的最优模型为基于逐步回归法的光谱指数模型,该模型的率定及验证的决定系数为0.78和0.83,均方根误差为6.79%和5.47%,相对误差为9.73%和6.91%。该研究为采用无人机多光谱遥感技术实现对作物水分的快速高效监测提供了有效方法。     

基于无人机遥感的冬小麦叶绿素含量多光谱反演

以杨凌地区冬小麦为研究对象,使用六旋翼无人机搭载RedEdge多光谱相机进行叶绿素监测试验。共选取65个样本,每个样本为1 m×1 m的样地,在样地内选取小麦冠层的7片叶片,测量相对叶绿素含量SPAD值,取平均值作为实测值,GPS记录位置信息。地面数据测量与无人机飞行测量同步进行。用Pix4D mapper软件对无人机多光谱影像进行拼接处理,得到4个波段下小麦冠层叶片反射率光谱图像,并利用ENVI 5.1软件提取光谱反射率数据。选取8种常用光谱参数,其中与小麦SPAD相关性较高的有SAVI、EVI2、DVI、RVI、NDVI、EVI和ARVI共7种,相关系数均在0.67以上。用7种光谱参数和小麦SPAD实测值,使用一元线性回归法和多元线性回归法构建反演模型并进行精度分析,结果表明:一元线性回归法构建的SPAD-SAVI模型精度最佳,决定系数(R~2)为0.866,均方根误差RMSE为0.245,可作为无人机遥感快速、无损监测冬小麦叶绿素的技术手段。     

基于无人机成像高光谱影像的冬小麦LAI估测

利用无人机Cubert UHD185 Firefly成像光谱仪和ASD光谱仪获取了冬小麦挑旗期、开花期和灌浆期的成像和非成像高光谱以及LAI数据。首先,对比ASD与UHD185光谱仪数据光谱反射率,评价两者精度;然后,选取7个光谱参数,分析其与冬小麦3个生育期LAI的相关性,并使用线性回归和指数回归挑选出最佳估测参数;最后利用多元线性回归、偏最小二乘、随机森林、人工神经网络和支持向量机构建了冬小麦3个不同生育期LAI的估测模型。结果表明:UHD185光谱仪光谱反射率在红边区域与ASD光谱仪趋势一致性很高,反射率在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期的R^2分别为0.9959、0.9990和0.9968,UHD185光谱仪数据精度较高;7种光谱参数在挑旗期、开花期、灌浆期与LAI相关性最高的参数分别是NDVI(r=0.738)、SR(r=0.819)、NDVI×SR(r=0.835);LAI-MLR为冬小麦LAI的最佳估测模型,其中开花期拟合性最好,精度最高(建模R^2=0.6788、RMSE为0.69、NRMSE为19.79%,验证R^2=0.8462、RMSE为0.47、NRMSE为16.04%)。     

基于高分一号卫星数据的冬小麦叶片SPAD值遥感估算

以陕西省关中地区冬小麦不同生育期冠层高光谱反射率为数据源,模拟国产高分辨率卫星高分一号(GF-1)的光谱反射率,提取18种对叶绿素敏感的宽波段光谱指数,构建了基于遥感光谱指数的冬小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)遥感监测模型,并利用返青期的GF-1卫星数据对研究区的冬小麦叶片SPAD值进行了估算和验证。结果表明:返青期、孕穗期和全生育期SPAD值均与TGI指数相关性最高,相关系数分别为-0.742、-0.740和-0.483。拔节期和灌浆期SPAD值分别与SIPI指数和GNDVI指数相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.788和0.745。GNDVI、GRVI和TGI植被指数在各个生育期都和冬小麦叶片SPAD含量在0.01水平下呈显著相关。基于此3类植被指数构建的冬小麦叶片SPAD值回归模型精度较高,其中基于随机森林回归算法的估算模型效果最优,各类模型均在冬小麦拔节期的预测效果最佳。GF-1号卫星数据结合SPAD-RFR模型对研究区冬小麦叶片SPAD的估算结果最为理想,可用于大面积空间尺度的冬小麦叶片SPAD值遥感监测。     

田间冬小麦抽穗期长势分析——基于可见-近红外光

为了快速估测大田冬小麦叶绿素含量指标,指导冬小麦抽穗期追肥管理,基于光谱分析技术在可见光和近红外波段(325~1 075 nm)处,对陕西省杨凌区揉谷镇粮食基地的冬小麦进行长势检测、分析。试验在1 000 m×600 m区域内划分为30个采样区进行数据采集,使用ASD Field Spec Hand Held光谱辐射仪(Analytical Spectral Devices.,USA)采集冬小麦的冠层光谱反射率数据,使用SPAD-5 0 2 Plus便携式叶绿素仪测量小麦倒一叶和倒二叶的叶绿素指标(SPAD值),使用G738 CM型手持式GPS记录采样点的位置信息。分别进行冠层光谱反射率小麦倒一叶和倒二叶的预处理,结果表明:冠层反射光谱倒二叶的SPAD值相关系数高于倒一叶。基于相关性分析,选取4个敏感波段538、661、740、850 nm分别与预处理前后的光谱数据进行多元线性回归分析,结果表明:预处理后的模型精度较高,建模精度R2=0.8 3,验证建模精度R2=0.7。同时,绘制了大田作物长势分布图,可为冬小麦抽穗期追肥提供支持。     

模拟多光谱卫星宽波段反射率的冬小麦叶片氮含量估算

基于多年大田和小区试验下的实测小麦冠层高光谱信息,利用传感器光谱响应函数模拟Landsat 8、SPOT 6、HJ-1A、HJ-1B、GF-1和ZY-3卫星可见光-近红外波段的冠层光谱反射率,构建基于光谱指数的全生育期叶片氮含量(Leaf nitrogen concentration,LNC)估算模型。结果表明,基于不同传感器模拟的宽波段光谱反射率、光谱指数之间存在差异,但差异不显著;所有筛选的光谱指数和叶片氮含量都在P0.01水平显著相关,基于各光谱指数所构建的全生育期叶片氮含量估算通用模型均通过显著性检验;基于综合指数(TCARI/OSAVI)、转化叶绿素吸收反射指数(TCARI)、比值植被指数(RVI)的叶片氮含量估算模型具有较高的敏感性,噪声等效误差(NE)均小于1.6,其中以TCARI/OSAVI建立的叶片氮含量估算通用模型具有最好的拟合、检验精度和适用性,模型决定系数为0.62,NE为1.26。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。