1981-2010年乌昌地区20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量变化原因分析

选用1981-2010年乌昌（乌鲁木齐-昌吉）地区20 cm蒸发皿蒸发量资料,采用气候趋势法分析其变化趋势,结果表明：30 a间中、高山带蒸发量呈增加趋势,其中高山带增加较明显;平原区、低山带蒸发量以减小趋势为主,其中平原区减小速率最大。四季中大西沟和天池蒸发量均为增加趋势,其中春季和夏季增加较显著,平原区、低山带蒸发量四季均为减小趋势,其中夏季减小最快,其次为春季和秋季,冬季减小趋势较弱。用累积距平法做突变检验,乌昌地区在过去30 a高山带蒸发量在20世纪90年代末发生了快速增加;中、低山带蒸发量突变不明显,平原区大部分站蒸发量80年代末发生突变性减少现象。[JP2]偏相关系数的显著性分析表明,高、中山带蒸发量增加的主导因子是气温升高;低山带蒸发量下降的主导因子是相对湿度增加;而平原区蒸发量减小的主导因子是风速减小。     

四种不同种植模式茶园节肢动物的群落组成

为了解浙江省不同种植模式茶园节肢动物的群落组成,于2013—2014年对松阳县4种茶园的节肢动物群落数量、时空格局和茶丛上层益害生物比及其动态进行了调查。结果表明:林间茶园害虫、天敌物种数和总物种数显著大于其它3种茶园;林间茶园天敌个体数最多,丰产茶园害虫个体数和总个体数最多。在垂直分布上,天敌个体数在母穗园、林间茶园中以上层最多,在丰产茶园和两行密植茶园中以中层最多;害虫个体数在丰产茶园、母穗园和林间茶园以中层最多,在两行密植茶园以下层最多,分别占其全株的60%、56%、42%和51%;4种茶园益害个体数比皆以上层最多。在水平分布上,害虫个体数在丰产茶园、两行密植茶园、林间茶园皆以朝北方向最多,分别占其全株的35.0%、26.0%和26.3%;害虫个体数以茶丛内层较多,天敌个体数以外层较多;地上部分林间茶园益害个体数比约是丰产茶园的2倍。表明种植模式可改变群落空间格局和益害比。     

石羊河下游物候季节的水热分配及变化特征

基于物候季节,分析了石羊河下游地区1971-2000年各季节的水热分配状况及多年变化特征。结果表明,石羊河下游物候季节的更迭与气候的季节性演变相吻合,稳定通过物候四季的温度界限分别为春季≥2.9℃,夏季≥19.0℃,秋季<19.0℃,冬季≤4.5℃。水热资源最丰富为物候的夏季,其≥0℃的积温和降水分别占全年的55.8%和62.5%。多年来,温度的四季变化和年际变化具有明显的增加趋势,增长幅度依次为冬季>全年>春季>夏季>秋季。年均温的升高以1986年为突变年,而冬季和春季气温的升高分别以1985年和1991为突变年;降水变化的趋势不明显,年降水的波动形态与夏季基本一致,春季则与夏季相反,有春湿夏干或春干夏湿的趋势。     

近30年新疆降水量及雨日的变化特征分析

利用新疆1971-2006年98个气象站的逐日降水资料,研究了新疆年和四季降水量及雨日的气候变化特征。结果表明：新疆多年平均年降水量及雨日的空间分布均为北疆大于南疆,山区大于平原,二者长期变化的空间分布相似程度较低,有些地区甚至完全相反。南疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是由于雨日增加而造成的;北疆大部地区降水量的增加主要是...     

甘肃东部气候变化及冬小麦生长发育响应特征

分析发现1971年以来陇东黄土高原变暖特征明显,其中西峰半湿润塬区1971～2005年增温线性趋势0.0525℃/a,环县半干旱川区增温线性趋势0.0367℃/a,平凉半湿润半干旱过渡地区增温线性趋势0.0411℃/a.除了环县川区夏季增温不明显,其余各区域四季增温均比较显著,西峰塬区四季增温幅度最大,增温趋势最明显,平凉次之.增温表现出夏季、秋季、春季、冬季依次增强的趋势.西峰半湿润塬区年降水量呈减少的趋势,环县半干旱川区年降水量呈增加的趋势,处于半湿润和半干旱过渡带的平凉年降水量则没有明显变化,不同区域秋季降水量均呈现出减少的趋势.气候变暖对陇东不同气候区域冬小麦生态影响既有相同之处,也有不同之处,相同之处主要表现在停止生长期和乳熟期均没有明显变化,起身期提前趋势明显.不同之处体现在西峰播种期明显推迟,返青期明显提前,而环县和平凉播种期和返青期均没有明显变化;西峰、平凉分蘖期明显推迟,抽穗期明显提前,而环县分蘖期和抽穗期没有明显变化;西峰、环县成熟期显著提前,全生育期日数显著缩短,而平凉成熟期和全生育期日数则没有明显变化;另外,西峰、平凉冬前及早春分蘖减少,越冬死亡率大幅度下降,产量显著增高,西峰、环县灌浆期显著延长,成熟期显著缩短,环县越冬死亡率较高时段对应秋春季降水偏少时段,产量增幅不大,增产趋势不明显.综合分析认为,西峰半湿润塬区气候变暖特征最明显,气候变暖对冬小麦的生态影响最显著.     

Occurrence of Proteocephalus percae and P. cernuae in the perch and ruff in northern Finland

The occurrence of two palearctic Proteocephalus species, P. percae and P. cernuae, in the perch and ruff, respectively, was studied in two areas of northern Finland in 1977-1983. In the Bothnian Bay, 243 perch (Perca fluviatilis) and 406 ruff (Gymnocephalus cernuus) were studied, of which 60% and 40%, respectively, were infected, while in Lake Yli-Kitka the prevalences were 10% in 213 perch and 24% in 307 ruff. Higher mean intensities of infection were found in the Bothnian Bay fish than in those from the lake, but no infected fish had as many as 10 worms. Proteocephalus infection in the perch and ruff did not vary significantly according to the length of the fish in either area, except that no P. percae were found in perch smaller than 70 mm in the lake. There was a prominent seasonal variation in the occurrence of P. cernuae in the ruff in both areas, but especially in the lake, where no proteocephalids were found in the ruff in July-October. Overlapping of generations was evident in P. percae in the sea perch, although only by virtue of the lack of mature worms at the end of the summer. Some mature proteocephalids were also found in winter in both fish species in the sea and in the ruff of the lake. The higher mean intensity values in winter, especially in P. cernuae infection in the sea ruff, may be explained partly by the active feeding of the ruff at this time in spite of very low water temperatures. Feeding activity in the perch is lower in the winter, and hence a lower mean intensity of P. percae infection was seen especially in the lake material at that time.     

The occurrence of Altemaria brassicicola, Altemaria brassicae and Leptosphaeria maculans in brassica seed crops in south-east England between 1976 and 1980

Surveys of brassica seed crops in Essex and Suffolk showed that Alternaria spp. occurred in many crops of Brassica oleracea in the years 1977–1980 affecting up to 100% of pods in each year. A. brassicicola was the only species present in 1976 and was the domioant pathogen in succeeding years but A. brassicae increased in frequency from 1977, causing 24% of the pod infections on B. oleracea in 1980. The latter fungus was the dominant species in crops of oilseed rape ( B. napus ), the mean incidence of infected pods increasing from 0.5% in 1977 to 2.9% in 1980. Leptosphaeria maculans was not found in horticultural brassica seed crops in 1976 but occurred abundantly in these crops and in oilseed rape crops in each of the following years.     

Studies on the biology of black mould (Aspergillus niger) on temperate and tropical onions. 1. A comparison of sources of the disease in temperate and tropical field crops

Aspergillus niger colonies were present on 60–90% of the leaves sampled from onion crops grown under hot, tropical conditions (Shambat, Sudan), but only on 21% of leaves in crops grown under temperate conditions (Wellesbourne, UK). The seed stocks used in the Sudan were naturally contaminated with A. niger , whereas the fungus was absent from seed used in the UK. Inoculation of seed with A. niger resulted in an increase in the incidence of the fungus on onion plants (mean 83% of plants with affected leaves) in the field and on bulbs in store in crops grown in the UK. In the UK, A. niger is infrequent in the soil and air, but it is a major component of the soil and air mycoflora in the Sudan. Most of the bulbs grown in Sudan were contaminated with A. niger at harvest because of the high incidence of the fungus in the field.     

内蒙古托克托县地区浅层地下水氟化物与土壤水溶性氟的相关性研究

以内蒙古托克托县地区为研究对象,通过系统采集浅层地下水和土壤样品,分析研究区浅层地下水和土壤中氟化物的赋存分布规律及其相关性。结果表明:托克托县地区浅层地下水氟的最低浓度为0.15 mg·L~(-1),最高浓度为7.00 mg·L~(-1),平均值为2.10 mg·L~(-1)。研究区的绝大部分地区浅层地下水中氟含量大于1.00 mg·L~(-1),已不宜作为生活饮用水源。整体表现为东南部湖积台地地下水氟含量要高于西北部冲湖积平原地区。在低TH(总硬度)、偏碱性的浅层地下水环境中,Ca~(2+)的活度会降低,有利于F~-在地下水中的富集。浅层地下水中氟与土壤水溶性氟的空间浓度分布特征具有较高的相似性,湖积台地及蛮汉山前地带沉积的富氟矿物,是本区土壤和浅层地下水中氟化物的主要来源。     

农田土壤中水盐运移理论与模型的研究进展

农田土壤水盐模型是了解农田土壤水盐动态变化规律 ,进行农田水盐模拟和预报的最有效的方法之一。围绕国内外土壤学者在农田土壤水盐运移方面的研究成果 ,综述了农田土壤中水盐运移的基本理论及其发展过程 ,就农田土壤中常用的几种数学模型的研究现状进行了概述。对水盐运移模型的数值解法进行了探讨 ,以期消除数值波动现象 ,减小计算中的数值弥散。最后就农田土壤水盐运移模型研究方面存在的问题进行了分析 ,对其发展趋势和今后研究重点进行了展望 ,希望为进一步的研究工作提供帮助。     

1961-2017年青藏高原东北部雨季降水量变化及其贡献度分析

利用53个气象观测站1961—2017年5—9月逐日降水资料,分析了青藏高原东北部雨季降水量的变化特征,以及不同等级降水变化在降水量增量中的相对贡献。结果表明:1961—2017年青藏高原东北部干旱区雨季降水量呈增加趋势,半干旱区和半湿润区降水量的极端性增强。大部分地区的降水强度普遍增加。进一步分析可知,青藏高原东北部雨季降水量变化主要由降水强度的变化引起,同时中雨等级降水增加贡献大于其他等级降水。半湿润区和半干旱区东部降水极端化趋势明显增强。该结果有助于进一步理解和认识青藏高原东北部生态环境变化的气候效应。     

Organochlorine residues in aquatic environments in Iran, 1974.

Organochlorine pesticide residues in various organisms from different aquatic ecosystems in Iran were investigated in spring 1974. DDT levels were high in fish taken from two rivers in southern Iran, whereas low levels were detected in samples obtained from a freshwater lake in the same area. Fish from two of the reservoirs supplying Tehran with potable water contained moderate levels of DDT. The low residue level in pike collected in the Bandar-Pahlavi Mordab in northwest Iran indicates that only a small amount of organochlorine pesticides used in this area enters the pelagic food chain. Sturgeon collected at different places in the Caspian Sea showed similar accumulations of DDT in the muscles and in the eggs. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected only in samples of sediment from the drainage systems in Tehran.     

1971-2014年新疆区域寒潮气候特征

利用1971-2014年新疆105个台站逐日最低气温资料,分析了新疆寒潮天气的时空变化特征.结果表明:①新疆单站寒潮北疆多、东疆次之、南疆少,阿勒泰地区发生频次最高,其次是哈密北部、巴音布鲁克和塔城大部地区,南疆中西部地区发生频次最少.新疆区域寒潮天气冬季最多、秋季和春季次之,2月发生频次最高;春季寒潮主要集中在3-4月,秋季寒潮主要在10-11月.②新疆寒潮影响区域主要在北疆地区,其次是东疆、南疆东部,南疆西部影响次数最少.春季主要影响区域为北疆东部、沿天山一带和南疆东部;秋季为东疆、北疆沿天山以及北疆东部和北部地区;冬季为北疆东部和沿天山一带.③新疆区域寒潮过程一般持续3～7d,过程极端最低气温主要出现在寒潮爆发当天或次日,极端气温出现时间延迟天数不超过4d.寒潮过程最低气温24 h平均降幅在10.7℃,最大19.3℃,单站最大25.3℃;寒潮过程平均降温14℃,最大达18.8℃,单站最大32.7℃.     

Evidence of differences in seed dormancy among populations of Bromus sterilis

Seeds of 40 populations of Bromus sterilis L. were collected in the southern and midland counties of England over a 2‐year period and grown outdoors in pots in two subsequent years. In the first year, seeds were tested in a 12‐h dark/12‐h light regime at 15 °C and in the second year the seeds were tested both in the dark/light regime and in the dark at 15 °C. There was a wide range in the degree of enforced dormancy given by the dark/light regime. Germination of freshly collected seeds in the dark/light regime after 21 days ranged from 44% to 97% in the populations tested in the first year and from 19% to 97% in populations tested in the second year. Induced dormancy was caused by light in two populations. Seeds had little innate dormancy apart from in two populations which gave 64% and 68% germination, respectively, in the dark after 21 days. A field trial in which seeds of a selected range of six populations were sown on the soil surface after harvest (August 8), showed that populations predicted to be inhibited by light in laboratory tests were also inhibited by light in the field and, depending upon the population, there was between 4% and 54% of the seeds remaining ungerminated by October 23 in the year of planting. By June of the following year, 36% of the seeds sown on the soil surface in one population still remained viable and ungerminated. The agricultural significance of the results is discussed.     

不同生境果园梨小食心虫各代成虫高峰期差异

梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta (Busck)是桃、梨果园中最重要的食心害虫之一,仅依据往年的发生期和田间为害特征来指导防治具有滞后性。而性信息素具有高效、专一性强的特点,可用于准确监测其成虫发生情况,以此推测成虫的卵高峰期和幼虫初孵期,科学地指导防治。本研究在3个不同生境果园中,利用性信息素监测梨小食心虫成虫周年发生动态。结果表明:2019年在杭州余杭地区3个不同生境果园,包括越冬代在内,平地桃园和平地梨园的梨小食心虫成虫发生7代,而坡地桃园只有6代。成虫始见于3月中旬,终见于10月下旬;3个果园由于生境不同,同一世代梨小食心虫高峰期发生时间和各世代高峰期间隔时间不尽相同。因此在不同生境果园利用性信息素监测梨小食心虫成虫发生动态,有助于指导果园的适期防治。     

Spatial variability of glacial changes and their effects on water resources in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains during the last five decades

Changes in glaciers in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains have been analyzed previously. However, most previous studies focused on individual glaciers and/or decentralized glacial basins. Moreover, a majority of these studies were published only in Chinese, which limited their usefulness at the international level. With this in mind, the authors reviewed the previous studies to create an overview of glacial changes in the Chinese Tianshan Mountains over the last five decades and discussed the effects of glacial changes on water resources. In response to climate change, glaciers in the Tianshan Mountains are shrinking rapidly and are ca. 20% smaller on average in the past five decades. Overall, the area reduction of glacial basins in the central part of the Chinese Tianshan Mountains is larger than that in the eastern and western parts. The spatial differentiation in glacial changes are caused by both differences in regional climate and in glacial factors. The effects of glacial changes on water resources vary in different river basins due to the differences in glacier distribution, characteristics of glacial change and proportion of the glacier meltwater in river runoff.     

1971—2016年河南省夏玉米生长季极端干旱时空特征

选用地表湿润指数,利用1971—2016年气象数据对河南省夏季极端干旱发生的时空特征进行了分析。结果表明：近46 a来,河南省夏季极端干旱发生频数在年均0.08～2.15月之间,总体上呈现微弱的下降趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生次数高于7月和8月。1970s发生频数最多,2000s最少,2010s呈现回升的趋势。6月和9月极端干旱发生站次百分比明显高于7月和8月,且6、7月和9月的发生站次百分比在2010s也呈现回升趋势。各年代平均发生频数均以豫南地区最高,近46 a来极端干旱总次数呈现由南向北逐渐递减的分布特征,但6月份发生总次数高值区则主要分布在豫中和豫西地区。全省范围内极端干旱发生存在明显的4~8 a周期变化,2010s极端干旱发生频数和站次百分比均呈回升趋势,应引起夏玉米生产上的关注和重视。     

CONTROLLED INTERFERENCE WITH NATURAL POPULATIONS OF PLANTAGO LANCEOLATA, P. MAJOR AND P. MEDIA

Summary. An experiment was made to determine the effect of the removal of grasses on the behaviour of populations of Plantago lanceolata , P. media and P. major in three grassland habitats. Treatments included the addition of seed of all three species to the existing vegetation. The grasses were removed by treatment with 2,2-dichloropropionic acid (dalapon), a herbicide selective against the Gramineae. The chemical appears to be slightly toxic to the Plantago species at the dose used (12 Ib/ac a.e.). The removal of the grasses was followed by a marked increase in the plantain populations shown both in counts of the numbers of plants and seedlings and in increased seed output per unit area. Deliberate sowing of seed into the habitats in autumn resulted in increased numbers of seedlings in the following spring, particularly in those plots where the grasses had been removed. Species of Plantago not occurring naturally in the communities were frequently established by sowing seed, if the grasses had been removed, but not otherwise. The overall results of the experiment suggest that in two of the communities the grasses played an important role in determining the presence or absence of particular Plantagn species and also in controlling the size of the existing plantain populations. The experiment is discussed in the wider context of population control in plants.
Tentative de modification de populations naturelles de Plantago lanceolata, P. major et P. media.     

Appendiceal enterobiasis--its incidence and relationships to appendicitis

An evaluation was made of a bioptic material (21,916 appendices recovered from 1965 to 1974), in order to disclose relationships of the incidence of Enterobius vermicularis and the origin of appendicitis. A separate evaluation was made of a set of appendectomies (10,619 cases--from 1961 to 1970) for the purpose of detecting changes in pin worm-infested appendices by means of histological methods (683 cases). E. vermicularis was found in 6.03% of appendices. Included in our histological examination was a search for granulomas and eosinophile infiltrations. The former occurred in 1.14% of pin worm-infested appendices, the later in 1.74% and in 0.19%, or 2.18% in pin worm non-infested appendices. The results indicated a statistically highly significant difference in the incidence of granulomas. The incidence of granulomas in the appendix was increased in the present of pin worms in the appendix, and seemed also to be responsible for further pathological changes in it.