Some observations on the narcotizing ability of electric currents on the common carp Cyprinus carpio

Some effects of alternating current electronarcosis and of rectified current electronarcosis on C. carpio were investigated. In all instances recovery from narcosis was accompanied by convulsive spasms. Haemorrhaging of the gills was also observed to occur. Carp do not appear to be suitable candidates for electronarcosis.     

对NOAA/AVHRR图像进行几何精纠正的研究

论述了对极轨气象卫星NOAA/AVHRR 图像进行几何精纠正的原理、方法、意义和所能达到的精度.利用ERDAS图像处理系统对1997年4-9月12次不同时相的NOAA数据进行了几何精纠正,为实现草原遥感动态监测做了前提工作.     

实验性脾虚证大鼠血浆胃泌素和胃动素含量变化及四君子汤对其调整作用

通过大鼠肌肉注射利血平的方法复制了脾虚证动物模型，并应用四君子汤治疗反证，研究了脾虚证大鼠血浆胃泌素（GAS）和胃动素（MOT）的含量变化。结果表明，脾虚证大鼠血浆GAS和MOT含量显著降低，与对照组和四君子汤治疗组比较差异极显著（P＜0．01），对照组与四君子汤治疗组之间GAS和MOT的变化无明显差异（P＜0．05）；脾虚时的消化吸收机能障碍和胃肠动力学的改变与GAS和MOT的分泌减少密切相关；四君子汤能够提高血浆GAS和MOT含量，有效地改善脾虚证的胃肠功能。     

Sheared heels and the correlation to spontaneous quarter cracks

The strong association between sheared heels and a spontaneous quarter crack is hard to ignore. Although inappropriate farriery may play a role, limb conformation and the landing pattern of the horse appear to be the dominant factors causing this type of hoof capsule deformation. The importance of determining the underlying cause and implementing the appropriate farriery cannot be over emphasised when managing a quarter crack associated with a sheared heel. The repair of spontaneous quarter cracks will be of little value, and the defect will have a tendency to recur, unless the cause is identified and rectified.     

Evaluation of PCR systems for the identification and differentiation of Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis: a collaborative trial

Diagnostic differentiation between the ruminant pathogens Mycoplasma agalactiae and Mycoplasma bovis is known to be problematic when only conventional serological and biochemical tests are used. The main reason for this is that both agents share a considerable number of related proteins and common epitopes. DNA-based detection methods offer advantages in terms of specificity and sensitivity. However, there is an urgent need to compare currently used PCR assays because they target different genomic regions and, therefore, may perform differently. In the present work, five laboratories, which use PCR routinely, evaluated the specificity of four different PCR systems for M. agalactiae and three systems for M. bovis on a total of 41 strains of the two Mycoplasma species including six previously unidentified strains. As the vast majority of PCR examinations (97.1% of all tests) correctly identified the strains the specificity of all seven detection systems appears to be high. In four cases, incorrect identification by conventional diagnostic methods was rectified by PCR. Isolates from non-typical hosts, i.e. three M. bovis strains from small ruminants and two M. agalactiae strains from cattle, were characterised by sequencing the 16S and part of the 23S ribosomal RNA genes.     

The use of electronarcosis as anaesthetic in the cichlid, Oreochromis mossambicus (Peters). II. The effects of changing physical and electrical parameters on the narcotizing ability of alternating current

The effects of wave form, voltage, frequency and current as well as application time on the narcotizing ability of alternating current were investigated. A 60 Vrms, 50 Hz sine wave current applied for 30 s produced narcosis of sufficient duration to enable handling and blood sampling. A triangle wave form was inferior in narcotizing ability to both sine wave and square wave forms. Duration of narcosis increased with increasing water conductivity but was reduced by increasing water temperatures.     

The organizational culture of ten Dutch veterinary practices. Based on the model of competitive value

The aim of this study was to study the organizational culture of ten Dutch veterinary practices. In each practice, two veterinary nurses, two associates and two partners filled out the Organizational Culture Assessment Instrument for the current and preferred situation. Results showed that practice culture could be characterised best as the clan culture and, to a lesser extent, an adhocracy culture. The market culture was least prevalent. The family, adhocracy and hierarchy cultures were preferred above the market culture. The difference between current and preferred (i.e. the discrepancy) cultures was highest for the veterinary nurses, followed by the associates and smallest for the partners. Agreement between the three groups was stronger for the preferred situation than for the current situation.     

使用NOAA／AVHRR资料进行牧草产量及载畜量监测的方法研究

本文详述了如何利用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料进行草地产草量和载畜量监测的方法性研究。针对ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料和我国草地的特点，提出为消除植被指数资料误差，建立平均植被指数影象；推导出新的修正后的归一化植被指数公式；提出“面”与“面”相关的概念，建立平均植被指数影象与草地产量级之间的关系；研究不同“面”内的不同景观组分对植被指数的贡献，回归出统一的产草量预报模式；进行牧草产量和季节牧场载畜量的动态监测，形成了一套完整有序的监测方法和步骤。可在大范围的草地上使用ＮＯＡＡ／ＡＶＨＲＲ资料，进行草地的分级、制图和估产，并准确地标识出它们的位置和分布规律，进行季节牧场载畜量的平衡分析，为季节畜牧业的实行提供依据。     

A Resazurin Microplate Assay for Quick Diagnosis and Antibiotic Sensitivity Measurement of Bovine Mastitis-causing E.coli

To establish a microplate assay for quick diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity measurement of bovine mastitis-causing E.coli,the phenol red indicator in E.coli selective medium was replaced with resazurin and the resazurin microplate assay was established by determing of optimization of indicator concentration,bacterial inoculation dose and culture time.The testing results of different bacteria and their infection-mimicking milk samples showed that the microplate assay had a strong selective property for E.coli and the definite diagnostic result could be obtained within 10 h with a capability of reflecting infection strength of dairy cow mammary gland.The results of 89 mastitis-positive milk samples showed that the microplate assay had a detection sensitivity of 100%,and the negative milk samples specificity was 94.9%,95.5% agreement to the conventional culture-based method.The micoplates were coated with rectified concentrations of 10 different antibiotics and the quick drug sensitivity assay was performed using 10 E.coli strains,infection-mimicking milk samples and 10 E.coli-positive milk samples.The obtained results had a complete agreement with that of standard disc diffusion method.These data suggested that the resazurin microplate assay established in this study could replace the conventional methods for quick diagnosis and antibiotic sensitivity measurement of bovine mastitis-causing E.coli.     

奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌刃天青微量板快速诊断及药敏试验

为了建立奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌快速诊断与药敏试验方法,用刃天青钠取代大肠杆菌选择培养基MQQ中的酚红指示剂,通过对刃天青的工作浓度、大肠杆菌接种量和培养时间等参数的研究,建立了奶牛乳房炎大肠杆菌刃天青微量板快速诊断方法.将不同细菌及其感染模拟奶样进行刃天青微量板快速培养结果显示,此刃天青微量板对大肠杆菌具有很强的选择培养特性,能在10 h内获得明确诊断结果,并能反映奶牛乳腺大肠杆菌感染强度.对89份临床奶样进行大肠杆菌刃天青微量板快速诊断敏感性和特异性检测,结果显示,此刃天青微量板法诊断大肠杆菌阳性奶样敏感性高达100%,诊断大肠杆菌阴性奶样特异性高达94.9%,总符合率高达95.5%.在此基础上用矫正浓度10种抗生素包被微量板,分别用10株大肠杆菌纯培养菌株及其感染模拟奶样和10份大肠杆菌阳性奶样进行快速药敏试验,所获结果与标准纸片扩散法完全一致.这些研究结果表明,本研究建立的刃天青微量板法可以取代常规方法用于奶样大肠杆菌的快速诊断及药敏试验.     

The development of the canadian veterinary profession

A proposal for the development of Canadian veterinary education and of the organization of the profession is described. There should be one veterinary school with four branches (the current colleges). A student would train at any college in comparative medicine for two and one-half years and then train for 12 months or more in a specialty taught at one or more colleges. These specialties are general veterinary practice, poultry practice, public health and regulatory medicine, ruminant practice, swine practice, equine practice, small animal practice, fish medicine, fur-bearing and exotic animal medicine and research. After graduation in the chosen area there would be a period (six months or longer) of probationary licensing while field experience was gained before a final examination in the specialty was taken. The advantages and disadvantages of this proposal are discussed.     

动物试验替代方法在兽用疫苗检验中的应用概况

介绍了动物试验替代方法的含义及其在国内外的发展情况,并从实验动物替代法、血清学替代法和疫苗抗原定量法三方面重点介绍了动物试验替代方法在兽用疫苗检验中的应用情况、优势和意义,以期为兽用疫苗检验替代方法研究提供参考。     

The utilization of tidal currents by the larvae of an estuarine fish

The mechanisms employed by Gilchristella aestuarius larvae to maintain their position in an estuary were investigated in the Sundays River estuary, South Africa. The larvae predominated in the bottom water on both the flood and ebb tides and by so doing, utilized the flood-tide bottom-water current and avoided the ebb-tide surface current, the net result being a transport of the larvae upstream. There was no evidence to suggest that the larvae migrate laterally toward favourable, or away from unfavourable, currents.     

Quantitative analysis of computer-averaged electromyographic profiles of intrinsic limb muscles in ponies at the walk.

The function of several intrinsic muscles of the fore-and hind limbs of 5 ponies walking normally was evaluated via surface electromyography. Electromyographic signals were band-pass filtered, rectified, linear enveloped, and standardized to the stride duration. Mean data from the muscles of the left and right limbs that were obtained from at least 30 strides in 2 recording sessions were recorded as electromyographic signals-time curves. The timing of muscle activity was determined from these graphs. On the basis of the major peaks in the electromyographic signal, muscle functions were identified. In the forelimb, the extensor carpi radialis muscle was involved in extension of the carpus at the end of the swing phase of the stride, and it provided support to flexion of the cubital joint at the beginning of the swing phase. The common digital extensor muscle extended the distal joints of the forelimb at the end of the swing phase. The ulnaris lateralis muscle provided support to extension of the cubital joint at the beginning of the stance phase, and the flexor carpi radialis muscle flexed the carpus at the beginning of the swing phase. The flexor carpi ulnaris muscle extended the cubital joint at the end of the swing phase. In the hind limb, the long digital extensor muscle flexed the tarsus at the beginning of the swing phase and extended the digital joints preceding the stance phase. The deep digital flexor muscle prevented overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint during the stance phase and flexion of the digital joints during the swing phase.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

实验性脾虚证大鼠免疫细胞因子变化及四君子汤对其影响

本文分别通过大鼠肌肉注射利血平和口服小承气汤两种方法复制脾虚证动物模型,比较研究了脾虚证大鼠细胞因子白细胞介素-2(IL-2)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)及肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)的含量变化,并用四君子汤治疗以反证.结果表明,不论利血平法复制脾虚证动物模型,还是小承气汤复制脾虚证动物模型,均表现为外周血IL-2、IL-6和TNF含量明显低于正常对照组与四君子汤治疗组(P＜0.01),对照组与治疗组之间除利血平所致脾虚证动物模型用四君子汤治疗后TNF含量明显高于对照组(P＜0.05)以外,以上其它指标均无明显差异(P＞0.05).说明脾虚大鼠产生IL-2、IL-6和TNF等细胞因子能力下降,使免疫功能处于低下状态,四君子汤治疗能够提高脾虚证大鼠产生细胞因子的能力,从而达到健脾益气调整机体的免疫功能.     

甘南州合作市牦牛业现状及发展思路

本文通过对甘南藏族自治州合作市牦牛生产和发展的现状分析,指出了牦牛生产中存在的主要问题,并针对目前已开展的改良工作提出了合作市牦牛产业发展的工作思路,为今后合作市牦牛的科研和生产提供参考。     

The drought problem in the karoo areas

Drought is a natural and characteristic phenomenon in the Karoo Region and an event which occurs frequently. This paper describes an objective method of analysing the drought problem. Most current methods are subjective and difficulties have been experienced in applying them in practice. The problem of defining drought is investigated. The Palmer drought analysis was adapted for this research and its results for the Karoo Region are discussed and compared with those of the Orange Free State, Highveld, Transvaal, Natal and Eastern Cape Regions. Some considerations are given to bridging practices for the drought problems in the Karoo.     

The situation concerning antibiotic resistance from the viewpoint of the bacteriologist

Already fifty years ago, when antibiotics were introduced, their effectiveness was challenged by certain bacteria which had the ability to resist the bacteriocidal effect of the antibiotics. Development of such resistance is due to selection pressure that results from the use of antibiotics in therapy, particularly in human medicine. In Switzerland, the veterinary public health aspect of this problem has become of current interest. The ban on the use of growth promoters has triggered the need for an update of the statistical information on the phenomena of resistance and the setting up of a surveillance system of antibioresistance in animals and in products of animal origin.     

饲料安全管理现状及研究方向

饲料安全是当前饲料工业的重要问题,确保饲料安全饲料必备条件和影响饲料安全因素的基础上,重点介绍了国内外饲料安全管理现状及我国饲料安全科技发展的方向.