燕麦ISSR反应体系的建立与优化

以10个燕麦品种的基因组DNA为模板,从退火温度、TaqDNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物5个方面对ISSR分子标记体系进行摸索并设计优化试验,建立了一套燕麦ISSR优化反应体系,即:25μl反应体系中,18.3μlddH2O,2.5μl 10×buffer,2.0μmol/L Mg2+,250μmol/L dNTP,1.5 U Taq DNA聚合酶,0.3μmol/L引物,10ng DNA模板。反应程序为:94℃预变性3 min;94℃变性30s,55℃退火30s,72℃延伸1 min,34个循环;72℃延伸5 min,4℃保存。     

正交设计优化星星草ISSR-PCR反应体系研究

采用正交设计法优化适合于星星草的ISSR体系,对影响ISSR-PCR的多个因素,包括引物浓度、Taq酶的用量、Mg2 和dNTP浓度进行了比较、优化;同时又对DNA模板浓度,PCR扩增程序中的退火温度及循环次数进行了筛选.结果确定了星星草ISSR PCR反应体系的最佳方案为:PCR扩增程序,94℃预变性5min;进行40个循环的94℃变性45s,55℃复性45 s,72℃延伸2 min;72℃延伸10 min,4℃保存.20μl反应体系包括10%buffer 2μl、模板DNA60ng、dNTP 100μmol/L、TaqDNA聚合酶1.5U、引物0.8mmol/L、Mg2 2.0mmol/L.     

白羊草ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交试验与单因素、双因素设计结合的方法,对白羊草ISSR-PCR反应体系的Mg2+、dNTP、模板DNA、Taq DNA聚合酶及引物5种主要因素进行优化。确立了白羊草最佳反应体系及扩增程序:25μL体系中dNTP 0.2mmol/L、Taq酶1.0U、引物0.6μmol/L、Mg2+2.5mmol/L、DNA模板30ng、10×PCR Buffer 2.5μL;扩增程序:94℃预变性5min,94℃变性45s,50～60℃(退火温度随引物不同而定)退火60s,72℃延伸90s,共35个循环,72℃后延伸5min。     

红三叶ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

采用正交试验设计,对影响红三叶ISSR-PCR反应较大的4个因素(Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP及引物)在4个水平上进行筛选,建立并优化了适合红三叶ISSR分析的最佳反应体系。在25μL反应体系中各反应物的最适含量为40ng模板DNA,10×PCR-buffer 2.5μL,2.5 mmol/L Mg2+,2.5UTaq DNA聚合酶,引物1μmol/L,0.2mmol/L dNTP。反应程序为:94℃预变性5min;94℃变性30s,引物退火30s,72℃延伸1min,循环35次;72℃延伸7min,4℃保存。优化体系的建立为采用ISSR分子标记技术进行红三叶种质资源遗传多样性分析提供了技术参考。     

荷斯坦奶牛随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)反应条件的优化

以中国荷斯坦奶牛为试验材料,研究了Mg2 浓度、dNTPs浓度、引物浓度、模板DNA浓度、TaqDNA聚合酶,以及退火温度对RAPD反应的影响,建立一套适合中国荷斯坦牛的最佳RAPD反应体系。反应总体积为20μL,Mg2 浓度为2.5mmol/L,TaqDNA聚合物浓度为1U,引物浓度为2μmol/L,dNTPs浓度为400μmol/L,模板DNA浓度为100ng。PCR反应程序:94℃预变性2min→40循环(94℃变性1min→36℃退火1min→72℃延伸1min)→72℃延伸5min。     

紫花苜蓿ISSR-PCR反应体系的建立与优化

通过优化影响紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)ISSR-PCR的主要参数,建立适于紫花苜蓿的ISSR反应体系和扩增程序。在20μL体系中各反应物的最适含量为:15 ng模板DNA,0.2 mmol/L dNTP,0.4μmol/L ISSR引物,0.8 U Taq DNA聚合酶,2μL 10×PCR Buffer,1.5 mmol/L MgCl₂,2.5%去离子甲酰胺。PCR扩增程序为:94℃预变性4 min,94℃变性30 s,62℃(62℃~58℃)退火45 s,72℃延伸1 min 45 s,共11个循环,每个循环退火温度降1℃;94℃变性30 s,52℃(52℃~48℃)退火45 s,72℃延伸1 min 45 s,共24个循环;72℃延伸5 min,25℃保温。     

东方蜜蜂ISSR反应体系的建立及优化

以东方蜜蜂(Apis cerana)为材料,对影响ISSR-PCR扩增结果的因素如模版DNA、Mg2+、dNTPs、Taq DNA聚合酶、引物的浓度及退火温度进行了研究.确立了适合东方蜜蜂ISSR扩增的反应体系:25IX L反应体系中最适含量为:10×PCR buffer 2.5μL,2.5mmol/L MgCl2,0.2 mmol/L dNTPs,1UTaqDNA聚合酶,0.4 pmol/μL引物,20～40 ng模板DNA.PCR反应程序为:94℃预变性5 min,94℃变性1 min,52.3℃(引物UBC811优化后的退火温度,退火温度随引物不同而定)退火30 s,72℃延伸30 s,35个循环,72℃再延伸5 min,在4℃保存.优化体系的建立为进一步利用ISSR分子标记技术进行东方蜜蜂遗传多样性研究奠定了基础.     

鸭茅SRAP反应体系的建立与优化

为了为鸭茅分子标记辅助育种提供理论依据,研究采用L16(45)正交试验设计,对相关序列扩增多态性(SRAP)-PCR反应体系中的4种主要参数(Taq DNA聚合酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物)进行了分析。结果表明:建立的鸭茅SRAP-PCR最佳反应体系为Taq DNA聚合酶1.0 U、Mg2+1.5 mmol/L、dNTP 250μmol/L、引物0.4μmol/L,总体积为25μL。最佳PCR循环条件为94℃预变性5 min;94℃变性1 min,35℃复性1 min,72℃延伸1 min,共5个循环;94℃变性1 min,52℃复性1 min,72℃延伸1 min,共35个循环;最后72℃延伸10 min;4℃保存。     

早熟禾ISSR反应体系的优化

以早熟禾基因组DNA为模板.利用正交设计,对影响ISSR反应体系的主要因素(Mg2+、dNTP、Taq酶)从4个水平上进行筛选和优化,建立了适合早熟禾的最佳ISSR反应体系:25μl反应体系中1.25U Taq酶、1.5mmol/L Mg2+,10×PCR Buffer 2.5μl、0.4 mmol/L dNTP、1μl引物、1μl DNA模板.扩增程序为:94℃预变性3min;94℃变性30s,56.4℃退火30s,72℃延伸1min,循环35次;72℃延伸7min,4℃保存.在此反应体系下,可以得到重复性好、稳定且多态性高的条带.     

珍稀濒危植物裸果木RAPD反应体系优化研究

以裸果木新鲜叶片为材料,采用改进CTAB法提取基因组DNA,在参考一般RAPD分析反应程序的基础上,研究了裸果木RAPD分析过程中的影响因素Taq酶、Mg2+、dNTP、引物、模板DNA浓度、变性时间等,建立了适于裸果木RAPD反应的PCR体系:模板DNA为4ng/μL,引物浓度为0.3μmol/L,dNTP浓度为0.5mmol/L,Mg2+浓度为2.0mmol/L,Taq酶用量为1U,ddH2O补足25μL;94℃预变性5min,94℃变性45s,36℃退火40s,72℃延伸1min,共30个循环,最后72℃延伸10min,扩增结果稳定。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

中华人民共和国农业部公告 第267号

为贯彻落实《兽药生产质量管理规范》(简称《兽药GMP》),进一步推动兽药GMP实施进程,我部制定了《兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法》,现予公告。本公告自2003年6月1日起施行。附件:兽药生产质量管理规范检查验收办法二○○三年四月十日第一章 总则 第一条 为推动《兽药生产质量管理规范》(以下简称兽药GMP)的实施,规范兽药GMP检查验收工作,制定本办法。 第二条 农业部负责全国兽药GMP管理和检查验收工作;负责制修订兽药GMP检查验收管理规定;负责兽药GMP检查员队伍建设和监督管理工作,负责国际兽药贸易中GMP互认工作。 …