草铵膦对转基因水稻品系99-1和普通水稻品种的无影响浓度比较

在室内采用水培方法,比较草铵膦对抗草铵膦转基因水稻品系99-1与普通水稻品种越富和中作93的无影响浓度,从而明确该除草剂对水稻是否存在残留药害.结果表明,草铵膦对转基因水稻品系99-1的无影响浓度明显高于非转基因品种,对前者的种子和2叶龄幼苗的无影响浓度分别为8.28 mg/L和48.97 mg/L,而对后者的种子和2叶龄幼苗的无影响浓度分别为1.83 mg/L和2.06 mg/L.这些无影响浓度均高于推荐用量下草铵膦在土壤中的残留浓度.因此,正常用量下的草铵膦对转基因水稻品系和普通水稻均无土壤残留问题.     

抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’直播田除草剂施用技术研究

为给抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’商业化生产后除草剂的安全高效施用提供科学依据, 探索了该转基因直播稻田草铵膦的最佳施用时期和施用剂量。研究了在直播稻田3~4叶期、5~6叶期以及分蘖期施用0.225、0.45和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦(有效成分, 下同)后, 草铵膦对杂草的控制效果和对转基因水稻生长的影响。在测试的3个施药时期, 施用0.225 g/hm 2草铵膦对杂草防除效果都很差, 水稻减产严重; 在水稻3~4叶期和分蘖期施用0.45和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦对杂草的防除效果也较差, 水稻生长受到严重影响, 与无草对照相比水稻产量显著下降。但在水稻5~6叶期施用0.45 和0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦对主要杂草的防效均在90%以上, 且对水稻安全。因此建议抗草铵膦转基因水稻‘Y0003’直播田在水稻5~6叶期施用0.45~0.9 g/hm 2草铵膦来控制田间杂草。     

玉米田两种阔叶杂草苍耳和藜对草铵膦敏感性测定

苍耳Xanthium sibiricum和藜Chenopodium ablum是我国北方及黄淮海玉米产区主要杂草,其发生和生长会严重影响玉米产量.为明确我国北方及黄淮海玉米主产区的藜和苍耳对草铵膦的敏感性水平,本试验采用整株生物测定法检测苍耳和藜种群对草铵膦的敏感性,以期为转基因抗草铵膦玉米田杂草防控提供数据支持.结果...     

草铵膦的作用机理及其应用

草铵膦(glufosinate-ammonium)是以谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)为靶标酶的有机磷类非传导性灭生除草剂。光强、温度和湿度等环境因子对其活性有很大影响。其不但可以灭生除草，作为转基因技术研究的筛选剂，而且随着转基因抗草铵膦作物的问世，该产品的应用将进一步扩大。     

植物源羊脂酸与草铵膦的最佳配比

为明确羊脂酸与草铵膦的最佳配比方案,采用室内生物测定方法,评价羊脂酸与草铵膦复配对供试杂草丁香蓼、马唐、稗草、小飞蓬的鲜重防效,并对复配制剂进行了田间药效试验。室内生测结果表明,羊脂酸与草铵膦按不同有效成分含量比复配后,对供试杂草均呈现为加成或增效作用,其中1∶2. 8的复配比例为最佳配比方案。田间药效试验结果表明,羊脂酸与草铵膦的复配比例为1∶2. 8时,施药后7 d,对非耕地杂草的株数防效达到88. 6%,施药后14 d,对总草株数防效达到93. 5%,鲜重防效达到91. 0%,高于单剂防效。羊脂酸和草铵膦复配后,综合了2种单剂的优势,对禾本科、阔叶杂草等旱地杂草均有很好的防除效果。     

稗草出苗时间和密度对机直播水稻产量的影响

为了进一步明确稗草对水稻生长发育的影响,采用大田试验,设置稗草不同出苗时间和不同密度对机直播稻产量的影响.结果表明,随着稗草出苗时间的延迟,稗草对机直播水稻产量的影响逐渐减弱.当稗草密度是1株/m2(B1)时,稗草对机械直播水稻的产量无显著影响,但当稗草密度为3株/m2(B3),出苗时间为水稻播种后0、7、14 d时,...     

水稻田除草剂三唑磺草酮的作用特性

为了明确水稻田除草剂三唑磺草酮(QYR301)的最佳施药条件,以稗草Echinochloa crus-galli和水稻Oryza sativa作为测试靶标,采用温室盆栽法研究了其施药适期、耐雨水冲刷性、温度和光照强度对其除草活性的影响。结果显示:三唑磺草酮对不同叶龄水稻具有较高的安全性,在有效成分360 g/hm^2的剂量下,对2叶期以后的水稻干重抑制率为0%;其除草活性与稗草的叶龄显著相关,其中2~3叶期的稗草最为敏感,有效成分30 g/hm^2的三唑磺草酮对其干重抑制率为95%~98%;三唑磺草酮具有一定的耐雨水冲刷能力,药后降雨间隔达到8 h以上,其除草活性与药后降雨间隔时间无显著相关性,在有效成分30~120 g/hm^2的剂量下,对稗草的干重抑制率为75%~93%;在20~35℃区间,三唑磺草酮药效稳定,对稗草的GR50值在44.6~51.4 g/hm^2之间;相较于中度光照(45%)和低光照(4%),高光照(100%)条件下三唑磺草酮对稗草的干重抑制率显著增加。分析表明杂草叶龄、降雨、温度和光照会显著影响三唑磺草酮除草活性,为使其发挥最大药效,应选择在水稻2叶期以后至稗草2~4叶期,天气晴朗,气温高于20℃的情况下施药;如药后8 h以内遇降雨天气,则需进行补喷。     

双环磺草酮除草活性及对水稻的安全性研究

双环磺草酮是一种以对-羟苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶 (HPPD) 为作用靶标的双环辛烷类化学除草剂。为明确其在水稻田的应用技术,采用温室盆栽法测定了双环磺草酮的杀草谱、除草活性及对8个水稻品种的安全性。结果表明:在有效成分360 g/hm2剂量处理下,双环磺草酮对水稻田常见杂草稗草Echinochloa crusgalli、雨久花Monochoria korsakowii、异型莎草Cyperus difformis的地上部分鲜重抑制率均高于90%,对主要秋熟杂草稗草E. crusgalli、牛筋草Eleusine indica、雨久花M. korsakowii、千金子Euphorbia lathyris、田皂角Aeschynomene indica和异型莎草C. difformis的GR₅₀值为有效成分48~196 g/hm2,除田皂角外,除草活性均高于对照药剂硝磺草酮。双环磺草酮对8个水稻品种的安全性研究结果表明:在有效成分720 g/hm2剂量处理下,隆两优华占、皖垦糯1号、皖稻68和绿旱粳1号4个水稻品种对双环磺草酮耐药性较高,徽两优882、C两优608、皖稻119和Y两优1号4个水稻品种的株高和鲜重受到不同程度的抑制。双环磺草酮在隆两优华占、皖垦糯1号、皖稻68和绿旱粳1号4种水稻与异型莎草、稗草和雨久花3种杂草之间的选择性指数分别为3.66~4.37、4.50~5.37、3.36~4.01和3.29~3.93,明显高于对照药剂硝磺草酮。研究表明,双环磺草酮对多种秋熟杂草防效较好,且对供试的3个粳稻品种及5个籼稻品种中的隆两优华占安全。     

双唑草腈的除草活性及对水稻的安全性

本文采用室内整株生测法测定了1.8%双唑草腈颗粒剂的除草活性及对不同水稻品种的安全性。在杂草出苗前、1叶期和2叶期以有效成分145.8g/hm2的剂量撒施1.8%双唑草腈颗粒剂对水稻田常见杂草稗草、鸭舌草、耳叶水苋和异型莎草的鲜重抑制率均在92%以上,药后3d杂草表现叶片干枯、黄化、僵苗等中毒症状,其见效速度明显快于对照药剂25g/L五氟磺草胺油悬浮剂。在水稻播后苗前或1叶期施用,其在‘南粳9108’(粳稻)、‘K两优10’(杂交稻)和稗草间的选择性指数均大于4,对水稻安全。     

草铵膦对斑马鱼胚胎及仔鱼的毒性研究

草铵膦(glufosinate-ammonium,GLA)是一种广谱触杀型非选择性除草剂,随着在生产中应用的不断增加,其生物安全性也越来越受到人们的重视。试验以斑马鱼Danio rerio胚胎为动物模型,用不同剂量的草铵膦染毒受精后2h的斑马鱼胚胎,观察其死亡率和形态学变化,并应用原位杂交和QRT-PCR技术检测了Vasa基因表达情况,以分析草铵膦的毒性作用。结果表明:1.6μg/L的草铵膦对斑马鱼胚胎有显著致死作用、1.3μg/L的草铵膦有显著致畸作用,其中畸形表现为尾部弯曲和阻碍黑色素沉着。原位杂交结果显示:1.3μg/L的草铵膦可引起Vasa表达的部分缺失,QRT-PCR定量分析发现,草铵膦可引起斑马鱼胚胎Vasa基因表达水平下调3.8倍。表明草铵膦对斑马鱼胚胎有较强的致死毒性、致畸作用和潜在的生殖毒性。     

湖南省稻秆潜蝇发生规律及防治药剂筛选

为有效防控稻秆潜蝇Chlorops oryzae的发生危害,于2017-2018年在湖南省11个县(市)定点系统调查稻秆潜蝇的寄主、田间发育进度、发生世代数及产卵选择性,并进行3种常用药剂的田间防治效果试验.结果 表明,稻秆潜蝇的夏寄主有水稻、游草和稗,越冬寄主有看麦娘和冬小麦.在湖南省1年发生5代,即早稻上发生完整的...     

Components of early competition between upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Brachiaria brizantha (Hochst. ex A.Rich) Stapf.

Abstract

In Latin America early weed competition is a constraint upon upland rice production, leading to intensive herbicide use. Breeding for rice competitiveness may help reduce the need for herbicides. Two consecutive screenhouse pot experiments were conducted with 13 upland cultivars grown alone or in mixtures with Brachana brizantha to identify plant characteristics for early rice competitiveness which could serve as selection criteria. Rice growth reduction from B. brizantha competition was evident in all cultivars by 30 d.a.e., and the traits most related to cultivar competitiveness were: total above‐ground plant biomass > leaf weight > stem weight > leaf area. Plant height and tillering were least affected by competition. Rice and B. brizantha partially avoided competition since the competing canopies did not fully intercept the incoming light. Traits measured in monoculture did not correlate well with the competition‐induced growth reductions. In breeding for competitiveness, selection according to the above traits should be conducted on rice growing in competition, rather than in monoculture. A measure of plant biomass or leaf area at 30 d.a.e. appears to provide the most convenient estimates of early interference.     

东农415稻瘟病抗性遗传分析及基因定位

 粳稻品种东农415自育成以来一直以其早熟、抗病、高产特性而著称,在黑龙江省稻瘟病高发区种植20多年均表现高抗稻瘟病。本研究利用158个采集于黑龙江省不同稻区的稻瘟病菌株对东农415进行接种鉴定,结果表明东农415对黑龙江省稻瘟病菌株有很强的抗性,抗谱高达89.2%。以东农415与丽江新团黑谷(LTH)杂交衍生的F₁和F₂群体为遗传分析试验材料,通过接种鉴定,发现东农415对稻瘟病菌株F-10-11的抗性由一个显性基因控制。进一步采用分子标记结合隐性群体分离分析法,以对菌株F-10-11极端感病的99个F₂单株为作图群体,将东农415的抗病基因定位在第2染色体,距离基因两侧标记RM5300和RM213的遗传距离分别为7.6和3.0 cM,暂命名为Pi-dn(t)。将Pi-dn(t)位点映射到水稻参考基因组图谱上,在抗病位点基因组区段内发现3个编码基因Os02g56010、Os02g55540和Os02g56400具有抗病基因结构域,可作为Pi-dn(t)的候选基因。     

低温胁迫下转ICE1基因水稻养分变化的研究

采用盆栽试验,选用转ICE1基因水稻T_4-8株系和T_4-9株系及未转基因水稻（Oryza sativa L.）品种垦鉴稻10号为试验材料,研究苗期低温胁迫对转基因水稻氮、磷、钾养分吸收的影响。结果表明,低温胁迫期间,转基因水稻幼苗丙二醛含量维持在较低水平,SOD活性维持在较高水平;地上部分氮、磷、钾含量变化不大,一直维持在较高水平;地下部分氮、磷、钾含量呈缓慢下降趋势,但降幅比非转基因水稻小,在胁迫第10天,T_4-8株系和T_4-9株系氮含量均高出对照13.86%,磷含量分别高出42.31%和50.00%,钾含量均高出85.71%。说明在低温胁迫条件下,ICE1基因过量表达可以增强水稻的抗寒性,减轻低温对水稻的伤害,保持根系较强的吸收养分能力。     

Panicle blast and canopy moisture in rice cultivar mixtures

ABSTRACT Glutinous rice cultivars were sown after every fourth row of a nonglutinous, hybrid cultivar in an additive design. The glutinous cultivars were 35 to 40 cm taller and substantially more susceptible to blast than was the nonglutinous cultivar. Interplanting of glutinous and nonglutinous rice reduced the incidence and severity of panicle blast on the glutinous cultivars by >90%, and on the nonglutinous cultivar by 30 to 40%. Mixing increased the per unit area yield of glutinous rice by 80 to 90% relative to pure stand, whereas yield of the nonglutinous cultivar was essentially unaffected by mixing. To determine whether the different plant heights and canopy structures may contribute to a microclimate that is less favorable to blast infection, we monitored the moisture status of the glutinous cultivars in pure stand and mixture at 0800 h by measuring relative humidity at the height of the glutinous panicles using a swing psychrometer and by visually estimating the percentage of leaf area covered by dew. Averaged over the two seasons, the number of days of 100% humidity at 0800 h was 20.0 and 2.2 for pure stands and mixtures, respectively. The mean percentage of glutinous leaf area covered by dewwas 84 and 36% for the pure stands and mixtures, respectively. Although other mechanisms also were operative, reduced leaf wetness was likely a substantial contributor to panicle blast control in the mixtures.     

Evaluation of rice allelopathy in hydroponics

The inhibitory activity of water extracts from the shoots and roots of three rice cultivars, Taichung native 1 (TN1) and IAC165 (both allelopathic rice) and AUS196 (non-allelopathic rice), grown in hydroponics was evaluated. The release of germination inhibitors by allelopathic rice plants into hydroponic solution was also determined with freshly collected solution and XAD-4 resin desorbate. The degree of the inhibition was quantified in terms of root growth in Echinochloa colona, Echinochloa crus-galli, Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola, Triantema portulacastrum and Lactuca sativa. The allelopathic activity of rice was species specific, and depended on source and concentration. Root length of all test species was inhibited by the different concentrations of shoot extract of allelopathic and non-allelopathic rice. However, of the three cultivars, TN1 showed higher inhibition than IAC165 and AUS196 in all test species. Water extracts of shoots and roots significantly inhibited root growth in E. crus-galli but the shoot extract gave a greater inhibitory effect on E. crus-galli than the root extract. Root exudate of TN1 inhibited root elongation of E. crus-galli from 2 weeks after transplanting (WAT) and the inhibition continued for 4 WAT. The results confirmed the previous finding of a laboratory bioassay that the TN1 had allelopathic activity and produced allelochemicals that inhibit growth of some weed species.     

转Cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻对稻田底栖动物群落的生态安全性

为探究转Bt基因抗虫水稻对稻田水生生物的安全性,以转Cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻华恢1号(HH1)为材料,其非转基因水稻亲本明恢63(MH63)为对照,以底栖动物群落为指示生物,运用群落学方法研究了湖南湘潭转Bt水稻对稻田底栖动物群落的影响。结果显示,2012年在HH1与MH63稻田中,分别采集到底栖动物37种和38种,二者共有物种31种,群落物种相似度为0.8267,优势种相似度为0.8235;2013年在HH1与MH63稻田中分别采集到底栖动物40种和41种,二者共有物种33种,群落物种相似度为0.8148,优势种相似度为0.9231;2012与2013年在HH1与MH63稻田生境中,物种丰富度、个体数量、群落多样性指数、均匀性指数与优势集中性指数的时间动态趋势一致,且均无显著差异。研究表明,连续2年稻田种植转Cry1Ab/Ac基因抗虫水稻HH1,在群落水平上对湖南湘潭地区稻田底栖动物无显著影响。     

Resistance to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Rice yellow mottle virus</Emphasis> in rice germplasm in Madagascar

Rice yellow mottle virus (RYMV) is a recent and major threat to rice production in Madagascar. A large scale screening of resistance to RYMV in rice germplasm in Madagascar was conducted by visual symptom scoring and virus-assessment through ELISA tests. The response to virus inoculation of 503 local or introduced rice accessions was assessed. Most of them were susceptible to RYMV. A few cultivars expressed partial resistance at a level similar to the partially resistant Oryza sativa japonica cv. Azucena. Only one O. sativa cultivar expressed high resistance characterised by a lack of symptoms and an undetectable level of virus. It was a Malagasy traditional indica cultivar, named Bekarosaka, which originated from the northwest of the country. It was selected by farmers for its field resistance to RYMV. The response of cv. Bekarosaka to four pathotypes of RYMV was similar to that of cv. Gigante, the only other highly resistant indica cultivar. The sequence of the middle domain of the eIF(iso)4G, the genetic determinant of Rymv1 resistance on chromosome 4, of cv. Bekarosaka was similar to that of cv. Gigante. Subsequently, cvs Bekarosaka and Gigante probably carried the same resistance allele Rymv1-2. Rymv1-2 resistance was efficient against isolates of the major strains of RYMV, but was readily overcome by a pathotype from the northwest of Madagascar.