金桔园土壤及金桔中酞酸酯污染特征分析

对金桔园土壤及金桔中酞酸酯污染特征进行了分析,结果表明:调查的6种酞酸酯,5个土壤监测点DMP、DEP、DOP、BBP都未检出;DBP、DEHP全部都有检出,各土壤监测点中DBP浓度值均比DEHP浓度值高。3个金桔样中DMP、DOP、BBP都未检出;DEHP、DBP、DEP全部都有检出,PAEs浓度值都遵循DEHP>DBP>DEP的规律。金桔果实对PAEs的吸收积累途径主要是通过果实外表皮直接吸收塑料大棚中的PAEs蒸汽。     

地膜中酞酸酯类化合物及重金属对土壤一大豆体系的污染研究

在盐化草甸土和草甸白浆土上,采用田间试验研究了大豆各生育时期不同地膜残留量土壤和植株中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯（DEHP）及重金属Pb、Cd含量的差异性。试验结果表明,大豆各生育时期,高倍地膜残留量土壤和植株中DBP、DEHP含量高于低倍残留量,各处理间差异达到显著水平,植株中未检测出DEHP。对照（CK）处理土壤中DBP和DEHP含量随着生育周期延长显著降低,1倍和3倍地膜残留量处理则呈增加趋势;对DBP和DEHP含量与生育时期做相关分析,各处理均为显著相关。各生育时期,高倍地膜残留量土壤中Pb、Cd含量均高于低倍残留量,处理间达到显著水平。相同处理各生育时期,土壤中Pb、Cd含量无明显变化。1倍和3倍处理植株和籽粒中Pb、Cd含量差异不显著,各处理籽粒中Pb、Cd含量低于植株。盐化草甸土和草甸白浆土试验结论相同。     

酞酸酯污染土壤微生物效应与过氧化氢酶活性的变化特征

采用室内模拟污染土壤,研究了邻苯二甲酸二(乙基-己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯两种酞酸酯类化合物对农田土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤基础呼吸与土壤过氧化氢酶活性及其反应动力学参数的影响。结果表明,DBP土壤浓度在10 mg/kg,DEHP土壤浓度在20 mg/kg以下,与对照相比,微生物生物量碳、土壤基础呼吸以及过氧化氢酶活性没有明显影响。土壤浓度为20 mg/kg的DBP处理对土壤基础呼吸有明显的激活作用。两种化合物在高浓度处理的土壤中,均对微生物生物量碳、土壤基础呼吸以及过氧化氢酶活性表现抑制效应,抑制作用随处理浓度的增加而加强,其中两种化合物土壤浓度为100 mg/kg时,在培养期内三者均没有表现出明显的恢复趋势。对过氧化氢酶Km与Vmax以及Vmax/Km等动力学参数分析表明,DBP与DEHP没有对过氧化氢酶促反应速率以及酶与底物亲和力产生明显影响。     

土壤中酞酸酯类化合物监测方法和加标回收率分析

酞酸酯是我国优先控制的环境污染物之一。组织全国22个省的四十余家实验室在现有仪器条件下分别完成土壤标准样品和实际样品中6种酞酸酯的测定,并对大量监测数据进行了统计分析和系统性研究,从结果控制的角度对土壤中PAEs监测方法进行了探讨,评估了前处理方法和分析方法对质量控制结果的影响程度,提出了6种PAEs加标回收率测定的控制指标,旨在为开展质量控制工作提供评价依据。     

设施菜地土壤酞酸酯污染的初步研究

通过对杭州周边某设施蔬菜大棚基地的土壤采集分析和农田残留农膜的提取分析,结果表明该地区土壤存在一定程度的酞酸酯污染,污染程度与国内大部分农田土壤相当。农膜中酞酸酯含量和农膜类型对土壤酞酸酯含量均有一定影响。农膜中酞酸酯含量和土壤中酞酸酯含量显著正相关,长期农膜覆盖与黑色农膜覆盖土壤的酞酸酯含量相对较高,因此减少农膜在土壤中的残留是减少土壤酞酸酯污染的有效途径之一。大棚覆盖或地膜覆盖等不同农膜覆盖方式对土壤酞酸酯含量在本研究中未发现显著差异。土壤酞酸酯含量与土壤有机质极显著正相关,表明土壤有机质对酞酸酯,尤其是高分子量酞酸酯污染单体的环境行为有重要的影响。     

地膜中酞酸酯类化合物对土壤-玉米的污染及其模型模拟

采用盆栽试验研究了不同地膜残留量处理酞酸酯类化合物邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异辛酯(DEHP)对土壤—玉米体系的污染及模型模拟。结果表明:土壤中DBP含量0.024~0.553 mg/kg,DEHP含量在0.251~7.120mg/kg;植株中DBP含量0.222~1.434mg/kg,DEHP含量0.022~0.234mg/kg。各生育时期各处理土壤中DBP和DEHP含量变化规律相同,高倍地膜残留量处理DBP,DEHP含量高于低倍残留量。土壤中DEHP含量明显高于DBP含量,植株中DEHP含量很低。采用3次重复试验数据建立了土壤与植株中DBP和DEHP含量关系模型,模型通过了显著性检验,达到了极显著水平(p0.01)。DBP模型的最优模型为F=0.438+0.984X2ln2(X)(R=0.809);DEHP模型的最优模型为F=0.003 X3-0.025 X2+0.062 X+0.024(R=0.797)。采用与建立模型相独立的数据对模型进行了检验,DBP和DEHP最优模型的平均预测误差为17.5%和19.24%,模型计算值与实测值之间的相关系数R为0.712,0.743,模型符合程度较好。模型的建立可以为我国农田酞酸酯类化合物精准管理提供理论依据。     

索氏提取法与超声波提取法测定土壤中六六六残留的比较

建立了土壤中六六六的气相色谱分析方法,样品分别用索氏提取与超声波提取进行提取,提取液经无水硫酸钠层析柱净化,采用HP-608毛细管色谱柱分离样品,GC/ECD检测六六六的浓度。采用外加标法进行定量分析。将索氏提取与超声波提取这2种方法的加标回收结果进行比较,索氏提取法分析4种六六六的加标回收率为:93%～124%,超声波提取法分析4种六六六的加标回收率为:82%～117%,加标回收的结果表明这2种方法没有显著性差异。     

甲亚胺测定土壤有效硼的前处理方法研究

土壤有效硼测定通常采用甲亚胺-H比色法,该方法前处理(煮沸)过程分析效率低、操作步骤不易掌控,极易给测定结果带来较大误差。为此,以山西省标准土样TCB-2为检测样品,对甲亚胺-H比色法的煮沸提取步骤进行了改进,分别试验了水浴提取、微波提取时间对土壤有效硼测定的影响,确定水浴法最佳提取时间为50 min,微波提取时间为90 s。对国家土壤标准物质GBW07412a检测结果表明,水浴提取和微波提取测定结果与标准参照值符合,相对标准偏差分别为3.43%和8.91%。     

高州农田土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征与形态分析

对农田土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯的水平与垂直分布、以及存在形态进行了调查分析。结果表明,15个样品中DMP、DEP、DBP单因子污染指数分别为4.3~27.8、0.3~4.7、0.9~26.5,存在超标情况,且DMP含量全部超标,BBP、DEHP和DOP的单因子污染指数均小于1,符合控制标准值要求。土壤样品综合污染指数在3.8~20.0,属于严重污染。DMP和DOP主要存在于耕作层(0~20 cm),DBP和DEHP在0~60 cm的各层中均存在,表明后者垂向迁移能力较强。土壤中PAEs可脱附态的主要种类为DBP、DEHP、DMP,有机溶剂提取态、结合残留态的主要种类为DEHP、DBP;可脱附态、有机溶剂提取态、结合残留态所占比例约为32%~56%、13%~29%、29%~39%。     

甜菜牧草体系对土壤中种邻苯二甲酸酯的修复研究

通过室内盆栽试验,研究了甜菜与黑麦草、苜蓿、苏丹草分别间作及4种植物各自单作对土壤中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（BBP）和邻苯二甲酸（2-乙基己基）二酯（DEHP）4种邻苯二甲酸酯类（PAEs）的植物修复效果。结果表明：与空白对照相比,种植植物的修复效果更好;苜蓿单作与间作都有较好的修复效果,其中甜菜/苜蓿间作PAEs的去除率最高,可达66.48%;植物单作与间作相比,间作的修复效果高于单作,间作增强土壤中过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶的活性,从而促进了根际微生物对PAEs的降解;就单一污染物来说,DBP和DEHP在污染土壤和植物茎叶中的浓度较其他两种污染物高,两者在土壤中的去除率也较高,其中DEHP为最高,均可达50%以上,DBP的去除率也在40%以上;DEHP在植物茎叶中的生物富集系数明显较低,且单作低于间作,而DBP和BBP的生物富集系数较高。可选择苜蓿作为土壤中PAEs修复的一种高效修复植物,植物间作相对于单作有更好的修复效率,也可更高效地利用土地资源,因此可优先选择作为植物修复的一种种植模式。     

Acinetobacter sp. LMB-5对邻苯二甲脂的降解及对其中酯酶性质的研究

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are extensively applied in industry, and they migrate to environment during the process of production,employ, and treatment and are difficult to be degraded in nature. However, some microorganisms could use them as the carbon source to growth. In this study, an Acinetobacter sp. strain LMB-5, capable of utilizing PAEs, was isolated from a vegetable greenhouse soil.The degradation capability of strain LMB-5 was also investigated by incubation in mineral salt medium containing different PAEs,dimethyl phthalate(DMP), diethyl phthalate(DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate(DBP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP). The strain could grow well with DMP, DEP, DBP, and DEHP. When the concentration of DBP increased from 100 to 400 mg L~(-1), the half-life extended from 9.5 to 15.5 h. In the concentration range of DBP, the degradation ability of strain LMB-5 could be described by first-order kinetics. During the biodegradation of DBP, three intermediates, 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid,butyl methyl ester, DMP,and phthalic acid(PA) were detected, and the proposed pathway of DBP was identified. By analysis of bioinformatics, one esterase was cloned from the genome of LMB-5 and expressed in Escherichia coli. It displayed an ability to break the ester bonds of DBP. The enzyme exhibited maximal activity at pH 7.0 and 40℃ with DBP as the substrate. It was activated by Cu~(2+) and Fe~(3+) and had a high activity in the presence of low concentrations of methanol or dimethylsulfoxide(each 10%, volume:volume). The Acinetobacter sp. strain LMB-5 may make a contribution to the remediation of soils polluted by PAEs in the future.     

环境中邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)污染物研究进展

邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)是一种环境激素类化合物,在生物体内有极强的富集作用,对环境安全和人体健康的威胁极大,目前已引起了人们的广泛关注.本文从PAEs有机污染物在环境中的分布特征、分析与检测方法、生物富集与迁移以及生物与非生物降解等方面综述了国内外最新研究进展,认为环境中的PAEs大部分来源于人工合成途径,可被土壤、沉积物及一些悬浮泥沙中的有机物质所吸附.PAEs进入土壤或大气环境后,通过作物吸收作用会在作物体内有一定残留,环境中的PAEs可通过生物与非生物两种方式进行降解,生物降解被认为是PAEs降解的主要形式.文章指出了已有研究中存在的不足之处并对未来的研究进行展望,认为今后应着重从PAEs的环境行为、PAEs健康风险评价、PAEs污染的治理与削减技术以及PAEs替代产品开发等方面开展相关研究.     

从沉积物中分离重金属不同提取方法的比较

Three extraction methods, ultrasonic assisted extraction (USE), microwave assisted extraction (MSE), and conventional single extraction (CSE), in conjunction with the modified three-stage BCR sequential extraction procedure (SEP) were applied to examine the contents of Cd, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn from lake sediment samples, to know whether these techniques can reduce extraction time and improve reproducibility. The SEP and developed alternative single extraction methods were validated by the analysis of certified reference material BCR 601. By the use of optimized sonication and microwave conditions, steps 1, 2 and 3 of the BCR sequential extraction methods (excluding the hydrogen peroxide digestion in step 3, which was not performed with sonication and microwave) could be completed in 15-30 min and 60- 150 s, respectively. The recoveries of total extractable metal contents in BCR 601, obtained by three single extractions ranged from 93.3%-102%, 88.9%-104% and 81.2%-96.2% for CSE, USE and MSE, respectively. The precision of the single extraction methods was found in the range of 3.7%-9.4% for all metals (n = 6).     

超声波土壤含水量检测装置的模型建立与验证

为探究利用超声波脉冲速度检测土壤体积含水量的可行性,以广东省红壤、赤红壤、水稻土为研究对象,设计了一种超声波土壤含水量检测装置,并利用ZBL-U510型非金属超声波检测仪在3种不同温度环境下(10、20、30℃)对不同含水量的土壤样本进行声速测定,构建了土壤体积含水量与超声波差值声速的温度效应数学模型。结果表明:超声波在水稻土中的传播速度比红壤、赤红壤快,且温度对超声波声速随土壤体积含水量变化节律的影响不同。20℃环境下超声波在土壤中的传播速度最快,10℃其次,30℃最慢。采用Richards模型表征土壤体积含水量与超声波差值声速关系的预测误差在3%左右,采用分段结构温度效应模型的预测误差在5%以内,证明该文提出的超声波脉冲速度-土壤体积含水量的温度效应模型可用于动态温度条件下的土壤含水量预测。该研究可为超声波技术在土壤水分检测领域的应用研究提供参考。     

Ascorbic acid as a reductant for extraction of iron-bound phosphorus in soil samples: a method comparison study

Sequential extraction is commonly used to identify and quantify different forms of phosphorus (P) associated with particulate samples. Iron (Fe)-bound P is an important fraction of total particulate phosphorus because iron (Fe) is ubiquitous in natural environments. Three reductant solutions, i.e., sodium hydroxide (NaOH), dithionite, and ascorbic acid, have been used to extract solid phase reactive iron and associated phosphorus from sediments and soils. This study compares the efficiencies of three different methods in extracting Fe and Fe-bound P and evaluates the potential and limitation of each method. Based on the results of this comparative study it is recommended that the ascorbic acid reduction method is used for extraction of Fe-bound P in particulate samples, such as soil and sediment.     

发芽绿豆苗的生理指标和抗氧化特性对邻苯二甲酸酯的响应特征

Single phytotoxicity of two representative phthalate esters （PAEs）, di-n-butyl phthalate （DnBP） and bis（2-ethylhexyl） phthalate （DEHP）, was tested in mung bean （Vigna radiata） seedlings germinated for 72 h in soils spiked with varying concentrations （0-500 mg kg-1 soil） of DnBP or DEHP. PAEs added at up to 500 mg kg-1 soil exerted no significant effect on germination but both pollutants significantly inhibited root elongation （P 〈 0.01）; DEHP inhibited shoot elongation （P 〈 0.01） and DnBP depressed biomass on a fresh weight basis （P 〈 0.05）. Seedling shoot and root malondialdehyde （MDA） Contents tended to be stimulated by DnBP but inhibited by DEHP. However, increases in superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activities, as well as glutathione （GSH） content, were induced at higher concentrations （e.g., 20 mg kg-1） of both compounds. Accumulation of proline in both roots and shoots and the storage compounds, such as free amino acids and total soluble sugars, in whole plant was induced under the stress exerted by both PAEs. The general responses of mung bean seedlings indicated higher toxicity of DnBP than DEHP on primary growth, during which root elongation was a more responsive index. MDA and GSH were more sensitive parameters in the roots than in the shoots and they might be recommended as physiologically sensitive parameters to assess the toxicity of PAE compounds in soils in future long-term studies.     

新鲜土样和改进ASI浸提剂对土壤有效养分测试的影响

通过分析基于风干土样和新鲜土样、ASI（Agro Services International Inc., ASI）浸提剂和改进ASI浸提剂进行测量的土壤有效养分含量的相关性,探索一种基于新鲜土样和联合浸提剂进行土壤有效养分测试的方法。结果表明,利用ASI浸提剂测量的北京潮土新鲜土样的NO3--N和NH4+-N、有效P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn、有机质含量、及pH值,与风干土样的测量值均呈显著的线性相关关系,经该线性方程回归检验的测量相对误差小于5%～9%;利用改进ASI浸提剂测量的新鲜土样和风干土样的NH4+-N、有效P、K、Ca、Mg、Cu、Fe、Mn、Zn含量与基于ASI浸提剂测量的也呈显著的线性相关关系,经该线性方程回归检验的测量相对误差小于5%～8%。因此,基于新鲜土样和改进ASI浸提剂测量石灰性土壤有效养分含量是可行的,可为车载式土壤养分检测提供一种快捷的土样浸提前处理方法。     

A method of processing soil core samples for root studies by subsampling

Root studies are generally believed to be very important in ecological research. Soil coring is a valuable approach to root research, but it requires a very large amount of processing time. We present here a method for processing soil cores consisting of the combination and homogenization of several soil cores from a plot, with subsequent subsampling for root extraction. The required subsample size was determined for a topsoil and a subsoil sample from a groundnut field and was found to be 5–10% of the total soil sample. Advantages and limitations of the method are discussed.