大豆种子紫斑病

大豆紫斑病[Cercospora kikuchii(T.Matsu 和 Tomoyasu)Chupp.]是一种种传病害,在栽培大豆的许多国家,非常流行并广泛传播。病种子的特征是外表粉红色以至黑紫色,黯淡、龟裂、粗糙。当大豆脱粒后,很容易从色泽     

洋葱霜霉病和紫斑病的防治

霜霉病和紫斑病是洋葱上危害较重的两种病害 ,其症状识别与防治方法如下 :1　洋葱霜霉病主要发生在叶部及花梗上 ,叶片和花梗被侵害 ,局部发生不明显的淡绿色斑点 ,斑点上形成白色或淡紫色的绒毛 ,在遇到温暖多湿的天气 ,病菌很快传播到整个叶片上 ,使叶片逐步变干。发病较早的种株花梗易折倒 ,没法收到成熟的种子。此病在洋葱生长各个时期均可发生 ,尤其在温暖而潮湿的天气 ,更容易发病。防治方法 :(1)选择地势较高、排水方便的地块种植 ,并与葱类以外的作物实行 2～ 3年的轮作。 (2 )选用抗病品种。一般红皮和黄皮品种较抗病。 (3)用5 0℃…     

大豆紫斑病菌在培养条件下分生孢子产生的初步研究

 大豆紫斑病是影响大豆种子质量的重要种传病害之一,其病原菌Cercospora kikuchii(T.Matsu.&Tomoyasu) Gardner在培养条件下很难产生分生孢子。已有报道C.kikuchii能在胡萝卜叶煎汁琼脂培养基、死大豆组织煎汁琼脂培养基、PDA培养基和V8汁琼脂培养基上产孢,但不同的研究者所获得的结果并不一致,甚至相互矛盾。为此我们对C.kikuchii产孢方法进行研究,以期建立大豆品种抗病资源筛选所需大量接种体的生产方法.     

大蒜紫斑病及其防治方法的研究现状

大蒜紫斑病是真菌性病害,在大蒜叶部和颈部发病,严重时全株枯黄,病部组织失水死亡。虽然目前大蒜紫斑病的研究取得了一定的进展,但随着大蒜种植面积扩大,该病害发生、传播日趋严重,防治日趋困难。对国内、外大蒜紫斑病的发生、发展、防治方法以及现存的问题进行了综述,并对今后该病害的防治研究进行展望。     

大豆紫斑病菌毒素研究

 大豆紫斑病菌(Cercospora Kikuchii Matsumoto and Tomoyasu)可产生一种非专化毒素——尾孢毒素(Cercosporin),它是大豆紫斑病致病的重要因子。该菌PDA培养物经乙醇浸提、脱水磷酸氢钙柱层析可得一定纯度尾孢毒素。本文分析了该毒素紫外可见光谱吸收与高效液相(HPLC)鉴定结果。生物活性测试表明,该毒素具有明显的光敏致毒活性。     

主要大豆贸易国品质检验方法之比较研究

我国是目前世界上最大的大豆进口国,每年进口数千万吨大豆,主要用于食品原料和饲料加工,而大豆在国际贸易市场是非常活跃的商品,因此,其品质问题一直备受重视。但进口大豆品质参差不齐,我国在对进口大豆的品质检验中,屡屡发现品质不合格的问题。为准确了解国内外大豆品质检验的标准和方法,本文比较分析了中国、美国、巴西、阿根廷、加拿大等主要大豆贸易国现行的检验标准和方法,并对我国在进口大豆检验中存在的问题进行讨论。     

不同肥料组合对大豆产量、品质的影响及其经济效益分析

通过大田试验研究了8种不同肥料组合对大豆的产量性状及其产量、品质的效应.结果表明:90%常规施肥+低浓度生物菌剂+两次叶面肥处理的大豆产量性状最好,产量最高,达3 574.95 kg/hm2,经济效益分析结果表明,该组合肥料净收益最高,为1 578.15元/hm2;大豆籽粒的蛋白质含量和蛋脂总量也高于其他处理,蛋白质、...     

密度对大豆群体碳氮代谢相关指标及产量、品质的影响

以垦农4号大豆为试验材料,在大田条件下,研究了密度对大豆群体碳氮代谢相关指标及产量品质的影响.结果表明,群体单株叶片氮素、可溶性蛋白、淀粉及蔗糖积累量均随着密度的增加而下降,低密度与高密度群体间差距显著;随着种植密度的增加,大豆子粒中蛋白质的含量有所上升,脂肪的含量有所下降;各生育时期氮素、可溶性蛋白、淀粉和蔗糖积累量...     

从日本进境大豆种子中检出大豆疫病菌

从日本进境大豆种子中检出大豆疫病菌高秀兰种焱李文利陈洪俊（北京动植物检疫局１０００２９）１９９７年１月７日，在国际邮件交换局截留的１袋大豆种子中（４个品种，７１０ｇ），检查出了大豆疫病菌Ｐｈｙｔｏｐｈｔｈｏｒａｍｅｇａｐｅｒｍａ（Ｄｒｅｃｈｓ．）ｆ．...     

大豆品质育种研究进展

大豆含有丰富的营养物质,是人类重要的食物之一,也是重要的畜牧业原料。本文回顾近几年大豆品质育种的现状,总结改良大豆品质的主要方法和技术,并提出我国大豆品质育种的发展策略。     

控制大豆孢囊线虫生物种农剂的研制及沈阳田间小区防效的初步试验

以“辽豆15”为材料,采用田间小区试验,探讨了自行研制的生物种衣剂对大豆孢囊线虫数量的影响。试验结果表明：2007年在沈阳汪家的试验中,处理4（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+微量元素组合3+助剂）对大豆根外孢囊的抑制率达65.66%,与对照有显著差异。2008年对处理4进行了精细的试验设计,并在2个不同地点布置试验,结果处理5（复配菌株F1024,B482,A4+元素组合+助剂）在汪家和康平2个试验点的根外孢囊数量及根内线虫数量都与对照差异达到显著水平,2个试验点的根外孢囊抑制率分别为 62.13%和46.45%,根内线虫抑制率分别为62.50%和81.78%。     

Analysis of the seed dispersal patterns of wild soybean as a reference for vegetation management around genetically modified soybean fields

There are concerns that genetically modified soybean might threaten the genetic diversity of the wild soybean populations that are distributed in East Asia because genetically modified soybean has no crossing barrier with wild soybean. A simple and effective method to prevent hybridization via pollen flow is spatial separation between the two species because their hybridization occurs only when they grow in close proximity. Therefore, the invasiveness of wild soybean needs to be known in order to secure the appropriate distances. As wild soybean seeds are dispersed mechanically by pod dehiscence, an experiment was conducted in which white sheets were placed on the ground, concentric circles were drawn around the parent plants, and the number of dispersed seeds within each 0.5 m‐wide zone were counted. About 40% of the produced seeds were dispersed and the number of dispersed seeds gradually declined as the distance from the parent plants increased. The model that explained the relationship between the number and distance of the dispersed seeds was produced by using a generalized linear model procedure. More than 95, 99, and 99.9% of the produced seeds stayed within 3.5, 5.0, and 6.5 m after natural pod dehiscence. Knowing these values is useful for evaluating the level of invasive risk by mechanical seed dispersal. The goal of the work is to efficiently and deliberately prevent hybridization by isolating genetically modified soybean fields and wild soybean populations by vegetation management, including weeding and setting up specific‐width buffer zones.     

Fungicide resistance in Cercospora species causing cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain of soybean in Argentina

Cercospora species cause cercospora leaf blight (CLB) and purple seed stain (PSS) on soybean. Because there are few resistant soybean varieties available, CLB/PSS management relies heavily upon fungicide applications. Sensitivity of 62 Argentinian Cercospora isolates to demethylation inhibitor (DMI), methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC), quinone outside inhibitor (QoI), succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor (SDHI) fungicides, and mancozeb was determined in this study. All isolates were sensitive to difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, prothioconazole, tebuconazole, and cyproconazole (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.006 to 2.4 µg/ml). In contrast, 51% of the tested isolates were sensitive (EC₅₀ values ranged from 0.003 to 0.2 µg/ml), and 49% were highly resistant (EC₅₀ > 100 µg/ml) to carbendazim. Interestingly, all isolates were completely resistant to azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin, and insensitive to boscalid, fluxapyroxad, and pydiflumetofen (EC₅₀ > 100 µg/ml). The G143A mutation was detected in 82% (53) of the QoI-resistant isolates and the E198A mutation in 97% (31) of the carbendazim-resistant isolates. No apparent resistance mutations were detected in the succinate dehydrogenase genes (subunits sdhB, sdhC, and sdhD). Mancozeb completely inhibited mycelial growth of the isolates evaluated at a concentration of 100 µg/ml. All Argentinian Cercospora isolates were sensitive to the DMI fungicides tested, but we report for the first time resistance to QoI and MBC fungicides. Mechanism(s) other than fungicide target-site modification may be responsible for resistance of Cercospora to QoI and MBC fungicides. Moreover, based on our results and on the recent introduction of SDHI fungicides on soybean in Argentina, Cercospora species causing CLB/PSS are insensitive (naturally resistant) to SDHI fungicides. Insensitivity must be confirmed under field conditions.     

Population structure of Cercospora kikuchii, the causal agent of Cercospora leaf blight and purple seed stain in soybean

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and microsatellite-primed polymerase chain reaction (MP-PCR) were used to characterize 164 isolates of Cercospora kikuchii, most of which were collected from Louisiana. Plant tissue (seeds versus leaves), but not host cultivar, had a significant impact on pathogen population differentiation. Cluster analysis showed that the Louisiana population was dominated by a primary lineage (group I) with only a few Louisiana isolates belonging to the minor lineage that also included the non-Louisiana isolates (group II). A previous study showed that isolates could be differentiated according to vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs). However, RAPD and MP-PCR data demonstrated that isolates of C. kikuchii were not generally clustered according to these VCGs. Furthermore, genetic relationships within and between VCGs were examined using sequences of the intergenic spacer region of rDNA. These analyses showed that VCG is not an indicator of evolutionary lineage in this fungus. Our results suggest the likely existence of a cryptically functioning sexual stage in some portion of the C. kikuchii population.     

Digitaria ciliaris seed banks in untilled and tilled soybean fields

We gained an understanding of the vertical distribution and seasonal dynamics of Digitaria ciliaris (Retz.) Koeler seed banks in untilled and tilled soybean fields using studies on naturally established seed banks and on seeds stored in the field. In untilled fields, D. ciliaris seeds were highly concentrated on or near the soil surface from late autumn to spring, whereas only a few seeds were found on the soil surface in the following summer. One year after tillage, there was a high concentration of the seeds on the soil surface. In the tilled fields, seeds were distributed uniformly throughout the soil profile and were present all year long, with only a few seeds found in the following summer. A study of seeds that were artificially buried or stored on the soil surface verified that D. ciliaris seeds were extremely short-lived in the field and could not form a large, persistent seed bank, even when the seeds were buried by tillage. Tillage contributes to suppression of D. ciliaris seedling emergence by reducing the number of seeds that are on or near the soil surface. Furthermore, D. ciliaris seeds showed a greater need for light in order to germinate throughout the year, even when they were stored on the soil surface. Particularly, light was critical for germination during summer. The light requirement for germination should be one reason why viable D. ciliaris seeds on the soil surface are carried over into the next season in untilled fields.     

黑龙江大豆生产时空分析与风险评估

基于黑龙江省大豆产量锐减和自然灾害加重的背景,依据1993—2012年13个地市和农垦总局(ARB)20 a的产量数据,运用数理统计和单产分布模拟推导法,分析了黑龙江大豆产量时空变化,并评估了相应的生产风险。结果表明:2005年黑龙江大豆产量达到峰值748万t,2012年产量直线下降至463.4万t;2012年,齐齐哈尔、农垦总局和黑河为黑龙江三大主产区,产量占全省的55.73%,发生灾害的概率分别为41.61%、18.78%和41.11%,全省灾害发生概率最高的是大兴安岭46.42%,最低的是农垦总局18.78%;齐齐哈尔和黑河作为黑龙江大豆主产区,灾害风险相对较高,在灾害防御投入、政策补贴等方面应优先考虑。     

褪黑素浸种对大豆种子萌发过程中干旱胁迫的缓解效应

以大豆干旱敏感型品种绥农26为材料,采用室内培养法,研究不同浓度褪黑素(0、100、300、500、800μmol·L^-1)浸种对6%PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫条件下大豆种子萌发的影响。结果表明:干旱胁迫处理抑制了大豆种子萌发,与对照(蒸馏水处理种子)相比,处理D(6%PEG处理种子)的发芽势、发芽率、根体积和鲜重显著降低,降幅分别为38.14%、23.72%、21.4%、25.6%;根系电导率、MDA和H₂O₂含量大幅上升,增幅分别为51.18%、83.33%和60.60%。而褪黑素浸种处理(100、300、500、800μmol·L^-1)显著缓解了干旱胁迫对种子萌发的抑制,促进了根系生长,其中以根直径和干重提升最为显著,分别增加了16.38%、29.73%、34.97%、31.72%和10.70%、14.28%、10.70%、25.00%;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD、CAT、APX)活性提高,其中处理M500+D(500μmol·L^-1褪黑素+6%PEG)效果最为显著,增幅...     

大豆疫病的种子处理技术研究

本试验用不同浓度的瑞毒锰锌、杀毒矾和克露进行大豆种子处理试验，结果表明，５００ｐｐｍ瑞毒锰锌对大豆疫病具有很好的治疗作用，而用杀毒矾以种子重量０．４—０．５％的剂量闷种，能显著地抑制大豆疫霉菌的侵入     

干旱胁迫对大豆光合、产量及品质的影响

以大豆品种陇中黄601、陇中黄602、中品661、晋豆21为材料,设置正常灌水(CK)、中度干旱(D₁)、重度干旱(D₂) 3个水平进行干旱胁迫处理,采用2 a试验分析大豆苗期、开花期和鼓粒期光合生理生态指标以及成熟后农艺性状、产量和品质的差异。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加重,大豆生长指标、光合指标及产量均呈递减趋势,在重度干旱胁迫(D₂)下,大豆产量降幅最大达到56.7%。D₂处理开花期的P_n降幅最大,达45.15%,苗期的叶绿素SPAD值升高幅度最大,为21.92%。各品质指标均随干旱程度的增加呈上升趋势,D₂处理下,大豆蛋白质和脂肪含量比CK分别增加4.51%和1.77%。不同品种的蛋白质、脂肪、果糖、亚油酸、亚麻酸、油酸、硬脂酸、非必需氨基酸和必需氨基酸含量与产量呈负相关,蔗糖、淀粉多糖和棕榈酸含量与产量呈正相关,说明干旱胁迫下大豆产量和品质的提升仍存在矛盾。早熟品种陇中黄601丰产抗旱,适宜在干旱半干旱区种植。