Diagnosis of Taxus (yew) poisoning in a horse.

A 2-year-old bay Thoroughbred colt was found dead overnight in its stall without a known history of any illness, existing disease, or toxicant exposure. No information on the clinical signs before this animal's death was reported. A full necropsy was performed the next morning and revealed a mild to moderate degree of endocardial hemorrhages in both ventricles. Microscopic examination of the heart showed an acute mild multifocal necrosis of papillary muscles and ventricles. The stomach content contained approximately 2% Taxus alkaloids as determined by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. In the past, diagnosis of Taxus poisoning has been mainly based on history of exposure and the presence of plant parts in the gastrointestinal tract. Pathological lesions associated with Taxus poisoning have not been published for horses. Therefore, this is the first report of cardiac lesions in a horse after lethal exposure to Taxus. On the basis of these findings, it is suggested that Taxus exposure needs to be considered in the differential diagnosis of horses that die suddenly or have cardiac lesions suggestive of Taxus exposure, even if intact plant parts are not identified in the stomach by the naked eye.     

仙居鸡染色体G带和Ag-NORs的研究

运用改进的鸡外周血淋巴细胞培养——空气干燥法，分析了仙居鸡染色体G带和Ag—NORs。G带研究结果表明：前10对大型染色体可分为30个区，144条带，同时对G带带型特征进行了具体描述，并绘制了G带模式图。Ag—NORs处理发现：仙居鸡的Ag—NORs常分布于1p、3p、4p、Zp、2q上，均数为3．26，众数为3。不同个体间以及同一个体的不同细胞间。Ag—NORs数目存在多态性；此外研究还发现Ag—NORs联合现象。     

中药四黄提取物对肉仔鸡小肠黏膜免疫效果的观察

本试验观察了中药四黄提取物对肉仔鸡小肠黏膜免疫的效果。试验选用204羽1日龄AA健康肉雏鸡,随机分为2组,试验组和对照组,每组102羽。中药四黄提取物按200 mg/kg添加到试验组肉鸡的基础日粮中,试验期为40 d。试验结束时,每组随机选取50羽鸡进行屠宰,采集鸡小肠组织样本。采用组织学方法观察中药四黄提取物对肉仔鸡小肠黏膜免疫的效果。结果表明,试验组鸡十二指肠黏膜内淋巴细胞分布比对照组明显增多;空肠黏膜内淋巴细胞分布比对照组更加密集;回肠黏膜和黏膜下层中淋巴细胞有明显聚集现象,且淋巴细胞数量比对照组显著增多。本试验结果说明中药四黄提取物作为饲料添加剂对肉仔鸡小肠黏膜免疫具有明显的促进作用。     

卵黄性腹膜炎、鸡白血病对种鸡死亡率、产蛋率影响的初步调查

为了探讨卵黄性腹膜炎和鸡白血病对种鸡死亡率和产蛋率的影响，在2016年1月至2017年4月中旬，对江苏省常州市某种鸡场岭南黄鸡、花鸡（金茅花鸡）、草鸡（金茅草鸡）、黄脚麻鸡4个品种鸡的发病及死亡情况进行临床症状观察及病理剖解；同时记录鸡场每日的鸡死亡数、产蛋数、每日免疫和用药情况，分析不同时期的死亡率和产蛋率，比较不同品种鸡的产蛋率及产蛋高峰期产蛋率与正常蛋鸡产蛋高峰期产蛋率（参考值80%）之间的差异。从死亡鸡的剖解结果来看，腹腔内卵黄凝固黏连在肠道上，输卵管肿大，充满白色或淡黄色干酪样物，初步诊断为卵黄性腹膜炎；肝脏和脾脏肿大，肠系膜或胸壁有肿瘤状物体，初步诊断为鸡白血病。岭南黄鸡产蛋后期的死亡率极显著高于产蛋上升期和高峰期（P<0.01），黄脚麻鸡产蛋后期的死亡率极显著低于产蛋高峰期（P<0.01）；花鸡、草鸡、黄脚麻鸡产蛋高峰期产蛋率平均值均低于60%，与参考值（80%）差异极显著（P<0.01）。综合试验结果，卵黄性腹膜炎和鸡白血病对鸡场影响严重，导致鸡死亡率上升，产蛋率下降；抗应激药和营养药可以起到缓解预防的作用，但无法根治，尚无有效的治疗方法。     

Effects of dietary calcium and available phosphorus concentration on digesta pH and on the availability of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc from the intestinal contents of meat chickens

1. The effects of high calcium intakes on the pH and availability of calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) contents of meat chickens were studied in two experiments. 2. A high dietary concentration of calcium (25.3 vs 10.7 g/kg) increased the pH of crop and ileum contents, but did not influence the pH of the contents of other segments of the GIT. 3. The solubilities of minerals in GIT contents were reduced and the size of dissolved mineral complexes were increased as the digesta moved from the duodenum and jejunum to the ileum. 4. After feeding diets with calcium and available phosphorus concentrations (15.3 and 4.3 g vs 21.8 and 4.3 g vs 22.6 and 8.3 g/kg), centrifugation of GIT contents showed that most (70-92%) of the calcium, iron, magnesium and zinc was in an insoluble form. High calcium diets reduced the proportion of soluble zinc associated with small complexes, and high calcium and available phosphorus diets reduced the proportions of soluble magnesium and zinc associated with small complexes. 5. These findings explain the mechanism of the reduced availability of zinc and magnesium in high calcium and high available phosphorus diets.     

Diagnosis of Amanita toxicosis in a dog with acute hepatic necrosis.

Poisoning with amanitin-containing hepatotoxic mushrooms demands extensive efforts from clinicians, toxicologists, and pathologists. Presumptive diagnoses are established by positive identification of the suspect mushroom along with the occurrence of consistent clinical signs. If the animal dies, hepatic lesions may suggest exposure to amanitin-containing mushrooms; however, lesions are nonspecific. A 15-week-old female Dachshund was presented to the referring veterinarian for acute onset of lethargy that quickly progressed to sternal recumbency. Despite supportive care, the dog remained lethargic and died approximately 12 hours after initial presentation. A pale tan liver was noted at necropsy. Microscopically, the liver showed panlobular coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes. A presumptive diagnosis of amanitin poisoning was based on suspect history of exposure to mushrooms, clinical signs, and pathologic findings. Exposure to amanitin was confirmed through detection of alpha-amanitin in the liver by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. The objective of this case report is to illustrate the essential components to a successful diagnostic work-up of a suspect case of hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning. Although hepatotoxic mushroom poisoning has been documented in dogs before, confirmatory techniques for biologic specimens have not been used previously in diagnostic investigations.     

Host age only partially affects resistance to primary and secondary infections with Ascaridia galli (Schrank, 1788) in chickens

Two experiments were conducted to compare the effect of chickens' age on resistance to primary and secondary infections with Ascaridia galli. In Experiment I, three groups, each of 80 female Lohman Brown chickens, aged one day, one month, or four months were compared. Within each group, 54 chickens were infected orally with 500 embryonated eggs and 26 were kept as non-infected controls. Weights were recorded weekly and five chickens in each group were slaughtered every 2 weeks for worm counts. At week 10 post-infection, 17 of the infected chickens and 18 of the controls were challenged with 500 eggs. In a replicate experiment (Experiment II), 35 one-day-old and 53 one-month-old female Lohman Brown chickens were infected orally with 500 A. galli eggs. Weights and fecal egg counts were recorded every week and infected chickens were necropsied every two weeks for determination of the worm burden. Chickens infected at one month of age excreted significantly fewer A. galli eggs when measured at 14 weeks of inoculation. The worms recovered from the one-month-old age group were significantly shorter than those from the chickens infected at one day of age in the first experiment. Worm burden and female fecundity values, however, were not significantly different between age groups in both Experiments I and II. Weight gains of infected chickens were not significantly different from the controls' and only a few chickens exhibited occasional slight diarrhea in both experiments. The results from these experiments demonstrate that the chickens' age only partially influences resistance to A. galli infection.     

鸡传染性喉气管炎人工感染试验

为建立人工模拟自然感染途径诱发鸡传染性喉气管炎病理模型,本试验采用80日龄京粉鸡随机分成健康对照组和试验组,试验组又设10-4、10-5、10-6 3个不同稀释度的剂量组,每组20只,将鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒经口腔滴注到鸡喉气管内进行攻毒,观察攻毒结果并统计发病和死亡情况。结果表明,10-4攻毒剂量组发病时间为1～8 d,发病率100％,死亡率10％;10-5攻毒剂量组发病时间为2～8 d,发病率100％,死亡率５％;10-6攻毒剂量组发病时间为4～9 d,发病率90％,死亡率0％。各组鸡均表现张口呼吸,咳出带血黏液的临床症状,剖检后均可见气管粘膜肿胀、出血,其中10-5组比较典型。10-5组经喉气管内滴注可以引起鸡100％发病,潜伏期、临床症状和病理变化典型,并且与自然感染基本一致,可用作鸡传染性喉气管炎病理模型。     

肉鸡骨髓细胞瘤病的PCR诊断和病理学研究

对曾感染ALV-J的某肉种鸡场的5只肉鸡进行了PCR检测和病理学研究。结果：5只鸡中有3例PCR呈阳性，5只鸡的骨髓、肝、脾、肾、肺、十二指肠固有膜等组织中均有不同数量的局灶性或单个散在的髓细胞样瘤细胞，瘤细胞胞浆内含有大量圆球形嗜酸性颗粒，表明该鸡场仍有骨髓细胞瘤病的存在。其中2只鸡还同时有增生性肉芽肿，提示有大肠杆菌的混合感染。     

Case studies on second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide toxicities in nontarget species

Specimens from 10 cases of second-generation anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning in dogs and cats were submitted to the Texas Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory during 1986 and 1987. The clinical signs most frequently observed were lethargy, dyspnea, and ventral hematomas; common necropsy findings included hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, and pulmonary hemorrhage. In the instances when histopathological examination of the tissue was done, it supported a diagnosis of coagulopathy. The presence of anticoagulants in serum or liver was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromatography, gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, or a combination of the two. Five cases of brodifacoum poisoning, 2 of bromadiolone, and 3 of diphacinone toxicity were verified. Concentrations of these rodenticides ranged from approximately 0.001 to 12 ppm.     

不同锌源对肉用仔鸡早期生长及免疫的影响

试验选用 1日龄Avine肉用仔鸡 75羽 ,随机分成 3组 ,每组设 5个重复 ,每重复 5羽。 1组饲喂玉米—豆粕基础日粮作为对照 ;2、 3组日粮中分别加入硫酸锌、蛋氨酸锌 40mg/kg (以锌计 )。测定试验鸡生长性能及部分免疫学指标 ,以研究不同锌源对仔鸡早期生长和免疫的影响。结果表明 ,基础日粮中添加蛋氨酸锌和硫酸锌均能有效提高仔鸡生长和改善饲料效率 ;蛋氨酸锌组效果优于硫酸锌组。添加锌能提高胫骨、胰脏中锌含量 ;蛋氨酸锌组锌增加幅度高于硫酸锌组。血清锌含量及血清AKP活性三组间无显著差异 (P >0 0 5)。添加锌对仔鸡 7日龄ANAE+ 有一定影响 (P >0 0 5) ;不同锌源对仔鸡ND抗体滴度、免疫器官指数、补体C3均无明显差异 (P >0 0 5)。     

Lead Poisoning in Chickens and the Effect of Lead on Interferon and Antibody Production

The effect of aqueous lead acetate given per os to chickens for 35 consecutive days and the effect of lead on interferon and antibody production was investigated. Chickens were found to tolerate levels of lead as high as 160 mg/kg/day without exhibiting clinical signs or hematological changes in spite of very high levels of lead in the blood (6.2 ppm). It is apparent from these findings that chickens are more resistant to lead poisoning than humans, horses, dogs and wild fowl such as ducks.

Subclinical lead doses did not affect interferon induction in response to statolon and Newcastle Disease virus (NDV)-B₁. Interferon concentrations and duration in serum were markedly decreased in chickens which received lead at the 320 mg/kg level.

Long time lead exposure had no marked effect on antibody production to NDV in chickens. No consistent correlation was observed between blood lead concentration and antibody titer.

The results of these studies indicate that long term subclinical lead intake suppresses neither interferon nor antibody production in chickens.

     

饲养方式对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡屠体性状的影响

本研究选择笼养和放养条件下49周龄的卢氏绿壳蛋鸡各20只（公母各半）,测定了其屠体性状。结果表明,饲养方式对卢氏绿壳蛋鸡的活重、屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率、腿肌率、腹脂率、翅重、心脏重、肝脏重、脾重、肠重、胃重和生殖器官重的影响均差异不显著（P>0.05）。饲养方式对公鸡的各项指标影响差异不显著（P>0.05）,而对母鸡的头重、颈重、脚重影响很大（P<0.01）;相同饲养条件下公鸡的全净膛率、腹脂率、头重、脚重、颈重、翅重、心脏重和肠重极显著高于母鸡（P<0.01）,对肝脏重、脾脏重和胃重的影响差异不显著（P>0.05）;笼养时公鸡的活重、腿肌率和生殖器官重显著高于母鸡（P<0.05）,而对半净膛率和胸肌率的影响不显著（P>0.05）;放养时母鸡的生殖器官重极显著的高于母鸡（P<0.01）;不同饲养条件下,公鸡头重、颈重、肠重、生殖器官重与屠宰率相关性不显著（P>0.05）;母鸡脚重、翅重、肠重、脾脏重与屠宰率的相关性显著（P<0.05）。     

硒与维生素E对鸡马杜霉素急性中毒的保护作用

在实验条件下用7mg/kg bw.剂量的马杜霉不诱发鸡急性中毒，处理组鸡在给马杜霉素前给予硒（0.2mg/kg bw.剂量，内服）－维生素E（每kg饲料含200mg)7d，在给马杜霉素后给予硒（0.2mg/kg bw.剂量，内服）－维生素E（200mg/kg bw.剂量，肌注）4d，中毒组在给马杜霉素前后不给任何硒和维生素E，对照组既不给马杜霉素，也不给硒与维生素E。结果是：处理组鸡的死亡率显著低于中毒组（P＜0.05），且病鸡恢复比中毒组快。处理组的肝脏、心肌、骨骼肌的出血与变性比中毒组轻，但处理组与中毒组的肾脏的出血与变性的程度相似；处理组的血清GOT值、肝脏的脂质过氧化物的含量、肝脏过氧化氢酶的性均显著低于中毒组；但处理组的血清CK值与中毒组相比无显著性差异。结果表明硒与维生素E对鸡马杜霉素急性中毒有较好的保护作用。     

A fatal case of oak poisoning in a double-wattled cassowary (Casuarius casuarius)

A double-wattled cassowary died following a clinical course of severe diarrhea, anorexia, and polydypsia. At necropsy, prolapse of the penis, severe enteritis, and swelling of the kidneys with subcapsular heavy deposits of urates were noted. Histologic lesions comprised nephrosis, interstitial edemia of the muscle, and sloughing of the intestinal villi. Leaves collected from the gizzard were identified as coast live oak (Quercus agrifolia). Diagnosis of oak poisoning was made based on the renal lesions and the finding of a high content of tannins in the liver and gastrointestinal tract. Oak poisoning has not been reported previously in avian species.     

Fluoroacetate poisoning in seven domestic dogs

Sodium monofluoroacetate, also known as compound 1080, is used in Australia for control of feral and pest species. Poisoning of non-target species by sodium monofluoroacetate can be difficult to diagnose if there is no history of exposure because clinical signs are non-specific. This communication describes the poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate of seven dogs from one property over a period of 3 days. Poisoning by sodium monofluoroacetate was confirmed by toxicological analysis of stomach contents, gastric lavage fluid and vomitus from three of the dogs, but the source of the toxin was not found. Six of the seven dogs were Maremmas, and livestock guard animals may be at particular risk of exposure to pest control baiting programs.     

中草药提取物对草杂鸡生产性能的影响

试验研究了2种中草药提取物对草杂鸡生产性能的影响。试验选用1日龄健康草杂鸡240只,随机分成3组,即:空白对照组、试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组,每组80只。中草药提取物Ⅰ和Ⅱ分别按0.6%添加到试验Ⅰ组、试验Ⅱ组的基础日粮中,试验期为21d。结果表明,试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组鸡的日增重较对照组鸡高4.71%和2.43%;试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组鸡的料重比较对照组鸡降低15.35%(P<0.05)和19.29%(P<0.05);试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组鸡的成活率较对照组鸡高7.5%(P<0.05)和6.25%;试验Ⅰ组和试验Ⅱ组鸡的经济效益较对照组高26.37%(P<0.05)和29.67%(P<0.05)。试验结果说明,在草杂鸡日粮中添加中草药提取物Ⅰ和Ⅱ能够提高其日增重、饲料转化率和成活率,促进草杂鸡生长,显著提高经济效益。     

Effects of dietary coenzyme Q10 supplementation on hepatic mitochondrial function and the activities of respiratory chain-related enzymes in ascitic broiler chickens

1. One hundred and sixty 1-d-old Arbor Acre male broiler chicks were fed with maize-soybean based diets for 6 weeks in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment. The factors were CoQ10 supplementation (0 or 40 mg/kg) and Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (LPS or saline). 2. CoQ10 was supplemented from d 1. From d 18, the chickens received three weekly i.p. injections of LPS (1.0 mg/kg BW) or an equivalent amount of sterile saline as control. From d 10 on, all chickens were exposed to low ambient temperature (12 to 15 degrees C) to induce ascites. 3. The blood packed cell volume and ascites heart index of broiler chickens were reduced by dietary CoQ10 supplementation. Mitochondrial State 3 and State 4 respiration, respiratory control ratio and phosphate oxygen ratio were not changed, but H+/site stoichiometry of complex II + III was elevated by dietary CoQ10 supplementation. 4. Cytochrome c oxidase and H+-ATPase activity were increased by CoQ10 supplementation, whereas NADH cytochrome c reductase and succinate cytochrome c reductase were not influenced. Mitochondrial anti-ROS capability was increased and malondialdehyde content was decreased by CoQ10 supplementation. 5. The work suggested that dietary CoQ10 supplementation could reduce broiler chickens' susceptibility to ascites, which might be the result of improving hepatic mitochondrial function, some respiratory chain-related enzymes activities and mitochondrial antioxidative capability.     

复方中药制剂“球宁”对感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫雏鸡血浆SOD、MDA含量的影响

用青蒿、常山等组成复方中药制剂“球宁”,并对其进行超微粉碎加工成微粉制剂。按不同比例添加于饲料中,饲喂人工感染柔嫩艾美耳球虫(Eim eria tenella)的雏鸡,以磺胺喹啉钠为对照,在感染后第8天扑杀,检测血浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)的含量。结果表明,“球宁”用药各组与阳性对照组相比均能增加雏鸡血浆SOD含量,降低血浆MDA含量。说明所试中药可以增加机体清除自由基的能力,减少自由基对机体的损伤,从而保护机体。     

Influence of age, sex, and production class on liver zinc concentration in calves.

Determination of zinc concentrations in the liver of calves and young stock is commonly requested by practitioners and nutritionists to assess whether they receive an appropriate amount of zinc in their diet. However, interpretation of liver zinc concentrations is currently based on information reported for adult cattle for which the health status was unknown and irrespective of production class, sex, and age. A retrospective study of necropsy reports was undertaken to assess the relationships between liver zinc concentrations and age, sex, and production class for calves that did not have a history compatible with zinc toxicosis or zinc deficiency. Results of a generalized least squares, polynomial regression analysis of 474 records found that zinc concentration was not affected by sex (P = 0.29) or production class (P = 0.50). Zinc concentration was significantly associated with linear (P < 0.00001) and nonlinear (quadratic, P = 0.0039) functions of age (r2 = 0.1503), where the concentration decreased from 93 mg/kg wet weight at 30 days of age to 57 mg/kg wet weight at 9 months of age, after which it began to increase. The age-specific 95% confidence limits of the mean concentration for a group of calves and the 95% prediction limits of a single concentration value for an individual animal estimated in this study suggest reconsideration of the recommended limits for liver zinc concentration in calves. As a consequence of the significant influence of age on liver zinc concentration of calves presumably not experiencing zinc toxicosis or deficiency, diagnosis of zinc imbalances based on liver zinc concentration needs to consider age as a diagnostic covariate.