半红树植物水黄皮幼苗耐盐性的研究

温室内对半红树植物水黄皮幼苗进行7个盐度(5、8、11、14、17、20、23 g.kg-1)的胁迫处理,对各处理下水黄皮生长量、生物量、生理指标和光合速率进行测定,结合10项生长信息指标进行主成分分析。结果表明:水黄皮的苗高增量、地径增量、叶片数增量、根、径、叶干重及总生物量随着盐度的上升均呈下降趋势,在盐度为5和8 g.kg-1的处理下保持较高值,盐度超过11 g.kg-1后骤降;光合速率在盐度为5、8、11 g.kg-1处理下保持较高值,最大值出现在盐度为8 g.kg-1的处理下;SOD活性、游离脯氨酸、质膜透性和丙二醛均有随盐度增大而呈上升趋势;在盐度为5、8 g.kg-1处理下主成分得分较高,水黄皮较适生长,盐度超过11 g.kg-1后不适生长。     

结瘤固氮和氮肥对红桤木生理指标及生物量的影响

以红桤木扦插苗为研究材料,进行放线菌结瘤处理并喷施无氮Hoagland营养液（T1）,以及不结瘤处理但喷施硝态氮Hoagland营养液（T2）、无氮Hoagland营养液（T3）和混合氮Hoagland营养液（T4）等试验,比较研究了结瘤处理和氮形态对红桤木生长和生理指标的影响。结果表明,放线菌结瘤处理对红桤木生长和生...     

Variability in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata Pierre ecotypes in North Karnataka,India

An evaluation of 30 naturally available candidate-plus trees(CPTs) of Pongamia pinnata was carried out to elucidate the genetic variability and relationship of pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits to select the best planting material with higher productivity. Significant variations were observed in pod and seed characteristics,oil content, and during the progeny trial studies. The highest values were found in 100-pod weight(410.4 gm)and 100-seed weight(195.92 gm) and the phenotypic and genotypic variance was found maximum in 100 pod weight(4364.71 and 4289.93) and 100 seed weight(813.8 and768.93), respectively. Estimates of the phenotypic coefficient of variance were higher than the genotypic coefficient of variance for all the pod and seed traits and progeny growth traits, which depict the predominant role of the environment. Approximately 99 % of broad-sense heritability was revealed in oil content, followed by 100-pod weight(98.28 %), and canopy growth(96.93 %). Pod thickness shows the highest genetic advance of 56.61 %,followed by pod width(53.43 %) and canopy growth(49.3 %). Pod and seed traits have proven a positive correlation between each other and with progeny growth traits,except a few negative values. Hierarchical clustering by Ward's minimum variance cluster analysis showed phylogeographical patterns of genetic diversity. K-means clustering revealed that trees from different geographical regions were grouped together in a cluster where as trees from the same geographical area are placed in a different cluster. Seven Pongamia ecotypes(GRP-8, 9, 13, 14, 18,28, and 29) are found superior in traits, namely 100-pod weight, 100-seed weight, oil content, germination rate,plant height, canopy growth, and collar diameter. The traits100-pod weight and 100-seed weight are highly correlated with the progeny growth traits and even have higher heritability and genetic advantages.     

追施氮肥对长白落叶松移植苗生长的影响

对长白落叶松移植苗进行了追肥试验,研究了追施氮肥量和追肥时间对苗木生长量和各器官养分分配规律的影响.结果表明:不同施肥处理对长白落叶松移植苗的苗高、地径和生物量均有显著的影响.追施氮肥量为120 kg/hm2,追肥时间为7月初是最佳的施肥处理,其苗高、地径、叶生物量、茎生物量、根生物量及总生物量分别比对照增加26%、24%、69.3%、119%、70.3%和88.2%;追肥时间对苗木生长量及体内N、P浓度影响相对较小;长白落叶松体内全N和全P在各器官的分配状况为叶>根>茎,全N在苗木内浓度随着尿素施用量的增加而增加,而全P在苗木体内的浓度则随着氮肥使用量的增加而下降.     

Genetic variability and divergence studies in pod and seed traits of Pongamia pinnata （L.） Pierre., accessions in Bay Islands

In this study, we assessed the variability in pod, seed traits and oil content of 24 accessions of Pongamia pinnata collected from different parts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India. The experiment was conducted at the Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair during 2010 to 2011. The variability studies for pod and seed traits revealed that, the accession CPT-6 collected from New Wandoor in South Andaman recorded the maximum values for eight traits viz. pod length （75.51 mm）, pod width （34.62 mm）, pod thickness （17.55 mm）, 100 pod weight （770.33 g）, seed width （21.23 mm）, 100 seed weight （377.00 g）, oil percentage （43.92%） and germination percentage （94.7%）. However, the maximum seed length （26.46 mm） was recorded from CPT 2 and the maximum pod-seed ratio was obtained from CPT 13 and CPT 4 （2.50 and 2.44 respectively）. The phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variations were also close to each other for all traits, but the 100 pod and seed weight exhibited higher phenotypic and genotypic coefficient of variation than the other traits. Estimates of broad sense heritability ranged from 0.30 （for seed length） to 0.95 （pod length） and genetic ad- vance as percent of the mean ranged between 11.66% and 57.40% with seed length giving the lowest value and 100 pod weight giving the high- est value. Both the phenotypic and genotypic correlation between pod length, pod width, pod thickness, 100 pod weight, seed width and 100 seed weight and between pod thickness, 100 pod weight, seed width, 100 seed weight and germination percentage were found to be strong. On the basis of non hierarchical Euclidian cluster analysis, 24 accessions were grouped into six clusters. The maximum numbers of seven accessions were included in cluster VI. The maximum intra cluster distance （10.238）shown by cluster VI and the maximum inter cluster distance （17.021） between V and HI followed by III and II （15.942）. Among the six clus- ters formed the cluster III recorded maximum oil percentage, 100 pod weight, 100 seed ,weight, pod length, pod thickness, pod width, seed width and. germination percentage, while cluster V recorded maximum pod seed ratio and germination percentage. The present findings suggest that the crossing between accessions of cluster V and cluster III will result in a wide spectrum of variability in subsequent generations.     

Willow biomass production under conditions of low-input agriculture on marginal soils

In this study, the biomass yield and morphological traits of plants were reported from an experiment involving six genotypes of willow in northern Poland. Willow was planted using a pole cutting system, which we designated Eco-Salix, on sites that were unsuitable for food crops. The results presented here are from the first rotation of a four-year cutting cycle. In the field trial, the average willow biomass yield of oven-dry matter was 7.87 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹. Willow plants that were planted as pole cuttings after four growing seasons reached a height of 6.64 m and a stem diameter of 50.5 mm. Clone UWM 043 produced higher yields and more favourable morphological traits when compared to registered Polish cultivars. The willow biomass yield obtained on peaty muck soil was significantly higher than from willow that was grown on heavy textured silt soil. The biomass harvested from plots planted at a density of 5,200 plants ha⁻¹ was 14% lower than plots that had a density of 7,400 plants ha⁻¹.     

Stock quality and field performance of Pinus patula seedlings produced under two nursery growing regimes during seven different nursery production periods

Two types of containerized P. patula seedlings, referred to as hard and soft seedlings, were raised by droughting and different fertilizer applications. Hard seedlings were raised by applying half the water and a quarter of the fertilizer (0.01 g per seedling 21%N:7.1%P:14.2%K) applied to the soft seedlings. At the end of the nursery cultural treatments the two types of seedlings were morphologically distinct. Hard seedlings had lower heights, height to root collar diameter ratios and seedling dry masses than soft seedlings, but mortality was similar for both seedling types when planted during seven different production periods within the planting season on three sites which differed climatically and geologically. Correlations between mortality and height to root collar diameter ratio (r = 0.76), root to shoot ratio (r = 0.83) and root growth potential (r = --0.69) were obtained indicating that grading of seedlings on these parameters may improve survival. However, it was evident that survival could be significantly improved by identifying the best time of year and conditions for planting, as well as improving stock quality.     

复合微生物菌肥对强力班克木苗期生长与生物量积累的影响

开展3个种源强力班克木的复合微生物菌肥施肥试验,研究不同复合菌肥对强力班克木苗期生长的影响.结果表明:施用复合菌肥条件下,强力班克木苗高、地径生长、生物量和养分积累与对照间存在显著差异,但在不同种源间差异不显著(P<0.05).施用复合菌肥能显著提高各种源幼苗的苗高和地径生长,与对照相比,苗高生长提高17.4％～30.83％,地径生长提高31.27％～43.27％.施用复合菌肥能显著提高苗木的生物量和N养分积累量,其中菌肥处理的全株干重较对照提高98.77％～116.67％,N养分积累量较对照提高47.31％～85.73％.3种复合菌肥(1号、2号、3号)对苗木生长均有较好的正向促进效应,其中种源38163在施用3号菌肥时生长表现较好,而种源38164在施用1号菌肥时表现较好.     

Effects of phosphorous fertilizer on seedlings growth and nodulation capabilities of some popular agroforestry tree species of Bangladesh

An experiment was conducted to assess the effect of Phosphorous （P） fertilizer （i.e. TSP or triple super phosphate @ 80 kg/hm^2） on seedling growth and nodulation capabilities of three potentially important agroforestry tree species （Acacia auriculiformis, Albizia lebbeck and Albizia procera） of Bangladesh. The study was conducted in nursery beds with six-month-old polybag seedlings ofA. auriculiformis, A. lebbeck and A. procera. The effects of P fertilizer on seedling growth and nodulation were compared with that of the seedlings grown in control （i.e. unfertilized soil）. The observations revealed that the seedling growth was enhanced significantly with the application of P fertilizer. The growth was found more pronounced in A. auriculiformis, whereas it was not apparent and shows depressed growth in case ofA. lebbeck. The study also suggests that the nodulation in terms of nodule number and size was also increased significantly with the application of P fertilizer.     

Functional relationships of nodulation response and biomass production at nursery stages of two fast-growing, leguminousmultipurpose tree species in Bangladesh: Albizia saman and Leucaena leucocephala

This study was carried out to assess the relationship of the status of nodulation （i.e., the number of nodules, their shape and size） in root and biomass production of plant growth parameters （i.e., number of leaves, root and shoot lengths, root biomass and shoot biomass） in Albizia saman and Leucaena leucocephala. The assessment started 60 days after seeding. The study revealed that nodulation response and biomass production in both species showed significant dif- ferences over time （p 〈 0.05） in all variables except in the root-shoot ratio （oven-dry） of L. leucocephala. The study also showed significant differences （p 〈 0.05） in nodule formation and biomass production at the end of the study period be- tween the two species except in the number of nodules and leaves and the green root-shoot ratio. There were strong pos- itive correlations between nodule formation and biomass production, i.e., the number of nodules and the age of plants, the number of nodules and leaves, as well as the number of nodules and biomass （root biomass and shoot biomass） in both species. The results obtained using principal component analysis （PCA） and correlation coefficients of the different characteristics of nodulation and biomass production were similar in both species. The PCA showed that shoot biomass （shoot green weight and shoot oven-dry weight） is positively correlated with PC1 （with an eigenvalue of 7.50） and root length is positively correlated with PC2 （with an eigenvalue of 0.19） in the case of A. saman. In the case of L. leucocephala, the PCA revealed that root biomass （root green weight and root oven-dry weight）, shoot biomass and shoot length are also positively correlated with PC1, while nodule formation and the number of leaves are positively correlated with PC2 （with an eigenvalue PC1 of 6.92 and PC2 of 0.49）.     

Effect of fertilization on growth and ectomycorrhizal development of container-grown and bare-root nursery conifer seedlings

The effect of three levels of fertilizer on thegrowth of three species of containerized-grownconifer seedlings (Pinus contorta, Picea glauca, and Picea mariana) and twospecies of bare-root conifer seedlings (Pinus sylvestris and Larix sibirica),and on the colonization of these seedlings bysix species of ectomycorrhizal fungi (Hebeloma longicaudum, Laccaria bicolor,Paxillus involutus, Pisolithustinctorius, Rhizopogon vinicolor andSuillus tomentosus), was studied. Thegrowth of the seedlings in both container-grownand bare-root nurseries increased as the levelsof fertilizer increased. For better seedlinggrowth and environmental quality it may be possible to reduce the level of fertilizers in commercial nurseries upto 33% by using selected mycorrhizal fungi.Ectomycorrhizal colonization in all seedlingswas not affected by fertilizer levels. Hebeloma longicaudum, L. bicolor, P.involutus, and P. tinctorius formedwell-developed ectomycorrhizae, whereasectomycorrhizal development by R.vinicolor and S. tomentosus was poor.Native mycorrhizal fungi colonizednon-inoculated control seedlings; however,their colonization was always lower than withinoculated fungi.     

Growth response of Pterocarpus santalinus seedlings to native microbial symbionts(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium aegyptiacum ) under nursery conditions

The objective of this research was to improve the growth and biomass of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f.(an endangered leguminous tree) using native microbial symbionts such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobium associated with native populations of P.santalinus.The native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi isolated from P.santalinus soils were identified as(1) Glomus fasciculatum;(2)Glomus geosporum;and Glomus aggregatum.A nitrogenfixing microbial symbiont was isolated from the root nodules of P.santalinus and identified as Rhizobium aegyptiacum by16 s rRNA gene sequencing.These microbial symbionts were inoculated individually and in combination into P.santalinus seedling roots.After 90 days,growth and biomass had improved compared with uninoculated controls.Shoot and root lengths,number of leaves,stem circumference,number of root nodules,biomass,nutrient uptake and seedling quality index were significantly increased by a combined inoculation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi+Rhizobium aegyptiacum.It was concluded that native microbial symbionts positively influenced P.santalinus seedling growth which will be helpful for successful field establishment.     

氮肥对盆栽欧洲水青冈生物量和营养分配的影响(英文)

调查了施加氮肥(15NH4和15NO3)处理后在两个连续生长季内欧洲水青冈(Fagus sylvatica L.)幼苗地上部分和地下部分的生物量和营养元素分配。盆栽欧洲水青冈幼苗培养于温室大棚内,培养土样取自相邻的三种林分:欧洲水青冈,挪威赤松,欧洲水青冈-赤松混交林。结果表明,氮肥(15N)处理对欧洲水青冈营养元素分配没有显著影响,施加氮素形式决定自身流入植物库的情况。欧洲水青獭收氮素主要以硝态氮的形式,因此,尽管植物体内保存的硝态氮和氨态氮并没有统计差异,但是叶片中硝态氮明显减少。施加硝态氮对欧洲水青冈氮素恢复的影响要大于施加氨态氮。与欧洲水青冈茎、粗根相比,优质根系对氮素(15N)固定是一个缓慢过程。表8图1参40。     

Biomass and nutrients allocation in pot cultured beech seedlings： influence of nitrogen fertilizer

Allocation of biomass and nutrient elements including Nitrogen to above and belowground compartments of beech seedlings (Fagus sylvatica L.) treated by labeled nitrogen fertilizer in the form of ¹⁵NH₄ and ¹⁵NO₃ were investigated at the end of two successive growing seasons. Pot cultured beech seedlings were grown at a green house on intact soil cores sampled from three adjacent stands including beech, Norway spruce and mixed beech-spruce cultures of Solling forest, Germany. Comparing biomass allocation and nutrients concentrations of the seedlings between the control and ¹⁵N-fertilized treatments revealed no significant effect of N fertilization on nutrients uptake by seedlings over the experiment. The form of N input influenced its movement into plant pools. It was demonstrated that beech seedlings take up nitrogen mainly in the form of nitrate, which is then reduced in the leaves, although the differences between the retention of NO₃ ^?-N and NH₄ ⁺-N in plants were not statistically significant. Percent recoveries of ¹⁵N in trees were typically greater after ¹⁵NO₃ than after ¹⁵NH₄ additions. It was indicated that immobilization of 15N tracer in fine roots was a slower process comparing other plant compartments such as stem and coarse roots, but a powerful sink for N during the course of study.     

不同土壤水分胁迫格局对印度沙漠中的黄檀种苗营养吸收和生物量的影响

1998年7月,利用非称重式蒸渗池种植单一种源的一年生黄檀种苗,研究在印度沙漠地区培养黄檀种苗的合理灌水技术参数。当各处理（W1、W2、W3、W4）的土壤水分含量分别降低到7.56%、5.79%、4.44%和3.23%时,通过灌溉使苗木生长保持在一定的土壤的水分状况,如36.2mm（W1）、26.5mm（W2）、20.2mm（W3）和18.1mm（W4）。结果表明,在36.2mm（W1）水平时,种苗的株高、冠径、叶数和叶面积达到最大值（p〈0.01）。在W1和W2处理中,虽然上述参数没有明显差异,但在W2处理中,种苗的每升水分利用率的生物量最大。在W3、W4和W5灌溉水平下,不利于提高种苗的株高、生物量和营养积累。在W2水平以下（5.79%）,土壤水分有效率能提高根系生物量占总生物量的百分比。但在W3和W4处理中,叶干生物量百分比下降,同时在W5处理中,茎干生物量百分比下降。在W5处理中,土壤水势达到-196Mpa,种苗才可以成活。在W3和W4处理中,土壤水分有效率的限额影响黄檀种苗的生长和生物量。在W2处理中,土壤水分有效利用率最高,种苗的生长和生物量达到最高值。因此,在壤砂土条件下,通过灌溉维持幼苗土壤水分含量在5.79%以上时,可获得较好的黄檀种苗的生长和生物量产量。     

低温胁迫对海南红豆和南五味子幼苗光合特性的影响

对海南红豆和南五味子的1年生实生容器苗进行3℃的低温胁迫处理后,研究其光合特性的变化。结果表明:低温胁迫处理后,海南红豆和南五味子幼苗叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔限制值(Ls)均下降,而叶片细胞间隙CO2浓度(Ci)上升。低温胁迫6 d后的海南红豆各项光合指标的变化幅度均比南五味子大,说明后者比前者更耐寒。     

Use of short-day treatment in the production of Norway spruce mini-plug seedlings under plant factory conditions

Mini-plug transplant seedlings of Norway spruce have been cultivated in closed growth systems, so-called plant factories, for few years. The aim of the experiment was to define a short-day treatment (SD) that harden seedlings to sustain 3 months of cold storage, but does not have adverse effects on growth, morphology, and vitality. The seedlings were subjected to one of the following treatments: (1) 12?h photoperiod + 3 weeks duration; (2) 8?h photoperiod + 3?wk duration; (3) 12?h photoperiod + 5?wk duration; and (4) 8?h photoperiod + 5?wk SD. All the SD treatments yielded healthy seedlings that grew well after the cold storage. The frost hardiness of the seedlings improved when the photoperiod was reduced from 12 to 8?h, and when the SD duration was increased from 3 weeks to 5 weeks, but reducing the photoperiod from 12?h to 8?h caused growth reductions. The root and shoot regrowth after cold storage was highest in seedlings that had received 12?h photoperiod and 5?wk duration. However, 12?h photoperiod and 3?wk duration may be an adequate practice for nurseries that treat multiple crops in their SD facilities.     

Effects of soil temperature on biomass production and allocation in seedlings of four boreal tree species

One-year old seedlings of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.), black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss), and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) were subject to seven soil temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 and 35 °C) for 4 months. All aspen seedlings, about 40% of jack pine, 20% of white spruce and black spruce survived the 35 °C treatment. The seedlings were harvested at the end of the fourth month to determine biomass and biomass allocation. It was found that soil temperature, species and interactions between soil temperature and species significantly affected root biomass, foliage biomass, stem biomass and total mass of the seedling. The relationship between biomass and soil temperature was modeled using third-order polynomials. The model showed that the optimum soil temperature for total biomass was 22.4, 19.4, 16.0 and 13.7 °C, respectively, for jack pine, aspen, black spruce and white spruce. The optimum soil temperature was higher for leaf than for root in jack pine, aspen and black spruce, but the trend was the opposite for white spruce. Among the species, aspen was the most sensitive to soil temperature: the maximum total biomass for aspen was about 7 times of the minimum value while the corresponding values were only 2.2, 2.4 and 2.3 times, respectively, for black spruce, jack pine and white spruce. Soil temperature did not significantly affect the shoot/root (S/R) ratio, root mass ratio (RMR), leaf mass ratio (LMR), or stem mass ratio (SMR) (P>0.05) with the exception of black spruce which had much higher S/R ratios at low (5 °C) and high (30 °C) soil temperatures. There were significant differences between species in all the above ratios (P<0.05). Aspen and white spruce had the smallest S/R ratio but highest RMR while black spruce had the highest S/R but lowest RMR. Jack pine had the highest LMR but lowest SMR while aspen had the smallest LMR but highest SMR. Both LMR and SMR were significantly higher for black spruce than for white spruce.     

Effects of nitrogen content on growth and hydraulic characteristics of peach （Prunus persica L.） seedlings under different soil moisture condi- tions

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of nitrogen content [N1(no fertilizer), N2(0.15 g?kg–1), and N3(0.3 g?kg–1)] on the growth and the hydraulic characteristics of peach seedlings under different soil moisture conditions(W1, W2 and W3, in which the soil water content was 45% to 55%, 60% to 70%, and 75% to 80% of the field water capacity, respectively) by using a specialized high pressure flow meter with a root chamber and a coupling, which was connected to plant organs. Leaf area and leaf hydraulic conductivity(KL) increased significantly in the seedlings because of increased soil moisture and N content. KL increased with leaf area. A linear correlation was documented between KL and leaf area. KL was higher in the morning and began to decline sharply after 16:00, at which KL declined after an initial increase. Soil moisture and N content enhanced shoot(Ks) and root(Kr) hydraulic conductivities, thereby improving the low soil moisture condition to a large extent. Ks and Kr of the seedlings were reduced by 32% and 27% respectively in N1, and by 14.7% and 9.4%, respectively in N2, and both in W1, compared with the control treatment. N3 had no significant effect on Ks and Kr under similar conditions. Linear negative correlations were observed between Kr and the excised root diameter as well as between Ks and the shoot stem diameter. The shoot-to-root ratio increased with increase in N content. The shoot-to-root ratio in N3 was increased by 14.37%, compared with N1 in W1 as well as by 12% and 4.39% in W2 and W3, respectively. Knowledge of the effects of soil moisture and N fertilizer on hydraulic characteristics and growth is important. Our results provide basic guidelines for the implementation of water-saving irrigation and fertilization management of nursery stock.