The effect of manipulations of incubation temperature on embryonic and post-hatching growth of native Saudi chickens

Embryonated egg is an ideal, environment in which to investigate the effects of incubation temperature on the development of the chick embryo. The objective of the current study were to investigate the effect of increasing the incubation temperature of chick embryo by 1.2 degrees C for 7 days (ED4 to ED11) on the body movement and mass of native saudi chick embryo. This objective was extended to examine the influence of pre-hatching temperature on post-hatching growth. Therefore, a total of 180 hatching egg of native Saudi chicken divided into two equal groups incubated at temperature 37.5 degrees C. The incubation temperature was raised to 38.7 degrees C from ED4 to ED11 in treated group before being returned to the control group incubation temperature (37.5 degrees C). The study revealed that elevating the incubation temperature of the eggs of native Saudi chicken by just 1.2 degrees C, from 37.5 to 38.7 degrees C, during embryonic days (ED) 4-11 causes significant increase in embryonic movement as demonstrated in day 8 in the chicks incubated at 38.7 degrees C together with an increase in embryonic development, the embryos incubated at higher temperature were heavier in weights and exhibit significantly longer legs than the controls in ED12 and 15. The increase in pre-hatching incubation temperature (38.7 degrees C) did not reveal any significant effects on post-hatching growth or of feed conversion efficiency.     

炭疽病菌和黄萎病菌对盆栽马铃薯的致病力

炭疽病和黄萎病被称为马铃薯早死病,在甘肃省首次报道。为了掌握2种病害的病情发展规律,将分离鉴定的2种病原(Colletotrichum coccodes和Verticillium dahliae)分别接种到不同品种的盆栽马铃薯上进行病情观察。结果表明,‘克新1号’接种马铃薯炭疽病菌的植株生育期约为77 d,比正常植株提前枯死23 d,接菌后55 d病情加剧。‘陇薯3号’,接种马铃薯黄萎病菌的植株生育期约为67 d,比正常植株提前43 d枯死,接菌后36 d病情开始急剧加重。同时,马铃薯黄萎病还对植株吸收水分以及植株生长高度都有明显的影响。     

Effect of Trichoderma asperellum and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on cacao growth and resistance against black pod disease

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and members of the genus Trichoderma have emerged as promising groups of microbial inoculants that can induce plant growth and resistance to disease. This study aimed at investigating the potential of AMF and a strain (PR11) of Trichoderma asperellum to promote cacao growth and induce resistance against Phytophthora megakarya. Cacao seedlings were either non-inoculated, or inoculated with the saprophytic fungus T. asperellum and/or a mixture of two different mycorrhizal fungi, Gigaspora margarita and Acaulospora tuberculata. Eighteen weeks after planting, a series of morphological as well as biochemical changes, which are considered to be part of the plant defense response, were measured after a challenge inoculation of the leaves with zoospores of P. megakarya. Inoculation with AMF and T. asperellum alone was essential for the promotion of plant growth. Significant increase in plant height, root and shoot fresh weights, as well as phosphorous uptake was recorded in comparison to non-inoculated control plants. However, dual inoculation of cacao seedlings with T. asperellum and AMF did not always positively benefit the plants. Leaf inoculation showed variation among the treatments, with the lowest disease index (highest level of resistance) recorded in plants inoculated with either AMF or T. asperellum only. This came along with a high synthesis of amino acids and phenolic compounds in both healthy and infected leaves, suggesting that these metabolites are implicated in disease resistance.     

氟菌唑对大麦白粉病菌侵染过程的影响

为了解氟菌唑类杀菌剂对大麦白粉病的防治效果,采用大麦胚芽鞘表层细胞进行人工接种和连续性显微观察,研究了氟菌唑对大麦白粉病菌(Blumeria graminis f.sp.hordei)分生孢子侵染过程的影响.结果表明,在接菌后0h、2h、5h、8h进行药剂处理,分生孢子的发芽率、附着孢发芽管形成率、附着孢形成率、侵入行动率和感染率均明显下降.该药剂影响病菌吸器形成后的菌丝生长发育,使菌体死亡率最高可达91.5％.接菌后144 h喷药的效果差,故发病后应尽早药剂治疗.     

玉米禾谷镰孢穗腐病抗性鉴定接种方法比较

通过子粒注射法和花丝通道法,在玉米吐丝初期至乳熟后期间隔 5～127 d接种 3个不同玉米品种,明确东北地区玉米禾谷镰孢穗腐病抗性鉴定的最佳接种方法。结果发现,禾谷镰孢在玉米吐丝期至乳熟期均能侵染玉米子粒和花丝。子粒注射法在玉米吐丝 1～12 d内接种的病情指数显著高于 16 d以后接种的处理;花丝通道法在玉米吐丝 1～5 d内的病情指数显著高于 12 d以后接种的处理。子粒注射法的抗性鉴定结果为吐丝 1 d接种的果穗表现为感病,吐丝 5～12 d为中抗或抗病,吐丝 16 d之后为抗病或高抗;花丝通道法接种的结果为吐丝 1 d为中抗或抗,吐丝 5 d及以后为抗或高抗。结果表明,子粒注射法在玉米吐丝 10～15 d左右接种发病稳定、抗感差异明显、鉴定结果准确。     

Changes in peroxidase and phenols activity in apple fruit inoculated with antagonistic Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates and Botrytis mali

The biocontrol activity of three isolates of Pseudomonas fluorescens against gray mold of apple fruit caused by Botrytis mali and their ability to induce biochemical defense response in apple tissue were investigated. Apple fruit (Malus domestica) wounds were inoculated with 20 microL bacterial suspension (10(8) CFU mL(-1)) of Pseudomonas fluorescens followed 24 h later by 20 microL of conidial suspension of B. mali (10(5) conidia mL(-1)). The apples were then incubated at 20 degrees C for 11 days. Lesion diameters were evaluated 6 and 10 days after pathogen inoculation. In addition to controlling gray mold, these three isolates of P. fluorescens caused increase in peroxidase activities that reached maximum levels 2-6 days after pathogen inoculation. Phenolic accumulation was increased in apple fruit treated with antagonists and inoculated with B. mali and exhibited the highest level 6-8 days after treatment. The ability of P. fluorescens to increase activities of peroxidase and levels of phenol compounds maybe one of mechanism responsible its biocontrol activity.     

Tolerance to Fusarium wilt and anthracnose diseases and changes of antioxidative activity in mycorrhizal cyclamen

Mycorrhizal associations imply a remarkable reprogramming of functions in both plant and fungal symbionts. This consequent alteration on plant physiology has a clear impact on the plant responses to biotic stress management. As a consequence, a pot experiment was conducted to study the interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus fasciculatum and the two pathogens Fusarium oxysporum and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and subsequent effect on growth, disease tolerance and the changes in antioxidative ability in cyclamen plants under growth chamber condition were investigated. At plant maturity, inoculation with F. oxysporum and C. gloeosporioides, responsible for Fusarium wilt and anthracnose of cyclamen respectively, significantly reduced shoot and root dry weights, increased both the disease incidence percentage and showed lower antioxidative activity viz. superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), ascorbic acid (AA) and polyphenol contents in plants. In contrast, the growth response and biomass production of cyclamen plants inoculated with AMF was significantly higher than the nonmycorrhizal control plants, both in the presence and absence of the pathogens. Mycorrhization enhanced plants to reduce the Fusarium wilt and anthracnose incidence compared to nonmycorrhizal controls. In every case, without and with pathogen association, plants inoculated with AMF increased the antioxidant (SOD, APX, AA and polyphenol) production compared to control plants. The results demonstrate that AMF have the ability to induce resistance against Fusarium wilt and anthracnose in cyclamen by increasing the antioxidative activity in plants, which promoted plant growth, biomass production and drastically reduced the disease incidence in cyclamen.     

菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响

为了研究菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响,以 2 个杜鹃花品种为材料,开展了 3 个菌株在有机肥和无机肥施肥组中的菌根真菌接种实验。结果表明,未接种菌根真菌的盆栽杜鹃花菌根侵染率较低（5%~7%）,接种的盆栽杜鹃花菌根侵染率提高至 12%~20%;2 个品种的接种植株在株高、地径、总分枝数和叶面积上均有显著增加,其中树粉孢属真菌菌株接种和施用无机缓释肥的组合处理盆栽杜鹃花生长量最大。     

菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响

为了研究菌根真菌接种对盆栽杜鹃花生长的影响,以 2 个杜鹃花品种为材料,开展了 3 个菌株在有机肥和无 机肥施肥组中的菌根真菌接种实验。结果表明,未接种菌根真菌的盆栽杜鹃花菌根侵染率较低（5%~7%）,接种的盆栽 杜鹃花菌根侵染率提高至 12%~20%;2 个品种的接种植株在株高、地径、总分枝数和叶面积上均有显著增加,其中树 粉孢属真菌菌株接种和施用无机缓释肥的组合处理盆栽杜鹃花生长量最大。     

玉米灰斑病菌人工接种方法

玉米灰斑病是严重威胁玉米生产的叶部病害。采用喷雾、菌液灌心、高粱粒灌心、注射4种方法进行接种,以探索抗病资源鉴定中更为简便、易行、可靠的田间人工接种方法。对玉米叶部病害喷雾是常用的接种方法,对玉米灰斑病菌高粱粒灌心方法不但有利于保湿,而且便于操作,是抗性鉴定时的首选方法。在植株11～12叶期(喇叭口期)应用高粱粒灌心的接种方法,可获得理想的寄主发病效果。     

Effects of Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 on the Resistance of Wheat Seedling Roots to the Take-all Fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici

Abstract

The aim of this study was to verify that wheat seedlings treated with Pseudomonas fluorescens CHA0 (CHA0 hereafter) before inoculation with Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt), a pathogen of take-all, acquire induced resistance to Ggt. The soil with wheat seedlings growing on it was drenched with a suspension of CHA0 cells and inoculated with Ggt 24 h later. Then, the seedlings were grown in a glasshouse, and severity of take-all disease, fresh weights of root and shoot and lengths of root and shoot, and also the activities of soluble peroxidase (SPOX), ionically cell-wall-bound peroxidase (CWPOX), β-1,3-glucanase, β-1,4-glucanase and the concentration of total phenolic compounds in the root of the seedlings were examined. The results indicated that the treatment with CHA0 before inoculation with Ggt mitigated the disease severity significantly, and increased the root and shoot lengths and root and shoot fresh weights. The treatment with CHA0 increased the activities of SPOX, CWPOX, β-1-3-glucanase, β-1,4-glucanase and phenolic compounds in the wheat roots and the activities of SPOX and β-1,4-glucansee activities were highest at day 4 and those of CWPOX and β-1,3-glucanase at day 6 after inoculation with Ggt. The concentration of total phenolic compounds was also highest at day 6 after the inoculation with Ggt. The results suggest that the take-all suppressing effect of CHA0 may be related to enhanced defense response of the wheat roots.     

维生素E对小麦赤霉病菌呕吐毒素积累的调控效应

赤霉病主要由禾谷镰刀菌引起,该菌侵染小麦后会在籽粒中积累脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）等毒素,造成小麦细胞的氧化损伤,并损害人畜健康。为了揭示抗氧化剂维生素E对DON积累的影响,在活体条件下,通过双花滴注法在小麦扬花期同时接种维生素E溶液和禾谷镰刀菌菌液,测定病小穗率,并在小麦成熟期利用LC-MS测定籽粒中的DON含量;离体条件下,在PDA和TBI培养基中分别添加维生素E,测定培养基中禾谷镰刀菌菌丝的生长速率、DON含量和DON合成关键基因 Tri5的表达量。结果表明,活体条件下,维生素E负调控DON的积累,但不能阻止病原菌在穗部扩展;离体条件下,与对照相比,添加维生素E对禾谷镰刀菌的生长、产毒及 Tri5基因的表达均无显著影响。活体条件下,维生素E负调控毒素,可能是通过调控寄主小麦中相关基因的表达而间接调控禾谷镰刀菌产毒相关基因的表达,该结果可为维生素E在小麦DON防控方面的利用提供参考。     

中油821接种菌核病菌丝体后的生化反应

以油菜第3片真叶人工接种菌核病菌丝体，研究中油821抗（耐）菌核病与植株叶片硫甙含量、POX活性的关系。结果显示，第3叶片接种区域的各种硫甙含量增加，以吲哚族硫甙表现突出，接种后7d吲哚族硫甙含量达1158nmol/ml，比不接种对照增加70倍，第3叶片非接种区域的吲哚族硫甙含量比不接种对照增加7－30倍，第5、6叶片及第3叶叶柄也表现接种后嘴哚族硫甙增加。所有接种材料均在第3d产生了芳香族硫甙，接种叶POX活性表现持续上升。     

5株内生真菌对杉木幼苗生长的影响

为揭示内生真菌对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)幼苗的促生作用,采用淋冠施菌和浇根施菌2种方式接种5株内生真菌a J4、NG6、CG2、AY13和CG9于杉木幼苗内,分析并比较其对杉木幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光特性的影响。结果显示:在2种不同的施菌方式下,CG2菌株对杉木幼苗地上部干物质量、根冠比和总干重影响最大,促生效果显著。a J4菌株和NG6菌株均能显著提高杉木幼苗叶片叶绿素含量,且实际光合效率较高;采用淋冠施菌方式,CG2菌株处理的植株光能利用潜力较大,NG6菌株处理的植株PSII电子传递速率较高;采用浇根施菌方式,a J4菌株处理的植株光能利用潜力较大,CG2菌株处理的植株PSII电子传递速率较高;AY13菌株处理提高PSII反应中心活性的效果表现为浇根施菌方式优于淋冠施菌方式;CG9菌株在2种施菌方式下光合特性均不理想,表明并不是所有的内生真菌都能提高植株的光合作用能力。研究结果表明,5株内生真菌感染对杉木幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光参数的影响存在显著差异,但不同的施菌方式对杉木幼苗生长及叶绿素荧光的影响差异不显著。     

Autoclaved spent substrate of hatakeshimeji mushroom (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.) and its water extract protect cucumber from anthracnose

The protective effect of fresh spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of hatakeshimeji (Lyophyllum decastes Sing.), a popular culinary-medicinal mushroom, and its water extract against anthracnose of cucumber was investigated. Plants were treated with water extract from SMS or autoclaved water extract by spraying the whole plant or by dipping the first true leaf, and inoculated with Colletotrichum orbiculare seven days later. Plants treated with either of the extracts showed a significant reduction of necrotic lesions. On the other hand, when plants were grown in a mixture (1:2, v/v) of SMS or autoclaved SMS and soil, a disease reduction of over 70% was observed in autoclaved SMS. The water extract showed no antifungal activity against spore germination and mycelial growth of the pathogen. Real-time PCR analyses of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase genes revealed a significant increase of expressions after 24 h of pathogen inoculation in water extract-treated plants compared with the control plants. These results suggest that water-soluble and heat-stable compounds in SMS enhance the state of systemic acquired resistance and protect cucumbers from anthracnose. Thus, the use of SMS for disease control may offer a new technology for the recycling and management of waste from mushroom cultivation.     

核盘菌接种不同抗性油菜后致病力分化的研究

为了解核盘菌致病力分化与寄主油菜品种抗性的关系,采用茎秆牙签接种法将单一核盘菌菌株接种至46份抗性表现不同的油菜品种茎秆上,再从46个接种茎秆内收集形成的菌核进行纯化和培养,获得46株核盘菌菌株,进而采用两种方法(室内离体叶片接种法和离体茎秆接种法),分别测定这46株核盘菌菌株对甘蓝型油菜品种黔油16号的致病能力。结果表明:不同核盘菌菌株在黔油16号上所致的病斑长度明显不同;相同来源菌株经两种接种方法所致病斑在长度上反映出的致病趋势一致,基本表现为中感﹥高感﹥低感﹥抗性。即来自油菜品种为"抗"类型上的对应菌株其致病力最弱,而来自"中感"类型上的对应菌株其致病力最强。结果说明核盘菌致病力强弱分化与油菜品种的抗性有关系。     

Monitoring current season potato leafroll virus movement with an immunosorbent direct tissue blotting assay

A direct tissue blotting assay (DTBA) was used to track the movement of potato leafroll virus (PLRV) from newly infected foliage to the tubers. Plant and tuber characteristics were recorded to assess plant growth stage at inoculation and PLRV effect on yield. Russet Burbank potatoes were planted at different times in 1991 and 1992 to provide plants of different maturities which were then inoculated using PLRV carrying aphids. Aphids were allowed to feed two to three days after which an insecticide was applied. Stems and tubers were tested periodically for PLRV with DTBA after inoculation. Indexed tubers were grown out and ELISA tested in the greenhouse the following winter to confirm results of summer serological tests. Plant age affected percentages more consistently than did inoculation date. When plants approximately 43 days from planting were inoculated at different dates, early inoculation produced a higher percentage of infected plants. Conversely, when plants approximately 62 days from planting were inoculated at different dates, late inoculation resulted in a higher percentage of infected plants. However, early inoculation of young plants resulted in the highest infection percentages. Tuber size and yield were negatively affected by higher percentages of leafroll regardless of the stage of growth at inoculation. DTBA is best used for detecting PLRV in foliage of plants grown from infected tubers (i.e. secondary PLRV). DTBA is less accurate for detecting primary PLRV.     

Suppression of Botryosphaeria canker of apple by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Stem brown canker or Botryosphaeria canker disease impairs the growth and kills the shoots, limbs and even trunks of infected apple trees. Apple roots are usually colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, which may have a positive influence on plant growth and suppression of diseases. In order to assess the efficacy of AM to suppress the disease severity and plant growth enhancement, nine AMF inoculation treatments (Sclerocystis dussi, Glomus intraradices, G. fasciculatum, G. bagyaraji, G. leptotichum, G. monosporum, Gigaspora margarita, a mixed AM culture and a non-mycorrhizal control treatment) were used in this present study. Two-year-old potted apple plants, maintained under glasshouse conditions, were either pre-inoculated with AMF followed by stem inoculation with Botryosphaeria ribis or simultaneously inoculated with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM. The results indicated that the incidence of canker was less severe in plants inoculated with AMF in comparison to non-mycorrhizal control. Timing of inoculation also had a significant effect on disease development and plant survival. Plants pre-inoculated with mycorrhiza performed better over those inoculated simultaneously with Botryosphaeria ribis and AM fungi. Furthermore, AM inoculation resulted in improved survival and growth of AMF-colonized plants; though, it varied by species of AM fungi utilized.     

不同丛枝菌根真菌种类对生姜生长的影响

研究盆栽条件下,接种不同丛枝菌根真菌（arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）种类对生姜不同生育时期农艺性状的影响及其在生姜根内的定殖情况。采用生姜组培苗,于幼苗期分别接种12株AMF进行生姜农艺性状比较试验,在温室盆栽接种后每隔30 d对生姜根系进行取样分析,比较菌根侵染率、侵染强度和丛枝丰度的大小,以观察不同AMF菌株对生姜苗的侵染动态。结果表明,所有接种AMF组的生姜植株,其生长量均高于空白对照组。结合不同菌株在根系的侵染率,筛选出生姜AMF优势种类为：细凹无梗囊霉（Acaulospora scrobiculata）、网状球囊霉（Glomus reticulatum）、隐形球囊霉（Paraglomus occltum）、摩西球囊霉（Glomus mosseae）。说明苗期接种这4个优势菌种,能够促进生姜生长,是适宜生姜生长的优良AMF菌株。     

茶树接种VA菌根的生理特性研究

茶树接种VA菌根（丛枝菌根）的生理特性研究表明,茶树叶片接种VA菌根50d后,其叶绿素含量都高于未接种的。在光合有效辐射0~1200μmol/m²·s,接种VA菌根的茶树,其净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率等均有提高;而水分利用率前期快速增加,达到高峰然后下降;茶树叶片相对含水量先上升后下降,叶片的自然饱和亏逐渐降低。接种VA菌根后,随着侵染率的增加,茶树叶片的丙二醛含量越少,脯氨酸的含量先降低后升高。VA菌根能够提高茶树保护酶的活性,在生长到90d时,过氧化物酶（POD）活性达到最高值,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性先升高再降低,但增加幅度均比较小;对过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的影响一直高于未接种的。